Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Urbanization Review

http://www.gicafrica.diplo.de/Vertretung/suedafrika-dz/en/__pr/2014/04/04-Kenya-street-lights.html

160^ World Bank ICR, 2015. The calculation of this benefit is based on WHO’s estimated burden of environmental diseases and, more specifically, the estimated share of diarrheal diseases that can be attributed to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) risks. The estimated savings are based on the estimate from the project team that the interventions result in a decrease of about 20 percent in the total incidence of WASH-related disease.

161^ IFC 2014

162^ PPIAF

163^ Coffey and Coad 2010; Zurbruegg 2003

164^ Henry et al. 2006

165^ Hazra and Goel 2009

166^ There are potentially important offshore oil finds, as with recent discoveries by Total. http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/total-makes-oil-discovery-offshore-cote-divoire/

167^ World Bank CEA forthcoming

168^ World Bank CEA forthcoming

169^ Christie et al. 2013

170^ TEEB 2010

171^ OECD 2012

172^ UNEP 2013

173^ World Bank 2012

174^ This chapter is based on a desk review, including an analysis of financial data for local authorities, and on interviews with stakeholders including mayors and senior administrative officials from 14 communes.

175^ Article 119 of the Constitution of August 1, 2000.

176^ Including land use planning; development planning; urbanization and housing; communication; transport; health; public sanitation; environmental protection; urban security and civil defense; education, scientific research, and professional and technical training; social, cultural, and human development activities; sports and leisure; promotion of economic development; promotion of tourism; communication; water, sanitation and electricity; and social development areas, including support programs and safety nets for families, youth, women, children, the disabled, and the elderly.

177^ See the review of the decentralization process conducted by the Ministry of the Interior and Security titled “Bilan de la decentralisation.”

178^ Local authorities is used for municipal and regional governments.

179^ These are standard assumptions for decentralized service delivery models, but the study does not cover an analysis of service delivery costs between centralized and decentralized systems.

180^ For example, in April 2014, after budgets had already been adopted, the ministry, unexpectedly, sent an official telegram to some municipalities, including Cocody, informing them of a 15 percent deduction from their regulatory 40 percent tax retrocession.

181^ None of the 14 municipalities surveyed for this study has a strategic development plan.

182^ Decree No. 31 of February 13, 1992 stipulates that the regulatory authority is granted 45 days from the date of submission, to approve the budget. Beyond this deadline, the municipal authority is allowed to begin executing the budget, even without approval. Officials stated, however, that in practice this deadline is never met, but the treasury accountant refuses to make payments until receiving notification of budget approval from the regulatory authority. Local authorities themselves are also sometimes to blame. When the mission carried out its tour in April, it noted that some municipalities’ budgets had not yet been approved by the regulatory authority.

183^ Article 17 of January 6, 1997 finance law No. 97–07 sets the amount, which is a percentage of overall revenue and varies according to the size of the population. The minimum percentage varies between 10 percent and 20 percent, and is inversely proportional to the size of the population. For communes whose population is below 20,000 inhabitants, the percentage is 20 percent whereas for communes with a population between 20,000 and 50,000, the proportion is 15 percent. Beyond 50,000 inhabitants the minimum proportion is 10 percent.

184^ Article 109 of the law stipulates that “the tariffs and maximum rates of taxes collected by local authorities through assessment or as certificates of income shall be set by the finance law.” Article 110 states that “when the council of a local authority institutes a tax, it shall at the same session set the rate of such tax, bearing in mind the objective situation of its taxpayers.”

185^ This is due to the strong correlation between expenditure and resources, and above all, a result of the budgetary rule that requires that the budget must show a balance between income and expenditure.

186^ There are two stages in the loan process: preparing the application and presenting it to the municipal council; and reviewing and considering it in council. The result of the council's deliberations and the application are then transmitted to the Minister of the Interior and Security and the Minister of the Economy for joint approval.

187^ Korogho and Odienné in the North; Yamoussoukro and Bouaké in the Centre; Daloa, Soubre, Man, and Danané in the West; San Pédro in the Southwest; Abengourou and Bondoukou in the East; and Yopougon, Adjamé, and Cocody in Abidjan.

188

189^ Law No. 2003–208 of July 7, 2003 transferred specific responsibilities to municipalities on territorial development, development planning, urbanism and housing, roads and other communication networks, transport, health and hygiene, environment and natural resource management, security and civil protection, culture and social action, sport and leisure, economic development and employment, tourism, communication, water and sanitation, family, youth, and gender.

190^ Local authorities are also increasingly turning to build–operate–transfer arrangements to make up for inadequate financing for income-generating infrastructure. This system has been used to construct markets, stalls, and kiosks. In Adjamé, a CFAF 12 billion market was built with financing provided entirely by the Société Ivoirienne de Concept et de Gestion, which will manage the market for 25 years and then turn it over to the municipality. Similar operations are in Treichville, Sinfra, and Daloa.

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