Regulation of Agricultural gmos in China

supra note 78.

67 Soybean Association, Communication on the Soybean Extraction Industry of China (guan yu wo guo da dou ya zha ye you guan qing kuang de gong gao), January 2005, http://www.agri.gov.cn/zcfg/ (April 9, 2005).

68 WEN Tiejun, The Challenges to the Three Agricultural Issues by China’s Accession to the WTO (zhong guo ru shi dui san nong wen ti de tiao zhan), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 9, 2005).

69 MOA, MOA Announced the Zoning of Superior Agricultural Products 2003-2007 (nong ye bu fa bu you shi nong chan pin qu yu bu ju gui hua 2003-2007), http://www.agri.gov.cn/xxfb/t20030212_54226.htm (March 28, 2003).

70 News article, Heavy Losses of Domestic Biological Genetic Resources, Urgent Need for Stronger Protection (wo guo sheng wu yi zhuan zi yuan liu shi yan zhong, ji dai jia qiang bao hu gong zuo), http://www.sina.com.cn (May 21, 2002).

71 Celilia Lo from the University of Pennsylvania received the patent for her application, Patent Application No. 89109830.

72 Patent No. 95119563.8. See China National Center for Biotechnology Development, 2002 Report, supra note 8.

73 SIPO, http://www.sipo.gov.cn ; WIPO, http://www.wipo.int . All the information of the 970 GMO inventions are available from the website of the SIPO in both Chinese and English though the English version is not complete and simplified.

74 YU Fang, TRIPS Agreement and China’s Intellectual Property Undertaking of Accession to the WTO (TRIPS he wo guo ru shi zhi shi chan quan cheng nuo), China Yearbook of Intellectual Property (2001/2002), 2002, 43-51.

75 ZHOU Jianren, Improving the Intellectual Property Right Protection of New Plant Varieties and Encouraging the Development of Forestry in Big Leap (jia qiang zhi wu xin pin zhong zhi shi chan quan bao hu – cu jin lin ye kua yue shi fa zhan), China Yearbook of Intellectual Property Right (2003), at 46.

76 CHEN Fengxiu, The Current Status and Development Strategies for the Protection of New Agricultural Plant Variety in China (wo guo nong ye zhi wu xin pin zhong bao hu xian zhuang ji fa zhan dui ce), China Yearbook of Intellectual Property Right (2004), 42-47; CHEN Chao and LIN Xiangming, On the Impact of the Protection of New Plant Varieties upon China’s Agricultural Development (lun zhi wu xin pin zhong bao hu zhi du dui zhong guo nong ye fa zhan de ying xiang), China Yearbook of Intellectual Property Right (2004), 72-76.

77 Qifa Zhang et al, Recommendation (2004), supra note 6.

78 Jikun Huang et al.(2002), supra note 5.

79 State Development Planning Comission, Achievements and Experiences in Implementing Modern Agricultural Industry (guo ji ji wei zai shi shi xian dai nong ye chan ye hua guo cheng zhong qu de de cheng xiao he jing yan), http://www.adpc.gov.cn (December 21, 2002)

80 News article, The Currently Most Contentious Issues in Bio-Safety (dang qian sheng wu an quan ling yu zui guan zhu de ji ge wen ti), http://www.jczs.sina.com.cn (March 4, 2002).

81 Ministry of Agriculture, Recommendation on the Strengthening of Administration of the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products (nong ye bu guan yu jia qiang nong chan pin an quan guan li gong zuo de yi jian), October 31, 2001. http://www.chinalawinfo.com/ (April 3,2002)

82 News article, 14 GM Products were Found out (14 zhong zhuan ji yin chan pin bei cha – jin long yu, huo lie niao lie qi zhong), http://finance.sina.com.cn (July 4, 2003)

83 XIA Chang, GM Food: Love or Refuse you? (zhuan ji yin shi pin: ai ni hai shi ju jue ni?), http://www.cast.net.cn/yaowen/yao-text.asp (July 12, 2003).

84 YANG Huanming (2001), The author’s personal interview in 2001.

85 News articles, Experts urge: Attention Should be Paid to the Administration of GMOs (zhuan jia hu yu: ying gai ren zhen guan zhu dui zhuan ji yin sheng wu de guan li), http://www.sina.com.cn (September 28, 2000); Commentary: GMO Technology is the Inevitable of Scientific Development (ping lun: zhuan ji yin sheng wu gong cheng shi ke xue fa zhan bi ran), http://www.sina.com.cn (June 21, 2001).

86 XUE Dayuan, A Summary of Research on the Environmental Impact of Bt Cotton in China, June 2002, http://archive.greenpeace.org/geneng/reports/env_impact_eng.pdf (April 9, 2005)

87 James Keeley, Regulating biotechnology in China: the politics of biosafety, September 2003, IDS Working Paper 208, at 20, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp208.pdf (November 30, 2004).

88 JIA Shirong, Environmental Risk Assessment of GM Crops: Progress in Risk Assessment, 2004 Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 37 (2), pp. 175-187; Environmental Risk Assessment of Future GM Crops, 2004 Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 37 (4), pp. 484-489.

89 A different translation in English is “Regulation on Safety Administration of Agricultural GMOs”, see Jikun Huang and Qinfang Wang (2003), supra note 5, at 1.

90 A list of relevant laws and regulations is provided in Appendix 3 of this paper.

91 Web Commentary “China’s Regulation on the Trade of Agricultural Product GMOs” (zhong guo dui zhuan ji yin nong chan pin mao yi de guan zhi), http://www.agri.gov.cn (December 17, 2002). MOA, Communication No. 349 (February 20, 2004), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 5, 2004).

92 In 1993, the current MOST was the State Science and Technology Commission.

93 SEPA, 2002 Report on the Environmental Status of China (2002 nian zhong guo huan jing zhuang kuang gong bao), Chinese Yearbook of Environment (2003), Chinese Yearbook of Environment Publication, 2003, at 195.

94 Website: http://www.biosafety.gov.cn

95 Website: http://www.biosafety.gov.cn

96 News article, Nation to Draft Laws on Biosafety, China Daily, April 8, 2002, http://www.china.org.cn (November 19, 2002)

97 The EU uses a threshold of 0.9%.

98 ZHAO Guozhi, The Present Situation of Detection Technique to GMO Products (zhuan ji yin nong zuo wu jian ce ji shu xian zhuang yu wen ti), 6 Grain and Oil (liang shi yu you zhi), at 12 (2003).

99 XIA Chang (2003), supra note 100.

100 China Outward and Inward Inspection and Quarantine Yearbook (zhong guo chu ru jing jian yan jian yi nian jian), 2001, China Jiliang Publication, 2001, at 566.

101 Web article, Beijing has Successfully Detected GMO Products (bei jing cheng gong jian ce zhuan ji yin chan pin), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 4, 2004).

102 Each of them is defined in Article 13 of the 2001 Regulation.

103 Article 15 of the 2001 Regulation. It also provides a list of documents required in the application.

104 Article 16 of the 2001 Regulation. It also provides a list of documents required in the application.

105 Other relevant laws and regulations include the 2004 Amended Seed Law, 2000 Fishery Law, 2001 Administrative Measures on the Licenses of Crop Seeds Production and Management, etc.

106 The inventory is provided by the 2002 MOA Measures. The following agricultural GMOs are included: (1) soybean seeds, soybeans, soybean powder, soybean oil, soybean residue; (2) corn (maize) seeds, corn (maize), corn (maize) oil, corn (maize) powder; (3) seeds of rape seeds, rape seeds, rape seeds oil, rape seeds residue; (4) cotton seeds; (5) tomato seeds, tomato, tomato source.

107 The 2002 MOA Assessment Measures provides that the entity that conducts research and experiments of agricultural GMOs in China should possess the following 4 qualifications: having its own established professional institution in China; having its own professional personnel conducting the research and experiment in agricultural GMOs; having proper equipment and technical conditions for conducting such research and experiments; and having established a agricultural GMO safety management group (Article 18).

108 But in the 2002 MOA Import Measures, the time limit for the MOA alone to notify the applicant its decision of approval or refusal is already 270 days (Article 17).

109 See the China Environmental Web: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/international/ (December 17, 2002)

110 See SONG Ying, Marine Environment Protection in China: Challenges and Legal Responses, in Laws on Marine Environmental Protection in China, Russia and Norway, DET JURIDISKE FAKULTET SKRIFTSERIE NR.50, Tromsø, Norway, 2002 (ISSN 0801-6259).

111 Coordination Office (SEPA), Progress of the Implementation of the CBD in China (zhong guo lu xing sheng wu duo yang xing gong yue shi nian jin zhan) (May 16, 2003), http://www.biodiv.gov.cn (April 9, 2004).

112 Ibid. Coordination Office (SEPA) (2003).

113 News Article, China Approved the Biosafety Protocol (zhong guo he zhun ka ta he na sheng wu an quan yi ding shu), http://news.sina.com.cn (May 20, 2005).

114 Coordination Office (SEPA), Brief on the Protection of Biodiversity and the Implementation of the CBD (sheng wu duo yang xing bao hu ji lu xing sheng wu duo yang xing gong yue jian bao) (November 11, 26), http://www.biodiv.gov.cn (April 9, 2004).

115 CHEN Chao and LIN Xiangming (2004), supra note 92, at 75.

116 A special website was set up by the AQSIQ for spreading the knowledge and understanding of the Codex:

http://www.cac.org.cn (August 15, 2005).

117 News article, China Prudent Towards Genetically-Modified Crops, People’s Daily (03/08/2001), http://www.china.org.cn (November 2, 2002)

118 News Article, Minister of Agriculture Urges Care in Use of Modified Foods, China News Agency (April 10, 2002), http://www.china.org.cn

119 See generally Xueman Wang, Challenges and Dilemmas in Developing China’s National Biosafety Framework, (2004) 38 Journal of World Trade, pp. 89-913; see also the IDS Working Papers (No.195 by Jikun Huang and Qinfang Wang (2003), supra note3, No.207 by James Keeley (2003a), supra note 45; No. 208 by James Keeley (2003b), supra note 104.

120 See studies on consumer reactions to GM products in China, Wuyang Hu and Kevin Chen, Can Chinese Consumers Be Persuaded? The Case of Genetically Modified Vegetable Oil, AgBioForum, 7(3) 2004; Funing Zhong et al., GM Foods: A Nanjing Case Study of Chinese Consumers’ Awareness and Potential Attitudes, AgBioForum, 5(4): 136-144; Quan Li et al., Consumer Attitudes Towards Genetically Modified Foods in Beijing, China, AgBioForum, 5(4): 145-152, http://www.agbioforum.org (November 1, 2004).

121 See MOA Communication No. 190, March 11, 2002, http://www.agri.gov.cn (November 19, 2002) and MOA Communication No.222, October 11, 2002, http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 4, 2004).

122 Mary A. Marchant et al., Issues on Adoption, Import Regulation, and Policies for Biotech Commodities in China with a Focus on Soybeans, AgBioForum, 5(4): 167-174, http://www.agbioforum.org/v5n4 (November 1, 2004).

123 See a series of news articles by Xinhua News Agency published on the http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 17, 2005).

124 For the document, see the Letter of Intent at http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/china/ (April 17, 2005).

125 James Keeley (2003b), supra note 104, at 5.

126 MOA, Communication No. 303 (October 10, 2003), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 5, 2004).

127 MOA, The Results of the First Examination of Imported Agricultural GMO Safety of 2004 (2004 nian di yi pi jin kou nong ye zhuan ji yin sheng wu an quan shen pi qing kuang), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 5, 2004).

128 IDS, Public Participation and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – A review for DfiD and GEF, part II: The Case Studies – China, http://www.ids.ac.uk (November 1, 2004).

129 WANG Dehui and ZHANG Shigang, Domesticating the Biosafety Protocol – Development of National Legal, Administrative and Other Measures to Implement the Protocol at the Country Level, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: from Negotiation to Implementation, CBD News Special Issue, http://www.biodiv.org (April 4, 2004).

130 CHENG Jingen, Improving the level of Management of Agricultural GMOs in Accordance with the Law(yi fa ti sheng nong ye zhuan ji yin sheng wu guan li shui ping, August 5, 2003), http://www.agri.gov.cn (April 5, 2004).

131 List of No.1-10 groups of interim certificates for imported agricultural GM products, http://www.agri.gov.cn (December 17, 2002)

132^ Jikun Huang et al.(2002), supra note 5.

133 YANG Xiao-e et al., Agricultural Environmental Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products (nong ye huan jing zhi liang yu nong chan pin an quan),vol. 4 (4) Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology (zhong guo nong ye ke ji dao bao), 2002, 3-9.

134 CHAI Huiqun and LI Daoquan, The loopholes in the First GMO Regulations and the Nestlé Circumventing Chinese Law (shou bu zhuan ji yin fa liu lou dong xue chao kou ji yan gui bi zhong guo fa lv), http://www.sina.com.cn (April 1, 2004). The author of this paper did a survey in a supermarket in Beijing in April 2005. This product is still sold without GM labeling.

135 Article 3 of the 2001 Regulation and Article 6 of the 2002 Labeling Measures.

136 YANG Guosheng and WU Dong (Mm. ZHU’s lawyers), Appeal Memo, July 29, 2004, http://www.fincance.sina.com.cn (October 26, 2004).

137 Many articles, including: LIU Jianqiang, Commercialization of GM Rice – Do Chinese Scientist have Private Interests or Not (zhuan ji yin shui dao shang ye hua – zhong guo ke xue jia dao di you wu si li); LIU Jianqiang, Risks of GM Rice (zhuan ji yin shui dao de an quan yin huan); LIU Jianqiang, GM Rice and Risk of the Interests of the Main Food Crop for the 1.3 Billion People (zhuan ji yin shui dao yu 13 yi ren zhu liang li yi xuan yi), Southern Weekend, December 9, 2004, http://www.finance.sina.com.cn ; LI Hongbing, Who has the Right to Say NO to GM Rice (shui you quan dui zhuan ji yin shui dao shuo bu), HUANG Dafang, GM Rice has No Safety Problems (Huang Da Fang: zhuan ji yin shui dao mei you an quan wen ti), http://www.sina.com.cn (March 15, 2005) .

138 LIU Jianqiang, GM Rice Made Shocking Appearance on the Market (zhuan ji yin dao mi jing xian shi chang), Southern Weekend, April 14, 2005, at A3.

139 The following two surveys are in file with the author.

140 James Keeley (2003), IDS WP 207, supra note 45, at 18.

141 News article, Scientists Call for Better Use of Biotech in Farming, China Daily, July 19, 2001, http://www.china.org.cn (November 19, 2002)

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