Rao bulletin 15 January 2015 html edition this bulletin contains the following articles
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- Military Trivia 98 ► Prize Money
Above and Beyond by Philip E. West The SR-71 Blackbird was the worlds fastest and highest flying jet aircraft. For over 23 years, the SR-71s gathered highly classified intelligence around the world for the President of the United States, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the Pentagon and other governmental agencies, allowing them to make crucial political and military decisions during the Cold War. [Source: http://www.brooksart.com/Aboveandbeyond.html Dec 2014 ++] ******************************** Military Trivia 98 ► Prize Money The awarding of Prize Money was not an automatic happening. Claims for the bounty were usually heard in a Prize Court, which would consider whether or not a ship has been lawfully captured or seized in time of war or under the terms of the seizing ship's letters of marque and reprisal. A letter of marque and reprisal was a government license authorizing a person (known as a privateer or corsair) to attack and capture enemy vessels and bring them before admiralty courts for condemnation and sale. Effectively, this converted a private merchant vessel into a naval auxiliary. A commissioned privateer enjoyed the protection of the laws of war. If captured, the crew of a ship holding a letter of marque was entitled to honorable treatment as prisoners of war – but the crew of a ship without the license were deemed to be nothing more than pirates "at war with all the world," and hanged as criminals. A Prize Court could order the sale or destruction of the seized ship, and the distribution of any proceeds to the captain and crew of the seizing ship - customarily all or part of the value of a captured ship and its cargo was passed on to the capturing captain for distribution to his crew. A Prize Court could also order the return of a seized ship to its owners if the seizure was unlawful - such as if it was seized from a country which had proclaimed its neutrality. For much of its history – until the 20th century - the United States Navy awarded prize. Commodore John Barry (1745-1803) captured numerous British prizes during the Revolution and holds the record for prize money returns in a single voyage. Commerce raiding by private vessels ended with the American Civil War, but Navy officers remained eligible for prize money for a bit longer. The United States continued paying prizes to naval officers in the Spanish-American War, but in 1900 it was decided to abolish the practice, on the grounds that often those who ran the greatest risk had the least chance to claim prize. As an example from the Spanish-American War, the men who served on blockade off Santiago and then fought the Spanish Fleet on July 3, 1898, received no prize, while the crews of some cruisers that had intercepted defenseless merchant ships on the high seas received handsome prize awards. Over the 10-week Spanish American War, some $2,000,000 was voted for distribution to the victors over battered Spanish hulks, and prize courts awarded other sums. The practice of taking prize for money was abjured by statute during World War I. The U.S. prize courts adjudicated no cases resulting from its own takings in either World War I or World War II (although the U. S. Supreme Court did rule [243 U.S. 124 (1917)] on a German prize taken - the S. S. Appam - that was brought to and held at Hampton Roads by the British Navy). Under contemporary international law and treaties, nations may still bring enemy vessels before their prize courts, to be condemned and sold. But no nation now offers a share to the officers or crew who risked their lives in the capture. Per United States Law, 10 U.S.C. §§ 7651–7681, the district courts have exclusive jurisdiction in prize cases. However, due to changes in the nature of naval warfare, no prize cases have been heard since the statutes were adopted in 1956. 
S.S. Appam The crewmen of USS Omaha (CL–4) hold the distinction of being the last American sailors to receive prize money, for the taking a German blockade runner on 6 November 1941, just before America's entry into World War II, though the money would not be awarded until 1947. According to her Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS) entry, Omaha was on neutrality patrol with another ship when in mid-Atlantic near the Equator, Omaha sighted a vessel which aroused much suspicion by her actions. Refusing to satisfactorily identify herself, and taking evasive actions, the stranger was ordered to heave to. She flew the American flag and carried the name Willmoto of Philadelphia on her stern. The freighter, as it turned out, was the German ship Odenwald, and her capture is considered one of the great dramas of American seamanship. 
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