Radiocommunication Study Groups
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az)User throughputIn this section, performance results are presented in terms of downlink (DL) user throughput. The throughput is calculated from path loss based on throughput-versus-SINR curves obtained in a detailed link-level simulator. As we are primarily interested in coverage, the focus has been on simulating lowest-load case (0.625 Mbps, cf. Table A3–1). However, in the less challenging case of building type A, also four higher loads (i.e. in total all five loads from Table A3–1) are considered in order to get insight into the achievable capacity. The higher-gain antenna Hv2 is used in all cases unless Hv1 is explicitly stated in figure caption. ba)1 Building type Abb)1.1 10 GHz carrier frequencyFigure A3–10 shows that DL user throughput with indoor model 1. The five squares represent the building as seen from above for five different load cases according to Table A3–1. The colors of the dots in each square (in this as well as in subsequent figures) indicate the achievable throughput in the corresponding part of the building, according to the color scale to the right in the figure. As can be seen, the top floor is all green in Figure A3–10, indicating full coverage for at least 100 Mbps. The same holds also for all lower floors in this case (not visible in the figure), Indoor model 2 makes reaching high data rates more challenging, but as can be seen from Figure A3–11, with the considered output power (33 dBm) and bandwidth (100 MHz), a user throughput above 100 Mbps can still be reached. Figure A3–10 DL user throughput for building type A at 10 GHz for different loads, indoor model 1, Hv1
Figure A3–11 DL user throughput for building type A at 10 GHz for different loads, indoor model 2
bc)1.2 30 GHz carrier frequencyResults with indoor models 1 and 2 are shown in Figure A3–12. The color scale in these and all subsequent figures is the same as in Figures A3–10 and A3–11. The results with model 1 (left panel) indicate that more base stations may be needed to be able to reach the desired user throughput especially in the other side of the building. With indoor model 2 (right panel), high user throughput becomes even more difficult to reach as the indoor distance increases; however, covering the entire building may still be manageable with a reasonable number of base stations. Figure A3–12 DL user throughput for building type A at 30 GHz for different loads, indoor models 1 (left) and 2 (right) See Figure A3–11 for color scale  
bd)1.3 60 GHz carrier frequencyAt 60 GHz both outdoor-to-indoor penetration loss and indoor propagation loss become too high to be overcome using reasonable assumptions on output power, bandwidth, and antenna gain. As can be seen for indoor model 1 (left panel of Figure A3–13), a high deployment density is required at such high frequencies. The same observation can be made for indoor model 2 (right panel of Figure A3–13). In addition, it can be noticed that higher antenna gain than what is considered in this study would be needed in order to achieve 10 Mbps user throughput in the entire building. Figure A3–13
be)2 Building type BFor building type B, with its larger indoor-to-outdoor penetration loss, only the lowest load (0.625 Mbps) has been simulated. bf)2.1 10 GHz carrier frequencyFor building type B and at 10 GHz carrier frequency, the outdoor-to-indoor penetration loss is ~18 dB higher in average compared to that of building type A. As a result, user throughput higher than 100 Mbps cannot be guaranteed in the entire building, in contrast to the case of building type A. On the other hand, the left panel of Figure A3–14 (top view of building) shows good coverage using indoor model 1 with at least 10 Mbps user throughput (and in most parts of the building even >100 Mbps) . In case indoor model 2 is considered, a slightly denser deployment would be needed to provide a similar coverage, as can be seen in the right panel of panel of Figure A3–14. Figure A3–14 DL user throughput for building type B at 10 GHz, indoor model 1 (left) and indoor model 2 (right).
bg)2.2 30 GHz carrier frequencyOutdoor-to-indoor penetration loss at this carrier frequency is ~20 dB higher in average than the corresponding value for building type A, which makes the overall coverage worse than that of building type A at 60 GHz. Hence, even with indoor model 1, there might be a need for a quite dense deployment of small base stations with a relatively high power, large bandwidth allocation, and high antenna gain, which can be noted in the left panel of Figure A3–15 (using the same color scale as in Figure A3–14). Similar conclusion holds for the case with indoor model 2 as shown in the right panel of Figure A3–15. Figure A3–15 DL user throughput for building type B at 30 GHz, indoor model 1 (left) and indoor model 2 (right) See Figure A3–14 for color scale bh)2.3 60 GHz carrier frequencyAround 23 dB higher building penetration loss should be accounted for in this case compared to building type A, mainly because of the high loss caused by IRR glass. As a result, covering this type of buildings at such high frequencies and with an outdoor deployment of the small bases stations is really difficult, if not impossible, which can be seen in Figure A3–16. For instance, even with highly directive antennas where narrow beams penetrate the building through the window, this would still be extremely challenging since the IRR glass loss is comparable of that of the concrete wall (i.e. ~40 dB). Figure A3–16
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