Przykładowe Materiały Egzaminacyjne JĘzyk angielski poziom 3 Czytanie
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- Text 14
Do-Good HackersFor as long as there have been computer networks, there have been hackers ready to break into them and cause trouble. So it is surprising that the biggest story to emerge from this year’s Def Con hackers’ convention is that members of one of the most notorious hack collectives are doing something constructive. The challenge: governments of China, Cuba and some Islamic countries block Web sites that carry information or ideas that these governments prefer to keep from their citizens. The hackers’ response: software that lets users get around government-installed “firewalls” and gain access to the forbidden sites. This programme was created by a special operations group of the Cult of the Dead Cow a group best known for creating a programme which gained access to the PCs of unsuspecting windows users. The group’s spokesperson, who calls himself Oxblood Ruffin, says the software is an extension of the hacker ideal of free flowing information. Once installed, Hacktivismo, as the programme is called, works with a standard Web browser. But instead of linking to the local, filtered server, the one the censor expects you to use – it goes through the computers of fellow travellers who have installed the software, and who form a kind of anonymous, peer-to-peer underground network. Eventually the network leads to a server outside the firewall and access is granted. Dozens of hackers from many countries, for example Germany, South Korea and Canada, collaborated on the project. The biggest question about Hacktivismo is whether users in a censorious state run the risk of being found out. That risk should decrease as the program spreads to thousands of users, making it impractical to track down anyone. Activists within the target countries, who know the risks, are “just begging for this application,” says Oxblood. The software is due to be released later this year in an open-source format, which means programmers can tweak it to improve its ability to cope with any countermeasures from repressive regimes. Oxblood hopes the world’s best geeks will get involved. “We’re interested in showing that work like this is badass. It’s important. It’s going to have a huge practical upside.”
Text 13 Don’t Attack North Korea!North Korea, which has been demanding that the U.S. enter into a nonaggression pact, last week added a curious "or else”. Sign, or this place is toast. To drive home the point, North Korea announced it had reactivated its Yongbyon nuclear reactor. Pyongyang said that it would use the reactor to generate much-needed electricity "at the present stage”. The problem, according to experts, is that the reactor, which was decommissioned in 1994, is too small to make electricity in useful amounts-but certainly big enough to produce weapons materials. The Bush Administration, preoccupied with Iraq, was determined not to get too excited. Spokesman Ari Fleischer said the White House had "heard much talk from North Korea before”. However, Fleischer noted that "the United States is prepared with robust plans for any contingencies.” Washington has put 24 bombers on alert for deployment to the region. Yet Secretary of State Colin Powell told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee "we have no intention of attacking North Korea”. The U.S. continued to pursue a multilateral approach to the crisis, working with allies South Korea and Japan, as well as Russia and China. But Pyongyang, which pulled out of a nuclear non-proliferation treaty in January, insisted that only direct talks with Washington will do and seemed intent on persuading its people that a U.S. attack was imminent. Air-raid drills are conducted daily, and conditions steadily worsen in the impoverished nation, which is under an oil embargo imposed by the U.S. and its allies. Food rations have been cut as appeals by the U.N. have been ignored. Yet for ordinary North Koreans, the bluffing may be indistinguishable from reality.
Text 14Old Look For New LabourCool Britannia was looking particularly uncool last week. The nation’s fire-fighters – they were seeking a 40 percent pay hike; the government offered 11 percent – walked off the job for 48 hours. Across the country, soldiers were left to man ancient military fire trucks. Scattered fire deaths were reported, and tabloids blared angry headlines like: “How many more have to die” At the same time, Londoners endured massive Tube tie-ups and traffic jams as hundreds of London Underground train drivers sympathetic to the fire-fighters’ cause stayed at home for what they called “safety” reasons. This week, barring a settlement, the fire-fighters could begin striking for an additional eight days. And imminent strikes have already been threatened by everyone from air-traffic controllers to court magistrates to mail carriers to university staffers. A country in the grip of strikes is not the image that the Prime Minister Tony Blair wants to project to the electorate. Blair and his fellow modernizers spent more than a decade reforming and rebranding the Labour Party as New Labour – the political party that means business, not the one that the Conservatives so successfully demonised in 1979 with their scathing slogan, “Labour isn’t working”. Those were the days of the grim “winter of discontent”, a desperate era that ushered in Margaret Thatcher and, until Blair marshalled his new-look party to victory in 1997, nearly two decades of Tory rule. Since September 11, Blair has demonstrated his prowess as an international statesman and spent much energy backing a proposed U.S. strike on Iraq. But it may turn out to be the strikes at home that pose the most threatening challenge of all.
Text 15 Directory: plik -> file -> Do pobrania - Mat. Egzaminacyjne -> Angielski Angielski -> Two texts. For questions 1 to 6 plik -> March 4th-8th 2000; ustroń, poland Download 1.02 Mb. Share with your friends:
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