Table 5.1: Phytosanitary measures proposed for quarantine pests of fresh taro corms

The major risks from Tarophagus proserpina are eggs laid in the petioles or petiole bases on the corm, or nymphs or adults hiding in the petioles. Taro planthoppers are known to establish via planting materials. Corms of the large corm variety with petiole bases that could potentially be used for growing purposes present a significant risk.

The proposed risk management measures are:

• 
  inspection to ensure that taro corms infested with nymphs and adults of Tarophagus proserpina are identified and subjected to appropriate remedial action
  
• 
  topping of corms of large corm taro to remove the petiole bases that may carry eggs, nymphs and adults of Tarophagus proserpina.
  

The objective of these measures is to reduce the likelihood of importation for Tarophagus proserpina to at least ‘low’. The restricted risk would then be reduced to ‘very low’, which would achieve Australia’s ALOP.

The major risk from Phytophthora colocasiae is the importation of corms bearing viable sporangia or zoospores (particularly between petiole bases) that are subsequently diverted from their intended use for human consumption and used as planting material. Infected and rotting corms bearing viable hyphae or spores could also be discarded near susceptible hosts.

The potential for unregulated movement of planting materials and the natural ability of Phytophthora colocasiae pathogen to spread means that country freedom is required.

The proposed risk management measure for countries where this pathogen is present is:

• 
  Country freedom from Phytophthora colocasiae. Taro corms must only be sourced from countries declared free of taro leaf blight.
  

Alternative measures for taro leaf blight proposed by exporting countries, e.g. systems approach, pest free place of production etc., may be considered on a case-by-case basis in the future. Any potential imports subject to alternative measures would be governed by separate import conditions.

Colocasia bobone disease virus, the French Polynesian strain of Dasheen mosaic virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and tomato zonate spot virus have been assessed to have unrestricted risk estimates of ‘low’ for taro corms imported from countries hosting these pathogens, and additional measures are therefore required to manage these risks.

The major risks from these viruses are from the import of infected corms, their diversion from their intended use of human consumption to planting material, sprouting of the corms, and transmission of the viruses to other plants by their insect vectors.

The proposed risk management measures for taro from countries where these viruses are present are:

• 
  topping of corms of large corm taro to remove the petiole bases and the apical growing points to reduce the likelihood that infected plants establish, either from discarded corm waste or corms that are used for propagation
  
• 
  prohibition of corms of small corm taro, which could grow into infected plants due to their ease of propagation.
  

The objective of these measures is to reduce the likelihood of establishment for colocasia bobone disease virus, the French Polynesian strain of Dasheen mosaic virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and tomato zonate spot virus to at least ‘low’. The restricted risk would then be reduced to ‘very low’, which would achieve Australia’s ALOP.

A system of operational procedures is necessary to maintain and verify the phytosanitary status of imported fresh taro corms. This is to ensure that the proposed risk management measures have been met and are maintained. The components of the proposed operational system are described below.

The objectives of phytosanitary certification are to ensure that:

• 
  an International Phytosanitary Certificate (IPC) is issued for each consignment, consistent with ISPM 12 Guidelines for Phytosanitary Certificates (FAO 2001b), to provide formal documentation to AQIS verifying the relevant measures have been undertaken offshore
  

• 
  each IPC includes a description of the consignment (including the taro variety and country of origin).
  

Each consignment must be accompanied by an original IPC endorsed with the following additional declarations:

1. 
   The taro in this consignment is Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta and not Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum
   

2. 
   The tubers are sourced from [name of country], which is free of taro leaf blight (Phytophthora colocasiae)
   

3. 
   The tubers have been inspected and found to be topped and free from all foliage including petiole bases, and free from sprouts, suckers and attached daughter corms
   

2. 
   The taro in this consignment was sourced from [name of country], which is free of taro planthopper (Tarophagus proserpina), colocasia bobone disease virus, French Polynesian strain of Dasheen mosaic virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and tomato zonate spot virus.
   

The objectives of the requirement for packaging and labelling are to ensure that:

• 
  fresh taro exported to Australia is not contaminated by quarantine pests or regulated articles (e.g. trash, soil and weed seeds)
  
• 
  unprocessed packing material (which may vector pests not identified as being on the pathway) is not imported with the taro corms
  
• 
  all wood used in the packing of the commodity complies with AQIS conditions (see AQIS publication ‘Cargo containers: Quarantine aspects and procedures’).
  

The objectives of this procedure are to ensure that:

• 
  on arrival in Australia, each consignment as defined by a single phytosanitary certificate is inspected by AQIS at the first port of entry for quarantine pests and regulated articles
  
• 
  inspection lots are inspected using the standard AQIS inspection protocol, which includes optical enhancement where necessary
  
• 
  a sample size for taro corms of 600 units (a unit is a single taro corm) is inspected from each consignment. If a consignment has less than 1000 units, then 450 units are to be inspected. For consignments of less than 450 units, all units must be inspected
  
• 
  if no live quarantine pests or other regulated articles are detected in the inspection lot, the consignment will be released from quarantine
  
• 
  inspection lots will fail if quarantine pests and/or regulated articles are detected by AQIS during on-arrival inspections. Remedial action is to be taken when this occurs
  
• 
  if the product continually fails inspection, the export program may be suspended and audited by AQIS, with reinstatement after AQIS is satisfied that appropriate corrective action has been taken.
  

Australia has a long standing policy of requiring treatment for diseased material where identification of the pathogens responsible is not possible. Where diseased taro corms are detected and identification of the pathogens is not possible, or cannot be provided within a practical time, then the product is deemed to pose a disease risk to Australia and remedial action is required.

Remedial action for non-compliance – on-arrival verification

The objectives of the proposed requirements for remedial action(s) for non-compliance during on-arrival verification are to ensure that any quarantine risk is addressed by remedial action, as appropriate, for consignments that do not comply with import requirements.

1.28Review of policy

Australia collects data on pests intercepted in trade and uses this information to validate import policy. Depending on the level and type of pest interceptions at the border, Biosecurity Australia may consider further revisions of this policy and the operational requirements.

This review of import conditions supports the continuation of existing import conditions for fresh large corm taro, with an additional condition to mitigate the risks posed by Phytophthora colocasiae. The report recommends a conditional relaxation of the prohibition on importation of small corm taro (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum), adopted as an emergency measure in 2006. Countries that are able to demonstrate freedom from taro leaf blight, colocasia bobone disease virus, the French Polynesian strain of Dasheen mosaic virus, Taro vein chlorosis virus and tomato zonate spot virus may apply for access for small corm taro. This will be assessed on a case-by-case basis at a later date. If it is determined that identified quarantine risks can be mitigated, then alternative draft import conditions will be developed. A new pathogen, Marasmiellus colocasiae, recently reported from Brazil was not assessed in the draft report, and is considered to be outside the scope of this report.

The findings of this report are based on a comprehensive analysis of relevant scientific literature. Biosecurity Australia considers that the risk management measures proposed in this report will provide an appropriate level of protection against the pests identified in this risk analysis. Various risk management measures may be suitable to manage the risks associated with fresh taro from all countries. Biosecurity Australia will consider any other measures suggested by stakeholders that provide an equivalent level of phytosanitary protection.
Appendices

Appendix A: Initiation and pest categorisation for pests of taro

Initiation (columns 1 – 2) identifies the pests of taro that have the potential to be on fresh corms produced using commercial production and packing procedures.

Pest categorisation (columns 3 - 6) identifies which of the pests with the potential to be on taro corms are quarantine pests for Australia and require pest risk assessment.

The steps in the initiation and categorisation processes are considered sequentially, with the assessment terminating at the first ‘No’ for columns 2, 4 or 5 or ‘Yes’ for column 3.

Details of the method used in this IRA are given in Section 2: Method for pest risk analysis.

Contaminating pests are not considered under categorisation. Contaminant pests are addressed under existing AQIS standard operational procedures.

Pest	Potential to be on taro corms	Present within Australia	Potential for establishment and spread	Potential for economic consequences	Pest risk assessment required
ARTHROPODA: Arachnida: Acari
Acariformes (mites)
Rhizoglyphus minutus Manson, 1972 [Acaridae] Taro mite	Yes – Frequently intercepted in Australia and New Zealand on taro corms from the Pacific (Zhang 2003, 2004).	No record found. However, the taxonomy of Rhizoglyphus in Australia is confused due to a lack of detailed taxonomic study (Fan and Zhang 2003).	Yes – At least three other Rhizoglyphus species are found in Australia (Fan and Zhang 2003). The main host is taro, which is found in parts of Australia. Other hosts include yam and coconut (Zhang 2003), which are present in Australia. Taro has been imported for many years and there have been many mite interceptions. However, there are no records of establishment in Australia.	No – Rhizoglyphus minutus affects root crops such as taro and yams after harvest. It is most often associated with damaged tissue and with fungal attack (Trade Forum 2002). Fiji does not consider the mite to be a pest as such, because it does not damage the corm (Vinning 2003). It is not listed as one of the Rhizoglyphus species known to be agricultural pests in Diaz et al. (2000).	No
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval, 1867) [Tetranychidae] Carmine spider mite	No – Adults and nymphs feed primarily on the undersides of the leaves. The mites tend to feed in ‘pockets’ often near the midrib and veins (Mau et al. 2007). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	Yes (Halliday 2000).			No
Tetranychus lambi Pritchard & Baker, 1955 [Tetranychidae] Banana spider mite	No – Feeds on leaves and fruit of host plants (Gutierrez and Schicha 1983). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	Yes. Has been recorded in NSW and Qld (AICN 2011).			No
Tetranychus marianae McGregor, 1950 [Tetranychidae] Spider mite	No – Colonies are found on the underside of leaves (Ochoa et al. 1994). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	Yes. Has been recorded in Qld (AICN 2011).			No
MOLLUSCA: Gastropoda
Achatina fulica Bowditch, 1822 [Syn.: Lissachatina fulica (Bowditch, 1822)] [Achatinidae] Giant African snail	No – Giant African snail is a polyphagous feeder that is reported to eat taro plants, but only when pest populations are high. It is principally a foliar feeder, but will eat any live or dead plant tissue (Carmichael et al. 2008). Eggs are laid in the soil, so the main risk is hitchhiking juveniles or adults. Removal of leaves and soil will remove this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) [Ampullariidae] Golden apple snail	No – Voracious consumers of plant material. Egg masses are laid on any available surface, in wet conditions. These would normally be removed by cleaning methods employed to remove soil and surface contaminants in packing houses, and detected during routine entry inspection for contaminants. Removal of leaves and soil will remove this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
ARTHROPODA: Insecta
Coleoptera (beetles)
Adoretus sinicus Burmeister, 1855 [Scarabaeidae] Chinese rose beetle	No – Adults feed on leaves at night, and larvae feed on rotting material in the soil and rarely attack living roots (Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009). Reported eating taro leaves in Micronesia (Nafus 1997). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Adoretus versutus Harold, 1869 [Syn.: Adoretus vestitus Boheman, 1858; Adoretus vitiensis Nonfried, 1891; Adoretus insularis Fairmaire, 1897] [Scarabaeidae] Rose beetle	No – Adult beetles feed on leaves at night and shelter in the soil or under leaf litter during the day. The larvae feed on rotting material in the soil. They may attack living roots, but damage is only slight (Ecoport 2011). Leaf trimming during harvest and removal of soil and roots should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Apirocalus ebrius Faust, 1892 [Anthribidae] Horned weevil	No – Herbivorous leaf-feeding weevil (Smith 1978). Adult weevils attack soft growing points and leaves of taro and a range of other crops. Damage is often not serious (French 2006). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Apirocalus terrestris Thompson, 1977 [Anthribidae] Horned weevil	No – Adult weevils attack soft growing points and leaves of taro and a range of other crops. Damage is often not serious (French 2006). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer, 1775) [Syn.: Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius, 1801)] [Anthribidae] Cocoa weevil	Yes – This weevil has been reported as a storage pest in tuber products. Larvae tunnel through the corm (CABI 2011).	Yes. Has been recorded in NSW, Qld, Tas., Vic. and SA (Zimmerman 1994).			No
Caedius demeijerei Gebien, 1920 [Tenebrionidae]	No – Beetles have been reported damaging beans, taro and radish. Adults are found on the ground under beans (French 2006). Leaf trimming during harvest and cleaning of corms should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Dermolepida noxium Britton, 1957 [Scarabaeidae] Chafer beetle	No – Leaf feeder on banana, but has been reported damaging taro (French 2006). Should be eliminated by normal packing procedures.	No record found.			No
Elytroteinus subtruncatus (Fairmaîre, 1881) [Circulionoidea] Fiji ginger weevil	Yes – The larval stage burrows into the corm (Mau and Martin Kessing 1992a).	No record found.	Yes – Host plants, including avocado, sugarcane, lemon and taro (Follett et al. 2007) are present in many parts of Australia, so some spread could be anticipated.	Yes – Host plants include economic crops. Feeding of the larvae results in wilting and loss of vigour. If feeding is extensive, the host may die (Mau and Martin Kessing 1992a).	Yes
Eucopidocaulus tridentipes (Arrow, 1911) [Syn.: Papuana tridentipes Arrow, 1911] [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – This species of taro beetle is a serious pest of taro, burrowing into the corms and making smooth-sided, round tunnels (Adams 2006b).	Yes
Glyptoporopterus sharpi (Faust, 1898) [Circulionoidea] Weevil	No – Has been reported on taro (French 2006), but leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Henosepilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775) [Syn.: Epilachna guttatopustulata (Fabricius, 1775); Coccinella guttatopustulata Fabricius, 1775] [Coccinellidae] Large leaf eating ladybird	No – Both larvae and adults feed on foliage (Li 1993). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	Yes. Has been recorded in NSW, NT, Qld, Tas. and Vic. (Li 1993; AICN 2011).			No
Melanhyphus clypealis (Arrow, 1937) [Scarabaeidae] Beetle	No – Scarab beetles are occasionally reported on taro (French 2006). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) [Syn.: Oryctes stentor Castelnau, 1840; Scarabaeus rhinoceros Linnaeus, 1758] [Scarabaeidae] Rhinoceros beetle	No – Larvae live in rotting logs, tree stumps, compost heaps, sawdust etc. Adult beetles burrow into the growing points of coconut and oil palms (CABI 2011). Only incidentally associated with taro, and not noted as a pest for that species.	No. Has previously been recorded in Qld (CABI 2011).			No
Papuana biroi Endrödi, 1969 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana cheesmanae Arrow, 1941 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana huebneri Fairmaire, 1879 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana inermis Prell, 1912 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana japenensis Arrow, 1941 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana laevipennis Arrow, 1911 [Syn.: Papuana woodlarkiana subsp. laevipennis (Arrow, 1911)] [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana semistriata Arrow, 1911 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana szentivanyi Endrodi, 1971 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana trinodosa Prell, 1912 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana uninodis Prell, 1912 [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	No record found.	Yes – Potential hosts include ornamental and native aroids. However damage is readily apparent and should be discovered on packing/ import inspection.	Yes – Burrows into corm forming large tunnels and cavities that eventually destroy product (Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes
Papuana woodlarkiana Montrouzier, 1855 [Syn.: Papuana woodlarkiana subsp. woodlarkiana (Montrouzier, 1855)] [Scarabaeidae] Taro beetle	Yes – Adult beetles tunnel into corms, eventually destroying them. Larvae feed on rotting vegetation, sawdust etc. (Macfarlane 1987; Carmichael et al. 2008).	Yes. Has been recorded in Qld and WA (Brooks 1965).			No
Phraotes torvus Marshall, 1956 [Circulionoidae] Taro spiny weevil	Yes – Reported severely chewing taro petioles in Papua New Guinea (French 2006). Adults feed on petioles and leaves (Maddison 1993).	No record found.	No – Information on this species is scare. Possibly restricted to New Guinea, and not known to be invasive. No quarantine reports of this species (Maddison and Crosby 2009).	No – Not considered to be a pest species (Maddison and Crosby 2009).	No
Propsephus hawaiiensis (Candèze, 1881) [Elateridae] Click beetle	Yes – Larvae feed on the roots of a number of plants including taro (Watt 1986). No information is available on likelihood of larvae burrowing into the corm, but Elateridae larvae typically feed on live roots and dead plant material (Watt 1986).	No record found.	Yes – Feeds on dead plant material in the soil, and larvae may feed on live roots of a number of plant species (Watt 1986).	No – There are few reports of this species being a pest, but it may have a minor impact on the roots of banana and sugarcane and some vegetables. Not recorded as a pest in the Pacific Islands Pest Database.	No
Propsephus tongaensis (Candèze, 1878) [Elateridae] Click beetle	No – Larvae feed on the roots of a number of plants in the Pacific, but Watt (1986) did not report taro as a host. Could be present in soil attached to poorly cleaned corms. Unidentified Elateridae beetles have been occasionally intercepted on taro from Fiji and Vanuatu (AQIS interception data).	No record found.			No
Propsephus sp. [Elateridae] Click beetle	Yes – Larvae of an unidentified species of Propsephus were recorded feeding on the roots of a number of plants, including taro in Samoa and Fiji (Watt 1986). Unidentified Elateridae beetles have been occasionally intercepted on taro from Fiji and Vanuatu (AQIS interception data).	No record found.	Yes – Feeds on dead plant material in the soil, and larvae may feed on live roots of a number of plant species (Watt 1986).	No – There are few reports of Propsephus beetles being economic pests. It may have a minor impact on the roots of banana and sugarcane and some vegetables. Not recorded as a pest in the Pacific Islands Pest Database.	No
Thompsoniella deplanatus (Boheman, 1859) [Syn.: Atactus deplanatus (Boheman, 1859)] [Circulionoidae] Weevil	No – Reported to chew holes in taro leaves in Pohnpei (Nafus 1997). Leaf trimming during harvest should exclude this pest from the pathway.	No record found.			No
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) [Tenebrionidae] Red flour beetle	Yes – Eggs can be laid in stored products, where the emerging larvae feed (CABI 2011).	Yes. Has been recorded in ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic. and WA (AICN 2011).			No

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