A.N. Tombazis and Associates | Athens Greece (38°02’ , 23°80’ , 70 m)
|
CLIMATE
|
annual avg. temp. [°C]
|
18.9
|
|
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
|
23.6
|
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
|
15.5
|
heating degree days [Kday]
|
1.388
|
cooling degree days [Kday]
|
271
|
design indoor temp. H [°C]
|
18
|
design indoor temp. C [°C]
|
27
|
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
|
occupancy
|
office
|
|
number of occupants
|
50
|
utilisation
|
8am-6pm
|
completion
|
1995
|
refurbishment
|
-
|
number of floors
|
3
|
total floor area [m²]
|
1.000
|
total conditioned area [m²]
|
600
|
total volume [m³]
|
1.296
|
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
|
0.7
|
BUILDING ENVELOPE
|
shading system
|
exterior fabric blinds, automatic operation, shading factor 0.5
|
U-values [W/(m²K)]
|
exterior wall: 0.25 | window: 2.7 | roof: 0.27 | avg. value of building: 0.26
|
window
|
2-pane glazing | g-value: 0.7 | area: 53 m² | window-façade-ratio: 15-81 %
|
CONCEPT COOLING
|
air-to-air heat pump (a-a-HP) | ambient air (AA) | electricity (E) | free (f)
mechanical (m) | mechanical ventilation (MV) | night-time ventilation (NV-f)
split units (SP)
|
environmental heat sink
|
AA
|
energy carrier
|
E
|
cooling system
|
a-a-HP, SU
|
power of system [kWtherm]
|
37
|
distribution system
|
air
|
VENTILATION CONEPT
|
operable windows
|
yes
|
night ventilation
|
f+m
|
mechanical ventilation
|
yes
|
air-change rate [h-1]
|
no info
|
dehumidification of air
|
no
|
pre-cooling of air
|
yes
|
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
|
year(s) of monitoring
|
2008-09
|
|
year of evaluation
|
2008-09
|
number of rooms
|
6
|
interval of measurements
|
60 min
|
ambient air temperature
|
at building
|
design temperature [°C]
|
27
|
adaptive, class II (up)a
|
97
|
adaptive, class II (low)b
|
90
|
avg. room temperature [°C]c
|
23-27
|
temp. drift day [K]c
|
0.8-2.2
|
POE
|
yes
|
humidity comfort, class II
|
82
|
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE
|
COOLING
|
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
19.5
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
18.8
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
47.0
|
HEATING
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
21.5
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
29.2
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
73.0
|
VENTILATION
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
1.2
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
3.0
|
LIGHTING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
2.7
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
6.8
|
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
27.8
|
TOTAL BUILDING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
51.9
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
129.8
|
onsite generation of energy
|
no
|
(a) upper comfort boundaries, (b) lower comfort boundaries, (c) during occupancy
|
ASA Holding Company | Bucharest Romania (44°43’ , 26°9’ , 55 m)
|
CLIMATE
|
annual avg. temp. [°C]
|
10.5
|
|
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
|
17.3
|
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
|
7.4
|
heating degree days [Kday]
|
2.699
|
cooling degree days [Kday]
|
132
|
design indoor temp. H [°C]
|
18
|
design indoor temp. C [°C]
|
26
|
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
|
occupancy
|
office
|
|
number of occupants
|
24
|
utilisation
|
8am-5pm
|
completion
|
1940
|
refurbishment
|
-
|
number of floors
|
4
|
total floor area [m²]
|
634
|
total conditioned area [m²]
|
292
|
total volume [m³]
|
1.952
|
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
|
0.32
|
BUILDING ENVELOPE
|
shading system
|
exterior wood blinds, manual operation, shading factor 0.3
|
U-values [W/(m²K)]
|
exterior wall: 0.82 | window: 2.5 | roof: 0.65 | avg. value of building: 0.94
|
window
|
2 single pane glazing | g-value: 0.42 | area: 48 m² | window-façade-ratio: 30-40 %
|
CONCEPT COOLING
|
ambient air (AA) | free (f) | electricity (E) | night-time ventilation (NV-f)
split unit (SU) |
|
environmental heat sink
|
AA
|
energy carrier
|
E
|
cooling system
|
NV-f, SU
|
power of system [kWtherm]
|
-
|
distribution system
|
air
|
VENTILATION CONEPT
|
operable windows
|
yes
|
night ventilation
|
yes
|
mechanical ventilation
|
no
|
air-change rate [h-1]
|
-
|
dehumidification of air
|
no
|
pre-cooling of air
|
no
|
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
|
year(s) of monitoring
|
2008-09
|
|
year of evaluation
|
2008-09
|
number of rooms
|
3
|
interval of measurements
|
5 min
|
ambient air temperature
|
public WSa
|
design temperature [°C]
|
26
|
adaptive, class II (up)b
|
96 %
|
adaptive, class II (low)c
|
100 %
|
avg. room temperature [°C]d
|
26-28
|
temp. drift day [K]d
|
1.0-2.5
|
POE
|
no
|
humidity comfort, class II
|
99 %
|
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE
|
COOLING
|
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
28.3
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
11.3
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
28.3
|
HEATING
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
n.n.
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
149.6
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
164.5
|
VENTILATION
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
1.6
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
4.1
|
LIGHTING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
2.6
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
6.5
|
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
16.8
|
TOTAL BUILDING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
165.1
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
203.4
|
onsite generation of energy
|
no
|
(a) public weather station, (b) upper comfort boundaries, (c) lower comfort boundaries, (d) during occupancy
|
Public Building | Porretta Terme Italy (44°16’ , 10°97’ , 349 m)
|
CLIMATE
|
annual avg. temp. [°C]
|
12.3
|
|
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
|
22.6
|
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
|
1.2
|
heating degree days [Kday]
|
2.648
|
cooling degree days [Kday]
|
122
|
design indoor temp. H [°C]
|
20
|
design indoor temp. C [°C]
|
25
|
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
|
occupancy civic center + office
|
|
number of occupants
|
20
|
utilisation
|
8am-12pm
|
completion
|
1970
|
refurbishment
|
2007
|
number of floors
|
2
|
total floor area [m²]
|
752
|
total conditioned area [m²]
|
580
|
total volume [m³]
|
1.930
|
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
|
0.6
|
BUILDING ENVELOPE
|
shading system
|
exterior roller blinds, manual operation, shading factor 0.15
|
U-values [W/(m²K)]
|
exterior wall: 0.34 | window: 1.4 | roof: 0.35 | avg. value of building: 0.44
|
window
|
2-pane low-e glazing | g-value: 0.6 | area: 54 m² | window-façade-ratio: 9-16 %
|
CONCEPT COOLING
|
ambient air (AA) | borehole heat exchanger (BHEX) | convector (CV)
electricity (E) | free (f) | ground (GR) | heat pump (HP) | heat recovery (HR)
mechanical (m) | mechanical ventilation (MV) | night-time ventilation (NV) photovoltaic (PV)
|
environmental heat sink
|
AA, GR
|
energy carrier
|
E
|
cooling system
|
NV, HP
|
power of system [kWtherm]
|
64
|
distribution system
|
coils, CV
|
VENTILATION CONEPT
|
operable windows
|
yes
|
night ventilation
|
f+m
|
mechanical ventilation
|
yes
|
air-change rate [h-1]
|
1
|
dehumidification of air
|
no
|
pre-cooling of air
|
no
|
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
|
year(s) of monitoring
|
2008-09
|
|
year of evaluation
|
2008-09
|
number of rooms
|
3
|
interval of measurements
|
15 min
|
ambient air temperature
|
public WSa
|
design temperature [°C]
|
25
|
adaptive, class II (up)b
|
100 %
|
adaptive, class II (low)c
|
88 %
|
avg. room temperature [°C]d
|
24.5-27.0
|
temp. drift day [K]d
|
0.5-1.5
|
POE
|
yes
|
humidity comfort, class II
|
68 %
|
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE
|
COOLING
|
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
30.5
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
25.0
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
62.5
|
HEATING
|
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
|
88.2
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
64.1
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
160.3
|
VENTILATION
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
5.5
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
13.8
|
LIGHTING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
1.8
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
4.5
|
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
0.9
|
TOTAL BUILDING
|
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
|
97.1
|
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
|
242.8
|
onsite generation of energy
|
no
|
(a) public weather station, (b) upper comfort boundaries, (c) lower comfort boundaries, (d) during occupancy
|
Touborg Boulevard | Copenhagen Denmark (55°67’ , 12°67’ , 24 m)
CLIMATE
annual avg. temp. [°C]
7.7
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
16.4
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
-1
heating degree days [Kday]
2.906
cooling degree days [Kday]
-
design indoor temp. H [°C]
20
design indoor temp. C [°C]
25
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
occupancy
office
number of occupants
1.700
utilisation
8am-6pm
completion
2002
refurbishment
-
number of floors
5
total floor area [m²]
21.199
total conditioned area [m²]
18.726
total volume [m³]
71.533
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
0.3
BUILDING ENVELOPE
shading system
interior venetian blinds, manual operation, shading factor n.n.
U-values [W/(m²K)]
exterior wall: 0.2 | window: 1.12 | roof: 0.2 | avg. value of building: n.n.
window
2-pane glazing | g-value: n.n. | area: 302 m² | window-façade-ratio: 30-60 %
CONCEPT COOLING
ambient air (AA) | compression chiller (CC) | cooling panels (CP) | electricity (E) heat recovery (HR) | mechanical ventilation (MV)
environmental heat sink
AA
energy carrier
E
cooling system
chiller
power of system [kWtherm]
955
distribution system
coils + CP
VENTILATION CONEPT
operable windows
no
night ventilation
no
mechanical ventilation
yes
air-change rate [h-1]
1.4
dehumidification of air
no
pre-cooling of air
yes
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
year(s) of monitoring
2008
year of evaluation
2008
number of rooms
3
interval of measurements
15 min
ambient air temperature
at building
design temperature [°C]
25
PMV, class II (up)a
92 %
PMV, class II (low)b
89 %
avg. room temperature [°C]c
23-25.5
temp. drift day [K]c
0.8-1.5
POE
yes
humidity comfort, class II
97 %
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE (period 10/07 to 04/08)
COOLING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
-
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
8
HEATING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
-
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
76.8
VENTILATION
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
5.5
LIGHTING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
-
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
TOTAL BUILDING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
150.6
onsite generation of energy
no
(a) upper comfort boundaries, (b) lower comfort boundaries, (c) during occupancy
YIT Centre Turku | Turku Finland (55°67’ , 12°67’ , 24 m)
CLIMATE
annual avg. temp. [°C]
5
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
-
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
-
heating degree days [Kday]
4.115
cooling degree days [Kday]
194
design indoor temp. H [°C]
21
design indoor temp. C [°C]
25
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
occupancy
office
number of occupants
135
utilisation
8am-5pm
completion
2005
refurbishment
-
number of floors
5
total floor area [m²]
6.900
total conditioned area [m²]
6.900
total volume [m³]
34.000
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
n.n.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
shading system
exterior venetian blinds, automatic operation, shading factor n.n.
U-values [W/(m²K)]
exterior wall: 0.22 | window: 1.1 | roof: 0.14 | avg. value of building: n.n.
window
n.n. | g-value: 0.38 | area: n.n. | window-façade-ratio: n.n.
CONCEPT COOLING
ambient air (AA) | air handling unit (AHU) | cooling panels (CP) | electricity (E) heat recovery (HR) | mechanical ventilation (MV)
environmental heat sink
-
energy carrier
-
cooling system
district cool
power of system [kWtherm]
345
distribution system
air, CP
VENTILATION CONEPT
operable windows
yes
night ventilation
no
mechanical ventilation
yes
air-change rate [h-1]
2.2
dehumidification of air
no
pre-cooling of air
yes
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
year(s) of monitoring
2008
year of evaluation
2008
number of rooms
12
interval of measurements
n.n.
ambient air temperature
n.n.
design temperature [°C]
25
PMV, class II (up)a
100 %
PMV, class II (low)b
71 %
avg. room temperature [°C]c
21-22
temp. drift day [K]c
0.5-1.2
POE
yes
humidity comfort, class II
96 %
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE
COOLING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
19.8
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
20.8
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
-
HEATING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
51.9
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
54.5
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
-
VENTILATION
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
-
LIGHTING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
-
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
-
TOTAL BUILDING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
161.5
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
215.5
onsite generation of energy
no
(a) upper comfort boundaries, (b) lower comfort boundaries, (c) during occupancy
University of La Rochelle | La Rochelle France (46°15’ , -1°15’ , 5 m)
CLIMATE
annual avg. temp. [°C]
12.8
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
19.6
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
4.4
heating degree days [Kday]
2278
cooling degree days [Kday]
-
design indoor temp. H [°C]
19
design indoor temp. C [°C]
26
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
occupancy
university
number of occupants
15+1500
utilisation
8am-6pm
completion
2003
refurbishment
-
number of floors
3
total floor area [m²]
3.900
total conditioned area [m²]
3.900
total volume [m³]
18.600
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
0.1
BUILDING ENVELOPE
shading system
interior blinds, manual operation, shading factor n.n.
U-values [W/(m²K)]
exterior wall: 0.43 | window: 2.2 | roof: 0.36 | avg. value of building: 0.75
window
2-pane low-e glazing | g-value: 0.44 | area: 880 m² | window-façade-ratio: 42 %
CONCEPT COOLING
ambient air (AA) | free (f) | mechanical ventilation (MV)
night-time ventilation (NV)
environmental heat sink
AA
energy carrier
-
cooling system
NV-f
power of system [kWtherm]
-
distribution system
-
VENTILATION CONEPT
operable windows
yes
night ventilation
f
mechanical ventilation
yes
air-change rate [h-1]
1.0
dehumidification of air
no
pre-cooling of air
no
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
year(s) of monitoring
2008-09
year of evaluation
2008-09
number of rooms
9
interval of measurements
60 min
ambient air temperature
at building
design temperature [°C]
26
adaptive, class II (up)a
96 %
adaptive, class II (low)b
38 %
avg. room temperature [°C]c
22-25.5
temp. drift day [K]c
0.5-1.5
POE
yes
humidity comfort, class II
44 %
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE (period 10/07 to 04/08)
COOLING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
0
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
0
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
0
HEATING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
74.3
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
85.3
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
97.6
VENTILATION
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
n.n.
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
n.n.
LIGHTING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
n.n.
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
n.n.
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
n.n.
TOTAL BUILDING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
n.n.
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
n.n.
onsite generation of energy
no
(a) upper comfort boundaries, (b) lower comfort boundaries, (c) during occupancy
Home Office Nebrich | Prague, Czech Republic (50°0' , 14°34’ , 269 m)
CLIMATE
annual avg. temp. [°C]
10
month. avg. max temp. [°C]
18.9
month. avg. min temp. [°C]
1.6
heating degree days [Kday]
3.677
cooling degree days [Kday]
19
design indoor temp. H [°C]
20
design indoor temp. C [°C]
26
INFORMATION ON BUILDINGY AND USE
occupancy
tenement
number of occupants
4
utilisation
9am-6pm
completion
2005
refurbishment
-
number of floors
2
total floor area [m²]
230
total conditioned area [m²]
230
total volume [m³]
562
area-to-volume ratio [m-1]
0.4
BUILDING ENVELOPE
shading system
interior blinds, manual operation, shading factor n.n.
U-values [W/(m²K)]
exterior wall: 0.2 | window: 1.4 | roof: 0.15 | avg. value of building: n.n.
window
2-pane glazing | g-value: 0.4 | area: 54 m² | window-façade-ratio: 20-80 %
CONCEPT COOLING
ambient air (AA) | electricity (E) | free (f) | night-time ventilation (NV)
environmental heat sink
AA
energy carrier
E
cooling system
NV-f, fans
power of system [kWtherm]
-
distribution system
air
VENTILATION CONEPT
operable windows
yes
night ventilation
f
mechanical ventilation
no
air-change rate [h-1]
0.5
dehumidification of air
no
pre-cooling of air
no
THERMAL COMFORT PERFORMANCE IN SUMMER
year(s) of monitoring
2008
year of evaluation
2008
number of rooms
1
interval of measurements
1 min
ambient air temperature
at building
design temperature [°C]
26
adaptive, class II (up)a
97 %
adaptive, class II (low)b
96 %
avg. room temperature [°C]c
23-26
temp. drift day [K]c
1.0-2.8
POE
no
humidity comfort, class IId
-
MONITORING RESULTS AND BUILDING SIGNATURE (period 10/07 to 04/08)
COOLING
No monitoring data on humidity.
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
0
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
0
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
0
HEATING
useful energy [kWhtherm/m²a]
56.0
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
68.0
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
170.0
VENTILATION
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
0
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
0
LIGHTING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
4.6
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
11.5.
APPLIANCES/PLUG LOADS
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
n.n.
TOTAL BUILDING
final energy [kWhend/m²a]
72.6
primary energy kWhprim/m²a]
181.5
onsite generation of energy
no
(a) upper comfort boundaries, (b) lower comfort boundaries, (c) during occupancy, (d) not measured
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