Received pronunciation british accent helpful hints



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WEAK & STRONG FORMS



(FUNCTION WORDS)


WORDS

WEAK FORMS

STRONG FORMS

a

/ə/

/eɪ/

am

/əm/  /m/

/æm/

an

/ən/

/æn/

and

/ən/ /n/ /ənd/ /nd/  

/ænd/

are

/əʳ/    

/ɑːʳ/

as

/əz/

/æz/

at

/ət/

/æt/

be

/bi/

/biː/

but

/bət/

/bʌt/

can

/kən/   /kn/  

/kæn/

could

/kəd/   

/kʊd/

do

/də/ /d/ /dʊ/

/duː/

does

/dəz/  /z/ 

/dʌz/

for

/fəʳ/

/fɔːʳ/

from

/frəm/ /fəm/ /fm/

/frɒm/

had

/həd/  /əd/ /d/ 

/hæd/

has

/həz/  /əz/  /z/

/hæz/

have

/həv/  /əv/ /ə/ /v/

/hæv/

he

/hi/ /iː/ /i/

/hiː/

her

/həʳ/  /ɜːʳ/ /əʳ/ 

/hɜːʳ/

herself

/həˈself/ /əˈself/

/hɜːˈself/

him

/əm/ /ɪm/               

/hɪm/

himself

/ɪmˈself/

/hɪmˈself/

his

/ɪz/

/hɪz/

is

/z/  /s/ /əz/  

/ɪz/

just

/dʒəst/

/dʒʌst/

me

/mi/

/miː/

must

/məst/   /məs/

/mʌst/

nor

/nəʳ/

/nɔːʳ/

of

/əv/ /ə/

/ɒv/

or

/əʳ/

/ɔːʳ/

shall

/ʃəl/  /ʃl/ /l/

/ʃæl/

she

/ʃi/

/ʃiː/

should

/ʃəd/

/ʃʊd/

sir

/səʳ/

/sɜːʳ/

some

/səm/   /sm/

/sʌm/

than

/ðən/

/ðæn/

that(conj)

/ðət/

/ðæt/

the

/ðə/    /ði/ 

/ðiː/

their

/ðəʳ/             

/ðeəʳ/

them

/əm/ /ðəm/              

/ðem/

to

/tə/  /tʊ/

/tuː/

us

/əs/ /s/                    

/ʌs/

was

/wəz/

/wɒz/

we

/wi/

/wiː/

were

/wəʳ/

/wɜːʳ/

will

/wəl/ /əl/ /l/

/wɪl/

would

/wəd/  /əd/ /d/

/wʊd/

you

/jə/   /jʊ/              

/juː/

you’re

/jər/

/jɔːʳ/  /jʊər/

your

/jəʳ/         

/jɔːʳ/ 

yourself

/jəˈself/

/jɔːˈself/ 


Phonemic Harmony = Vowel Harmony, Consonant Harmony

WHY ‘STRESS HARMONY’ IS IMPORTANT?



People will understand you if you don’t use contractions when you speak, but contractions help you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is very important to understand contractions in order to improve your listening skills.
When people speak quickly, they use weak form pronouns, articles, auxiliary (helping) verbs, quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions. If you know how they sound, it can help your listening.
If you use strong form pronouns, articles, auxiliary (helping) verbs, quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions in the middle of the sentences when you speak, it will slow you down.
If you use grammar words with strong forms in the sentences, people may think you are rude or feeling angry.

SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE = SCHWA


a

/ə/

an

/ən/

was

/wəz/

were

/wər/

and

/ən/, /n/

of

/əv/, /ə/

from

/frəm/, /fəm/

but

/bət/

can

/kən/, /kn/

could

/kəd/

to

/tə/

for

/fər/

do

/də/

you

/jə/

her

/ər/

him

/əm/, /ɪm/

them

/əm/

have

/əv/, /ə/

at

/ət/

or

/ər/

has

/əz/

are

/ər/

some

/səm/

should

/ʃəd/



SENTENCE STRESS EXAMPLES

POSITIVE SENTENCES

He used to walk to school. 

/hɪ juːs tʊ wɔːk tə skuːl/

I have finished my homework. 

/aɪv ˈfɪnɪʃt maɪ ˈhəʊmwɜːʳk/

I used to like my friends.  

/aɪ juːs tʊ laɪk maɪ frendz/

I was able to speak fluently.

/aɪ wəz ˈeɪbl tə spiːk ˈfluːəntli/

It is very interesting.  

/ɪts ˈveri ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/

It’s been snowing all day.

/ɪts bɪn ˈsnəʊɪŋ ɔːl deɪ/

My car was stolen last year. 

/maɪ kɑːr wəz ˈstəʊlən lɑːs jɪər/

My friends visit me on Sunday.  

/maɪ frendz ˈvɪzɪt mɪ ɒn ˈsʌndeɪ/

My friends visited me.

/maɪ frendz ˈvɪzɪtɪd mɪ/

My friends will visit me.

/maɪ frendz wəl ˈvɪzɪt mɪ/

She had written her book.   

/ʃid ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She has written her book.  

/ʃiz ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She hates listening to music. 

/ʃi heɪts ˈlɪsnɪŋ tə ˈmjuːzɪk/

She is going to sing a song. 

/ʃiz ˈgəʊɪŋ tə sɪŋ-ə sɒŋ/

She must help her parents. 

/ʃi məst help-ər ˈperənts/

She says that she will come. 

/ʃi sez ðət ʃil kʌm/

She will have written her book.  

/ʃilv ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

That boy is my friend. 

/ðæt bɔɪz maɪ frend/

They are living in Turkey now.

/ðeɪy ər ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn ˈtɜːʳki nau/

They had been playing football.  

/ðeɪd bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl/

They have been playing football.  

/ðeɪv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl/

They love walking at the beach. 

/ðeɪ lʌv ˈwɔːkɪŋ-ət ðə biːtʃ/

They said that we played badly.

/ðeɪ sed ðət wi pleɪd ˈbædli/

They will have been playing it.

/ðeɪlv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

Those teachers are at my school. 

/ðəʊz ˈtiːtʃəʳz ər-ət maɪ skuːl/

We say that he is doing it.

/wi seɪ ðət hiz ˈduːɪŋ-ɪt/

NOTE:

INTENTION

SPELLING

PRONUNCIATION

Positive

I can do it.

/aɪ kən duw ɪt/

Extra Positive

I can do it.

/aɪ kæn duw ɪt/



INTENTION

SPELLING

PRONUNCIATION

Negative

I can’t do it.

/aɪ kɑːnt duw ɪt/

Extra Negative

I can’t do it.

/aɪ kɑːnt duw ɪt/



SPELLING

BRITISH

AMERICAN

can’t

/kɑːnt/

/kænt/

NEGATIVE SENTENCES


He doesn’t like sitting at a cafe. 

/hɪ ˈdʌznt laɪk ˈsɪtɪŋ-ət-ə ˈkæfeɪ/

He won’t be able to cook. 

/hi wəʊnt bɪ ˈeɪbl tə kʊk/

His friends didn’t visit me.  

/hɪz frendz ˈdɪdnt ˈvɪzɪt mi/

His friends won’t visit me.  

/hɪz frendz wəʊnt ˈvɪzɪt mi/

I can’t stand that boy. 

/aɪ kɑːnt stænd ðæt bɔɪ/

She hadn’t written her book.  

/ʃi ˈhædnt ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She hasn’t written her book. 

/ʃi ˈhæzənt ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She won’t have written her book.  

/ʃi wəʊnt-əv ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

They aren’t living in Turkey.

/ðeɪy ˈɑːrənt ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn tɜːʳki/

They didn’t use to smoke. 

/ðeɪ ˈdɪdnt juːs tə sməʊk/

They hadn’t been playing it.

/ðeɪ ˈhædnt bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

They haven’t been playing it.

/ðeɪ ˈhævənt bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

They won’t have been playing it.

/ðeɪ wəʊnt-əv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

We mustn’t play in the class. 

/wi ˈmʌsənt pleɪy-ɪn ðə klɑːs/

You mustn’t cheat in the exam.  

/jʊ ˈmʌsənt tʃiːt-ɪn ðiy ɪgˈzæm/

You shouldn’t come late. 

/jʊ ˈʃʊdnt kʌm leɪt/


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