Quantifying the functional load of phonemic oppositions, distinctive features, and suprasegmentals



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p

b

t

d

k

g

C

J

F

v

T

D

s

z

S

Z

m

n

N

l

r

j

h

w




2

3

6

4

4

2

1

1

3

3

1

3

6

4

2

0

5

7

1

4

4

3

2

5

x




4

5

4

4

2

2

1

4

4

2

4

5

3

2

1

5

5

0

4

3

3

3

5

p







5

5

5

3

2

1

3

3

2

6

6

3

2

1

5

7

0

5

5

4

3

7

b










9

7

4

3

2

5

5

2

6

10

6

3

1

8

12

2

8

7

6

4

9

t













7

3

2

2

5

5

2

6

9

6

3

1

6

9

1

7

6

5

4

8

d
















4

2

2

5

5

2

6

8

5

2

0

3

5

0

3

3

3

2

4

k



















1

1

2

2

1

3

5

3

2

0

3

5

0

3

3

3

2

4

g






















1

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

0

2

2

0

2

2

2

1

2

C

























1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

0

2

1

2

1

2

J




























4

1

3

5

4

2

1

5

6

1

4

4

3

2

5

f































2

4

6

5

2

1

5

7

1

5

4

3

2

6

v


































2

2

2

1

0

2

2

0

2

2

1

1

2

T





































7

4

2

1

6

8

0

5

5

5

4

8

D








































8

3

1

9

13

2

8

7

5

4

9

s











































2

1

5

10

2

6

5

3

2

6

z














































1

3

3

0

3

2

2

2

3

S

















































1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

Z




















































11

1

7

7

4

4

8

m























































3

12

10

6

5

11

n


























































1

1

0

0

1

N





























































9

4

3

9

l
































































4

3

8

r



































































4

5

j






































































4

h

Table 2 : FL(x,y) for all pairs x, y of consonants in American English, based on syllable unigram data from the ICSI subset of the Switchboard corpus. C and J are the un/voiced affricate 'ch' and 'dzh' respectively, T and D the un/voiced alveolar fricatives 'th' and 'dh', S and Z the un/voiced alveolar sibilants 'sh' and 'zh', N the velar nasal 'ng' and x the glottal stop. All values should be multiplied by 0.001.
Dutch

English

German

Mandarin




Syll

Word

Syll

Word

Syll

Word

Syll

Word

Place

67

11

73

20

61

13

65

14

Manner

27

5

39

11

27

8

34

6

Voicing

30

3

23

5

21

1







Aspiration



















17

3

Nasality

15

2

12

3

16

2

8

3


Table 3: The functional load of some distinctive features in four languages, based on unigram (k=0) counts of syllables and words. Data summarized from Surendran and Niyogi (2003). All values shown should be multiplied by 0.001.
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