Risk on local fish populations and ecosystems posed by the use of imported feed fish by the tuna farming industry in the Mediterranean
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Excerpt from Gaughan (2002) “Hazard identification, which OIE views as a crucial first step in its guidelines for risk assessment, should not be restricted to dealing only with identifiable diseases, but should also embrace case histories of epizootic events linked to unidentified pathogens. Thus, failure to identify a specific pathogen should not always be sufficient reason to conclude an IRA, as is currently the case. Similarly, the example provided by the two Sardinops epizootics in Australia indicate that existence of the same species at both country of export and country of import warrants consideration as a special case in deciding whether or not a formal IRA should be instigated, without the need for knowledge of the disease status of the species involved. In particular, recognition of high risk associated with creating artificial links between geographically separate populations within a particular species and between similar species should not await quantitative evidence. As anthropogenic factors have been strongly linked to emerging infectious diseases of wildlife, including marine organism (Harvell et al., 1999; Daszak et al., 2000), it is time to recognize that trade in untreated commodities is in fact the hazard; attaching identities and names to the hazardous components is clearly a secondary concern in managing disease translocation. We cannot wait for conclusive results from controlled experiments to show us that potential for disaster exists. The potential already exists: the risk of disease should not be ignored just because a particular disease cannot be detected (Hoffman, 1970; Bakke and Harris, 1998)”. Acknowledgements WWF is indebted to Drs Daniel Gaughan and Brian Jones, Western Australia’s Department of Fisheries, who kindly submitted crucial information and scientifically reviewed this document. Dr Julio Pinto C., from World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), obtained and submitted at WWF request more extended information on VHSV outbreaks. Drs Isabel Palomera and Francesc Maynou, Institute of Marine Sciences of Barcelona, and Dr Jordi Lleonart, FAO, provided useful data on catch trends of small pelagic fish in the Mediterranean. References AQIS (Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service) (1999) Import Risk Analysis on Non-viable Salmonids and Non-salmonid Marine Finfish. Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Canberra. Arthur, J.R. (1995) Efforts to prevent the international spread of diseases of aquatic organisms, with emphasis on the Southeast Asian region. In: Shariff, M., Arthur, J.R. and Subasinghe, R.P. (eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp. 9–25 Bakke, T.A. and Harris, P.D. (1998) Diseases and parasites in wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) populations. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 55:247–266 Biosecurity Australia (2003) Importation of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) for direct introduction into natural waters. Biosecurity policy review of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Draft Report. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 112 p. Bunce A., Norman, F.I. (2000) Changes in the diet of the Australian gannet (Morus serrator) in response to the 1998 mortality of pilchards (Sardinops sagax). Marine and Freshwater Research 51:601-12 Coll, M., Palomera, I., Tudela, S. and Sardà, F. (submitted) Trophic flows, ecosystem structure and fishing impact in the South Catalan Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean. Dalton, R. (2004) Fishing for trouble. Nature 431:502-504 Dann, P., Norman, F.I., Cullen, J.M., Neira, F.J. and Chiaradia, A. (2000) Mortality and breeding failure of little penguins, Eudyptula minor in Victoria, 1995-1996 following a widespread mortality of pilchard Sardinops sagax. Marine and Freshwater Research 51: 355-362 Daszak P., Cunningham, A.A. and Hyatt, A.D. (2000) Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife – threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287:443–449 Gaughan D.J., Mitchell R.W. and Blight S.J. (2000) Impact of mortality possibly due to herpesvirus, on pilchard Sardinops sagax stocks along the south coast of Western Australia in 1998-99. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 51:601-12 Gaughan, D.J. (2002) Disease-translocation across geographic boundaries must be recognized as a risk even in the absence of disease identification: the case with Australian Sardinops. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11:113 - 123 GFCM/ICCAT (2003) Report of the 2nd Meeting of the ad hoc Working Group on Sustainable Tuna Farming/Fattening Practices in the Mediterranean, Izmir, Turkey, 15-17 December 2003. 120 p. Harvell, C.D., Kim, K., Burkholder, J.M., Colwell, R.R., Epstein, P.R., Grimes, D.J., Hofmann, E.E., Lipp, E.K., Osterhause, A.D.M.E., Overstreet, R.M., Porter, J.W., Smith, G.W. and Vasta, G.R. (1999) Emerging marine diseases – climatic links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505–1510 Hedrick, R. (2002) Submission to Biosecurity Australia in response to ABMP 2001/36 – VHS virus found in Southern Californian pilchards and mackerel – implications for quarantine policy. Hedrick, R.P., Batts, W.N., Yun, S., Traxler, G.S., Kaufman, J. and Winton, J.R. (2003) Host and Geographic Range Extensions of the North American Strain of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 55:211–220 Hoffman, G.L. (1970) Intercontinental and transcontinental dissemination and transfaunation of fish parasites with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis). Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 5:69–81 Jones, J.B., Hyatt, A.D., Hine, P.M., Whittington, R.J., Griffin, D.A. and Bax, N.J. (1997) Special topic review: Australasian pilchard mortalities. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 13: 383–392 Katavic, I., Vicina, V. and Franicevic, V. (2003) Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) farming on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea – present stage and future plans. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes 60:101-106 Lovatelli (2003) Summary Report on the Status of BFT Aquaculture. In Report of the 2nd Meeting of the ad hoc Working Group on Sustainable Tuna Farming/Fattening Practices in the Mediterranean, Izmir, Turkey, 15-17 December 2003, pp. 73-89. GFCM and ICCAT Nature (2004) Fishing’s secretive controllers. Nature 432:785 OIE (2000) Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases, third edition, Office Internationale des Epizooties, Paris. 237 p. Oray, I.K. and Karakulak, F.S. (2003) General Review of Bluefin Tuna Farming in Turkey. In Oray and Karakulak (Eds.) Workshop on Farming, Management and Conservation of Bluefin Tuna. Istanbul, Turkey. Publication Number 13, pp. 32-35 Oray, I.K. and Karakulak, F.S. (Eds.) (2003) Workshop on Farming, Management and Conservation of Bluefin Tuna. Turkish Marine Research Foundation. Istanbul, Turkey. Publication Number 13 Ottolengui, F., Silvestri, C., Giordano, P., Lovatelli, A. and New, M.B. (2004) Capture-based aquaculture. The fattening of eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails. Rome, FAO. 308p. Smith P.J. (1995) Pilchard deaths in New Zealand. Seafood New Zealand 3:26-29 Tudela, S. and García, R. (2004) Tuna farming in the Mediterranean: the bluefin tuna stock at stake. WWF, Rome. 32 p. Ward, T.M., Hoedt, F., McLeay, L., Dimmlich, W.F., Kinloch, M., Jackson, G., McGarvey, R., Rogers, P.J. and Jones, K. (2001) Effects of the 1995 and 1998 mass mortality events on the spawning biomass of sardine, Sardinops sagax, in South Australian waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58:865-875
Statement by Dr Daniel Gaughan, Principal Scientist with Western Australia’s Department of Fisheries, for this report by WWF There is no doubt that trade in biological goods is a means of translocating pathogens. This risk increases when the commodities involved are large, although this also depends on how the products are used. In cases where raw (or live) organisms are introduced into the vicinity of similar wild organisms, there is a risk of disease being introduced into a new ecosystem. Given the economic, nutritional and social importance of fishing, a concerted effort to undertake research into minimizing the risk of disease-transfer, i.e., gaining greater control over viral traffic1 of aquatic resources, should be a priority for the R&D strategies of the fishing and aquaculture industries2. That is, high priority should be given to adequately funding research into disease-transfer in aquatic commodities. Pathogen invasion is one the four broad threats posed by aquaculture activities to the world’s ocean and coastal resources3. A negative result for an IRA [import risk assessment] for aquaculture, either for the cultured commodity or for an imported food material, should not be viewed as the end point for any particular aquaculture industry. Rather, it should be the impetus to invest in the longer term success of an industry by funding research that alleviates the risk of disease translocation. This is easier said than done – it may well be an expensive exercise, but given the economic importance of fish farming (or ranching), mitigation of the risk of pathogen invasion is preferable to closure of the industry. One challenge will be to develop a feeding system not reliant on introducing raw fish from foreign locations directly into the environment, while at the same time maintaining a marketable end-product. Others may disagree that this is the best approach – the point is, work on alternatives to current practices are needed now and, importantly, there needs to be a willingness to accept the risk-averse alternatives. Daniel Gaughan, January 2005 1 Morse, S.S. (1993) Examining the origins of emerging viruses. In Morse, S.S. (ed.) Emerging Viruses, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 10-28. 2 Gaughan, D.J. (2002) Disease-translocation across geographic boundaries must be recognized as a risk even in the absence of disease identification: the case with Australian Sardinops, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11:113 - 123 3 Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. and Troell, M. (2000) Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017-1024. Directory: downloads downloads -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations downloads -> Dynatest 3031 lwd light Weight Deflectometer downloads -> Forth coming competitive exams downloads -> Brush High School Morning Announcements Friday, September 05, 2014 all school downloads -> Year 9 The Arts — Music downloads -> Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations — Australian Curriculum: Music draft downloads -> Chris Young sets 2016 “I’m Comin’ Over” Tour headlining dates downloads -> Slavery and Abolition: the Plymouth Connection Introduction downloads -> Summer Assignment Download 200.47 Kb. Share with your friends:
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