Rules of Sociological Method
Download 0.63 Mb.
|
|
Study: 1,146 homes of couples with children 63% with kids from 3-17 had at least one episode of violence 58% mentioned it for previous year, 71% mentioned that it has happened (overall) 46% push/shove at some point 41% push/shove in previous year 13% hit with an object in the previous year 20% hit with an object at some point * throwing an object was less common 1975:
3/100 kicked, bit, punched their kid 8/100 kicked, bit, punched in year previous to surgery 4% kicked, bit, punched at some point 1/1000 child were threatened with gun/knife 3.1 to 4 million children have been kicked, bitten, punched by a parent at some point. (1 to 1.9 million in 1975). 1.4 to 2.3 million have been beaten up while growing up; 275,000 to 750,000 were beaten up in 1975. Figures underestimate level of abuse: 1. self reporting, under reporting 2. only 7 forms of violence looked at 3. violence toward children refer to violent acts of only 1 parent 4. children age 3-17 5. only ‘intact’ families used 68% mothers and 58% of fathers were violent to a child within the year previous to the survey. 76% mothers and 71% of fathers were at some point. Women were more likely to use severe violence on kids rather than fathers. Problems and the actions of a child reflect on the mother, that can cause the mother to be more violent. Women must quit jobs, stay home with sick kids, etc. Mothers kick, beat, bite kids 7.2x per year. Boys are at risk 61% more than girls to experience abuse. 7/10 people believe that boys should be in fights and that violence is a way to build character. Most dangerous age for a child is from 3 months to 3 years. pre school and teenagers are vulnerable to violence because they are too young to be reasoned with or they dont listen anymore. Fathers are more likely to push, shove, grab, slap,spank daughters. Mothers are more likely to throw things at daughters. Sons aged 15-17 are 2x more likely than daughters to be pushed, grabbed, shoved. “Nearly all parents slap or spank their children at least once in their lifetimes”. pg 145 Societal norms approve and legitimize using violence as a frequent form of training and punishing children” - pg 145 violent childhoods can cause abusive parents, murders/killers 100% of violent inmates at san quentin had abusive childhoods aged 1-10yr. “time bombs” of violence which can explode anytime - pg 146 Spanking rates are the same now as when this was published. Part 4: 13- Reasonableness and he battered woman Gillespie, C. (1989). Reasonableness and the battered woman. In, M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Prentice Hall. (pp.148-159) Review of how the chain of events that occur when a woman is in a relationship with an abusive husband. Discussion on the methods of how and why it happens as well as why law enforcement does not help. Fear based living. “constant anticipatory terror.” pp. 153. Study of 542 women in shelters in Dallas and Fort Worth Texas - many of these women were tortured, beaten with :acid, cigarettes, bleach, lighters, drain cleaner, knives, hot irons, forced beastiality, gunpoint sex,rape, etc. 1983: 42 killed their spouses, 205 had not. women who killed were beaten more often (weekly) and were beaten more significantly than others. Suffered more sexual violence, were raped often to inflict pain, meant to be violent. Women are separated and isolated from family and friends. Once the pattern is established, it will continue and increase in severity every time. Pattern- 3 stage cycle: 1. Tension building stage. Minor incidents & assaults that include; slapping, hitting, throwing things and verbal abuse. 2. Explosion of serious violence. Goes until victim is unconscious or he is exhausted. NO way of knowing when this phase will begin or end, can be set off by little events. Women can not escape, attempting to fight back not fight, yell, not yell may increase violence. Best mode of survival is to curl into a ball and wait until its over. 3. “Honeymoon” phase- apologetic but re-affirms that abuse was necessary due to her actions. Almost all battered women believe he would/could kill them. “Displaced homicide acts” - shooting into walls near woman, making coffins, digging graves, etc. pg. 154 Difficult to get protection from law enforcement. domestic disputes are a low priority, many officers never report to a call. Difficult to prosecute domestic violence cases, many case do not make it to the court room. Many rules state woman must file for divorce if pressing charges. “society does not protect battered women from their abusers.” pp. 158 Part 4: 14 - Criminal approaches to family violence 1640-1980 Peck, E. (1989). Criminal approaches to family violence 1640-1980. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 161-173 1640-1680: puritans of colonial mass. first laws against wife beating and children. Held each other accountable for NOT verbally or physically assaulting others. “wicked carriage”. 1830-1840: no laws until 1850. Rule of Thumb in 1783- Judge Butler. If no permanent injury than case was considered “trifling”. Cruelty considered endangering life, limbs, health, disfigurement, permanent injury (bruises did not count). 1874-1890: societies for the prevention of cruelty to children. (SPCCs). Family became a serious issue because the public feared crime. middle class fears of ethnic groups, children began to be looked at as individuals. 1900-1920: domestic retreat from serious crime to privacy. child neglect higher than abuse. progressive era - environmentalism and eugenicism. 1955-80: rediscovery of child cruelty. Battered child syndrome by C. Henry Kempe & associates came out, result of abuse not the cause. Physicians became involved in abuse detection through radiographs. 1962: report done by 5 physicians on battered children when family violence is considered a crime and threatens social order, it gets more support. Original thoughts were that parents were allowed to discipline their kids physically and husbands could discipline their wives. Family murder and infanticide are crimes, whereas sibling violence and marital rape aren’t. State laws passed requiring health care professionals to report child abuse. Part 4: Formal & informal deterrents to domestic violence Part 4: 15 - formal and informal deterrents to domestic violence Pate, A. and Hamilton, E. (1992). Formal and informal deterrents to domestic violence: The dade county spouse assault experiment. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society. Upper Saddle River ,New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 174-181 Effectiveness of responses to crimes- spouse assault. 3 standard methods: arrest, counsel both parties, sending suspect away for a few hours to cool off Arrests have lower rates of recidivism. Employed and married persons would be more likely to be deterred by an arrest (hypothesis is that if they have something (ie job), are socially bonded they are more deterrable.). Deterrence - human behavior is to some degree rational. Most people do not like the social aspect of what it is to be punished. formal sanctions can only be effective if reinforced by informal sanctions. 1. effect is greater among suspects who are married. 2. greater with suspects who are employed 3. greater with suspects with a higher level of commitment. Study: 907 cases with 397 officers. Results - suggest that there is no statistical significance that an arrest prevents continued event. Deterrence effect of arrest is influenced by informal sanctions in employment status. Unemployed persons arrested had higher rates of recidivism. Increased rates in those who were unemployed. Arrests deter only those who have something to lose. U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics.(2005). Violence by Gang Members, 1993-2003. Harrell, E. A report by E.Harrell. Washington, D.C. (NJC 208875). 2 pages
This short article has a lot of good information if you need statistics on gang member violence for a 10 year period. Contains a good 10 year comparison graph as well as a couple of other charts that corral the information contained in the previous page. Part 5: 17- Motives for sexual coercion Felson, R.B. (1993). Motives for sexual coercion. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society (pp.194-206). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Prentice Hall. “The readings in this section demonstrate how the eroticizing of aggressive sexual conduct as an expression of patriarchal values must be understood asa a separate cultural source of sexual aggression against women.” “...Felson maintains that the primary motive for rape is sexual gratification. Rapists are typically sexually active individuals who use sexual coercion to obtain their objective when other approaches fail.” pp.191 Social learning theory and control theory (social-interactionist approach) to evaluate rape and aggression. Sexual coercion - must have a goal that would be satisfied by behavior and lack inhibitions that would prevent one from doing those behaviors (threats or bodily force). 3 outcomes of sexual coercion: 1. Sexual behavior 2. harm to the target 3. domination of the target “Coercion is a means to an end, not an end itself.” pp.195 Lab research has showed that on sexual arousal of rapists suggests they are not generally stimulated more by violent sex than non-violent. Part 5: 18- Date Rapists: Differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation Kanin, E.J. (1985). Date rapists: Differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society (pp. 207-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Rape is a result of the normal sex drive being under-satisfied, causing frustration. Rapists are more sexually active and successful. Peer groups who condone activities allow for rapists to continue. “deviant” females allow for men to continue the rapist activities, allowable targets. Relationship with father influences men. Rapists believe act is justified. Part 5: 19- Fraternities and Rape on Campus Martin, P.Y. & Hummer, R.A. (1989). Fraternities and rape on campus. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society (pp.215-225). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Prentice Hall. “The readings in this section demonstrate how the eroticizing of aggressive sexual conduct as an expression of patriarchal values must be understood asa a separate cultural source of sexual aggression against women.” pp.191 Components of gang rape on campus include intoxication, isolation (fraternities with no outside surveillance), women as prey, pron, approval of violence, competition atmosphere. Socio-culture context where sexual coercion is ‘normative’. “Militant hetero-sexuality is frequently used by men as a strategy to keep each other in line.” pp.217. Brotherhood and ‘little sister’ moto - florida rape in a fraternity of 150 men, no one cooperated with police officers in the investigation due to the ‘brotherhood’. “Fraternity men plan and execute strategies aimed at obtaining sexual gratification, this occurs at both individual and collective levels.” pp. 222 Alcohol induced compliance is normative and “a woman who drinks too much is causing her own rape.” pp.223 Part 6: 30- Criminal Violence- Domestic Terrorism
“In this section, we continue to explore the structural and cultural correlates of social violence.” pp. 279 “Harold Vetter and Gary Perlstein describe the origins of domestic terrorism in the United States in terms of its history of racial injustice in a context of rapid social change.” pp. 281 In the 1960’s and 70’s there was social and cultural change in the US, including movement from non-violent protest (such as sit ins, bus boycott) to more violent actions such as the Watt riots. The section reviews groups in the US including: Ideological Left (white leftists, black leftists), Ideological Right (KKK, Aryan Nation), Nationalistic Groups (Puerto Ricans, Emigre Nationalists, Armenian Nationalists, Croatian Nationalists). At the time of the article there was a decline of bombings, arson and shootings in the US. Baumeister, R.F., Catanese, K.R., & Wallace, H.M. (2002). Conquest by Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory of Rape and Sexual Coercion. Review of General Psychology 6(1), pp. 92-135 “The goals of the present article are to offer a theory of rape based on recent work in personality and social psychology and to evaluate that theory against the available evidence from empirical studies. In brief, we analyze rape in terms of reactance theory (J.W. Brehm, 1996) and in terms of recent evidence about narcissistic behavior. Our goal is to offer a broad theory of rape that incorporates established theoretical concepts as well as recent empirical findings.” pp.93 This a very interesting article/piece on rape and the inner workings of it. It does start off by saying that their theory will not be possible to apply to every situation, “…it is unlikely that a single explanation will fit all cases and definitions of rape. Because rape and forced sex constitute too broad a phenomenon to fit simply into any single formula, we do not wish to assert that our theory explains all cases.” pp.93 They also focus on the act as something men do to women although they do acknowledge this is not the only type of rape that happens (men and men, women and women and women to men). The definition of narcissism is discussed, and they do acknowledge that the theory does not necessarily assume all people who commit rape are narcissistic. They discuss the 9 criteria that would qualify someone as a narcissist. The theory they utilize is the ‘Narcissistic reactance theory of rape’ which is based on a the basic model of rape ( refusal by a woman where the man determines sex is an option and uses force to obtain it). “To summarize our theory simply: When a man desires sex with a woman and she refuses his advances, either explicitly or implicitly, he encounters a choice point. He may press forward and for sex despite her disinterest, or he may accept her refusal and seas all efforts. Reatance gives rise to impulses to force the issue and press more for sex. Narcissistic tendencies increase likelihood that the man wukk experience reactance in the first place (upon the woman’s refusal) and increase his tendency to resort to coercive force instead of accepting her refusal.”pp. 101. Reactance theory is discussed as that is the basis for their theory. They apply this theory to sexual coercion and find that it alone is not a complete theory. The include Narcissism theory to round out the reactance theory application. They discuss entitlement, feminism, power, envy and the quest for admiration then lead into the preferred victims in these cases. The article references Brownmiller and her prediction of all women as targets for rape, regardless of their age and appearance. However, as they discuss in the following paragraph, the statistics and facts have shown that in fact “most rape victims are in their teens or 20s, the age at which women typically reach heir highest level of sexual allure. Elderly women are vulnerable to many violent acts and are in fact victims of broad spectrum of crimes, but they are less often raped than victimized in other ways.” pp.115-116 The authors also make a point to discuss the sexual history of victims as that can be an indicator as well, stating that many rapists have stated they prefer their woman to be ‘loose’ versus a virgin. In their closing remarks they again state that this theory is not an all encompassing theory, but hopefully with further research can be one of the theories used to research and understand rape, and possibly help society reduce and prevent it in the future. Nicole Perez SBS 362 - Qualitative Research Methods - Dr Gutirrez Atkinson, R. (1998). The Life Story Interview: Vol. 44. Qualitative research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA. SAGE Publications, Inc. This book discusses Life Story Interviews and is in a series of books on Qualitative Research Methods. This book “provides an altogether practical and broad introduction to the sensitive collection of first person narratives” (pg. v). The introduction (Chapter 1, contexts and uses) “establishes the context, definition and application of the life story” (pg. 1.). Chapter 2 ( planning the interview) reviews the basics of interviewing and preparing for the interview. Chapter 3 (doing the interview) discusses “general guidelines” (pg. 39). Chapter 4 (interpreting the interview) reviews the “two important steps” in the interpretation phase, transcribing and interpreting the ‘data’ (pg. 54). I do not plan on interviewing someone for a life story, however it seems that any interview is in a sense at least a portion of a life story. People will tell you information based on their life experiences, beliefs and cultural views, even though you may not be specifically asking about their life, it plays a role in the answer they give you. The example questions in Chapter 3 are very useful and even though are written toward an actual Life Story interview, I can see myself using them during my interviews with people regarding Physician Assisted Suicide. Atkinson recommends transcribing just the interviewees words and skipping things such as ‘uh’ or ‘um’ to make it flow easier as it is supposed to be a life story narrative, however with my interview if I need to ask questions I may need to transcribe these for it to make sense when reading later, it may not be as free flowing as just asking someone about their life. Bandyopadhay, M. (2011). Tackling complexities in understanding the social determinants of health: the contribution of ethnographic research. BMC Public Health, 11 (5), 1-9. This article describes how ethnographic research is applied to a study to provide for more detailed and thorough data. “This paper demonstrates that ethnographic research design is a difficult but rigorous approach to researching questions that require understanding the complex social and cultural contexts of people’s lives”. (pp 1). Once again, an article that I can read and understand. is a healthcare related one. I enjoyed this article as it was very clear and straight forward in the authors explanation of the research techniques. Healthcare related research (I believe) is always difficult and therefore the ethnographic approach can allow for detailed information that would otherwise be lost through a questionnaire, archival research and even basic interviews. The amount of time spent doing ethnographic research makes for extremely detailed data. I appreciate the authors candidness in regards to the difficulty of doing ethnographic research and that it is a specific tool that a researcher develops. The researcher is required to immerse themselves into a specific culture, build rapport with the community, interview them about personal aspects of their lives and is also able to maintain separation. Ethnographic research is a very time consuming method, in the field and after while analyzing data, therefore the researcher needs to be committed to their project and be willing to work alone for most of it. The only part she does not explain when discussing how an inexperienced researcher can not do ethnographic research is how that inexperienced research becomes the skilled and empathic researcher they need to be in order to be successful at ethnographic research. If having research assistants can be a distraction or source of anxiety for interviewees, how do these assistants become the skilled researchers required for proper ethnographic research? Gephart, R.P. (1988). Ethnostatistics: Qualitative foundations for quantitative research Vol 12. Qualitative research methods. Newbury Park:Sage Publications. This book is in a volume on Qualitative Research Methods. This volume “is concerned with how to do social research on the use of statistics in quantitative social research; it outlines a program of research on ethnostatistics.” (pp. 9). “Ethnostatistics is the study of the construction, interpretation, and display of statistics in quantitative social research… Statistics has several meanings. First, it is a professional field of inquiry concerned with ‘the theories and techniques (both descriptive and inferential) that have been developed to manipulate data’…Second, statistics is a label for certain techniques or rule-governed procedures for doing certain calculations, such as the procedures involved in calculating an analysis of variance. Third, statistics refers to almost any numerical summary that is the outcome of the application of rule-governed calculations.” (pp. 8-9). I understand the main aspect that this ‘volume’ was trying to state, although statistics is a quantitative method, it can be utilized in a qualitative manner. I think in general statistics are just numbers, without an evaluation of the data and the method in which the numbers (data) were acquired. The remaining part of the reading was confusing to me as it went into detail about examples on how statistics were acquired and methods observed, I felt it overwhelming and probably could have been a little more concise and to the point. At some point it also mentions that ethnostatistics is a way to link to “real” sciences, and I understand that feeling as science is repeatable, test-able and is not really open to opinion in which statistics is as well. Solid numbers from a study presented as data can appear to repeatable test-able and not open to opinion, although this volume points out that is not always the case. Groleau, D., Pluye, P., & Nadeau, L. (2007). A mix-method approach to the cultural understanding of distress and the non-use of mental health services. Journal of Mental Health, 16(6) 731-741. doi: 10.1080/09638230701496386 “This paper illustrates … the usefulness of using a mixed-method design to study mental health problems and related behaviors in a culturally diverse community.” (pp.731). The project design was a ‘Sequential Transformative Design’. “This paper illustrates how this type of design is characterized by two distinct phases of data collection/analysis: quantitative (QT) followed by qualitative (QL), the latter typically used to study surprising QT findings in more detail (or vice versa).” This paper is interesting in that they are doing research on people with PTSD however seek culturally traditional treatment to treat their symptoms rather than mental health treatment. I never thought about the issues someone would face with a mental health issue and treating it by trying to fix their chi as that, of course is responsible for their overall energy, and if not imbalance can present as mental health issues, therefore treating the chi would fix the problem. Of course, once you read this it is obvious. People of course will seek the ‘healthcare’ they have become accustomed to within their culture. Directory: 2013 2013 -> Annual InStructional unit plan 2013 -> The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 2013 -> #1 a lifesafer of virginia inc 2013 -> Name(s): your name here team or Group #(if applicable): Professor’s name 2013 -> Alcott Local School Council (lcs) Meeting Minutes 2013 -> Table Of Contents introduction 2 2013 -> Supplemental demographic information 2013 -> 【Education&Working Experience】 Download 0.63 Mb. Share with your friends:
|