Rules of Sociological Method
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| I found this article very interesting as it discusses the science behind how the Inuit have functioned and lived in their conditions. They’re ability to learn, adjust and anticipate nature and the animals has allowed them to survive. Many scientists could not anticipate or survive without the learned cultural knowledge of the Inuit, “A Koyukon elder, who took it upon himself to be my teacher, was fond of telling me: ‘each animal knows way more than you do.’ He spoke as if it summarized all that he understood and believed.” pp. 65
Rhoads, R. (1995). Whales Tales, Dog Piles, and Beer Goggles: An Ethnographic Case Study of Fraternity Life. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 26 (3), pp. 306-323. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/3195675 “In this article, I rely on critical views of culture and power to highlight aspects of fraternity life that contribute to the ongoing marginalization and, in some cases the victimization, of women. By critical views, I refer to theories deriving from postmodernism, critical theory, and feminist theory. The article is based on an ethnographic case study of a fraternity referred to throughout this article as Alpha Beta, a pseudonym.” pp. 307 I found it interesting that the fraternity reviewed the paper and forced it into discussion for review. I guess the more interesting part of that, is that they actually debated it for a year even when the project had been previously reviewed and approved. The three categories of findings in regards to women are the same that I have heard previously in other studies as well ( “1. the promotion of hostile representations of women, 2. the positing of women as passive participants, and 3. issues related to gender perceptions.” pp. 314) . Unfortunately, part of the issue is that the women go along with, or are involved with the acts that these fraternity members organize. I am not sure if it is more of the age group more so than anything else, as this tends to be an age where people are still attempting to figure out who they are and their group of friends, and sometimes this means trying to hard to be a part of a specific group or getting attention from specific men. This can in turn, put them in dangerous and susceptible situations, which of course only fuels the male’s view in that they can treat women however they like, and even if there is one to complain and revolt against, there are 10 more waiting for the chance. Roberts, D., & Tattersall, I. (1974, March). Skull form and the mechanics of mandibular elevation in mammals. American Museum Novitates, Number 2536. pp.1-9. “Numerous theories are current, most of which represent variations on the concept of the mandible as a bent lever system rotating around the condyle. In the present paper we express a rather different view of the masticatory system and attempt to show the manner in which the components of the mammalian masticatory apparatus are related.” pp.1 Im not sure how I came to have this article, but its interesting even for being from the 70’s. This is an interesting article about the angles within the jaw that create the use of each muscle in order to masticate. Even with my anatomical and dental it was difficult to read and completely understand, but the points I did get were interesting. Schildkrout, E. (Winter 2001). Body art as visual language. Annual Editions 06/07, 28, pp. 56-59. “Body art is not just the latest fashion. In fact, if the implies to create art is one of the defining signs of humanity, the body may well have been the first canvas…People have always marked their bodies with signs of individuality, social status and cultural identity… Theres is no culture in which people do not, or did not paint, piece, tattoo, reshape, or simply adorn their bodies.” pp. 56 I found this (unfortunately) short article interesting. I have always been intrigued by tattoos and their significance to the persons culture and identity. My brother has always been interested in aztec designs and has drawn many anticipated tattoos and I have always wondered what has ‘drawn’ him to those designs as we are not aztec, but Mexican. In fact, Mexican however were not immersed into the culture as much as others. As much as I believe people do conscious changes to their appearance for reasons explained in the article, I also believe that people do them unconsciously, or they have grown up around such customs they do not realize they are doing them, they just do them. Shermer, M. (2006). The facts of evolution. In M. Shermer (Ed.), Why Darwin Matters: The case against intelligent design (pp. 1-22). New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. (Reprinted and used in Annual Editions, however there is no indication on the copies of the article as to which edition it was in.The above citation is based on the original publication information included on the final page of the article). “…Data without generalizations are useless; facts without explanatory principles are meaningless. A “theory” is not just someone’s opinion or a wild guess made by some scientist. A theory is a well-supported and well-tested generalization that explains a set of observations. Science without theory is useless. The process of science is fueled by what I call Darwin’s Dictum, defined by Darwin himself in his letter to Fawcett: ‘ all observation mud be for or against some view if it is to be of any service’.” pp.2 I have read this article before for a cultural anthropology class, at that time we were broken into groups and had a section of the text to dissect. My group had to discuss the section that introduced the ‘intelligent designer”, or “God”. The example was walking through a forest and seeing a rock and assuming it had always been there, no one put it there, but then you find a watch on a rock, and you wonder how it got there, and surely someone made it, then put it there. This is the argument for intelligent design versus evolution. The remaining pages of the article discuss the science and proof with fossils (and lack there of), design of the human eye over time and its evolution into the current state and how it is anything but intelligent design, as well as characteristics of the human body still present that do not serve a purpose in todays environment ( such as wisdom teeth, ability to wiggle ears, third eyelid, goose bumps, etc.). Sterk, C. E. (2000). Tricking and tripping: Fieldwork on prostitution in the era of AIDS. Annual Editions 06/07, 28, pp.24-29 “This book is about the women who work in the lower echelons of the prostitution world. They worked in the streets and other public settings as well as crack houses. Some of these women viewed themselves primarily as prostitutes, and a number of them used drugs to cope with the pressures of the life…A small group of women interviewed for this book had left prostitution, and most of them were still struggling to integrate their past experiences as prostitutes in their current lives… In this book, I present prostitution from the point of view of the women themselves… Although my goal was to present the women’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in their own words, the final text is a sociological monograph compiled by me as the researcher.” pp. 25
Strichter, J., Clarke, S., & Dunlap, G. (2004, May). An analysis of trends regarding proactive and ecologically valid interventions in applied research. Education and treatment of children, 27(2), pp. 86-104. “The study was designed to ascertain to what degree the research literature is reflecting the increased interest in assessment and antecedent-based interventions, and to what extent it is achieving ecological validity by including the participation of typical intervention agents and settings.The results confirm anticipated increases in assessment and antecedent based interventions, but fail to show evidence of overall increases in ecological validity.” pp. 86. Im not too sure exactly what this article is about, even with the clear definition as stated above, about what the article is about. The whole ‘antecedent based interventions gets me. I am not sure what that means or what that has to do with ecological validity. This article gives me a headache. Tannen, D. (1997). Fighting for our lives. Annual Editions 06/07, 28, pp.32-41. “This book is about a pervasive warlike atmosphere that makes us approach public dialogue, and just about anything we need to accomplish, as if it were a fight. It is a tendency of Western culture in general, and in the United States in particular, that has a long history and a deep thick, and far-ranging root system. It has served us well in many ways but in recent years has become so exaggerated that it is getting in the way of solving our problems. Our spirits are corroded by living in an atmosphere of unrelenting contention-an argument culture.” pp.32 As with most things I have noticed in sociology, it is the common sense type of stuff that people write down and now all of a sudden they are the genius that came up with it. Although this article (or rather the section of the book used in this journal) is very interesting, it reminds me of how many students and ‘normal’ people see sociology, common sense, normal facts that have been written down and therefore constitute a theory. “Nearly everything is framed as a battle or game in which winning or losing is the main concern” pp. 32. Our culture is obviously that of a competitive personality issue. People are in competition with each other over having bigger and better things, battles and wars on issues and with diseases, etc. “Community is a blend of connections and authority, and we are losing both. As Robert Bly shows in his book by the title, we now have a Sibling Society: Citizens are like squabbling siblings with no authority figures who can command enough respect to contain and channel their aggressive impulses. It is as if every day is a day with a substitute teacher who cannot control the class and maintain order.” pp. 39 The section where the author discusses the use of metaphors is interesting, and I have caught myself multiple times wondering where a phrase came from when I myself or someone else uses one, such as “a can of corn” for an easy fly ball in baseball. Tannen, D. (2001). “I cant even open my mouth”. Separating messages from metamessages in family talk. Annual Editions 06/07, 28, pp. 42-50 “In all conversations that follow, both in this chapter and throughout the book, a key to improving relationships within the family is distinguishing the message from the metamessage, and being clear about which one you are reacting to. One way you can do this is metacommunicating - talking about communication.”pp.43-44 This article (or chapter) of this book gives examples of everyday conversations where people read between the lines so to say within their conversations. This happens all the time, questions such as “are you going to wear that?” which instigate an argument about the true meaning of the statement. These types of occurrences happen all the time, probably more often than we would like or even notice at that this point. I exeperience this all the time in my relationships with friends, my husband and especially my family members including cousins. My family and extended family on both sides all grew up together in the same small town of 200 people, so conversations always seemed to have subliminal messages. Now that I am older I attempt to not do it so much, however it still happens. Also, I feel as a woman you can do this to other women and they will pick up on the subliminal message, however if a woman is speaking to a man you can not expect him to pick up on the “metamessage”, such as an item not being recyclable, and meaning that it was placed in the recycling and you need to put it in the trash. This happens a lot at my house and I still haven't learned my lesson in just saying or asking to move the item. Whiteley, P.M.(November 2004).Ties that Bind. Hopi gift culture and its first encounter with the united states. Annual Editions 06/07, 28, pp. 70-73 “… Recently I turned my attention to certain important events, such as the Millard Fillmore episode, that might shed light on how Hopi gift giving and the ways it functions as a pillar of Hopi social organization have been central to my studies. One lesson of my work shines through:When nations exchange gifts, all the parties would do best to keep in mind the old adage, ‘It’s the thought that counts’.” pp. 70 I believe that this really discuss the main issue with people in general, communication. In fact, clear and direct communication could solve a lot of issues that people deal with on an everyday basis. Gift giving is always an issue, as even when someone gives something with ‘no intention’ of receiving something back, is always thinking down the road that they will be getting something in return for the gift. Also, the meaning of a gift is difficult to determine. Every person does not consider a gift to have the same meaning, nor on a given day does a gift mean the same as it would on the next day, or even a month later. Wilson, K. (2014). Not Trying: Infertility, Childlessness, and Ambivalence. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University. (pages 1-201) “For this book I interviewed twenty-five women who belong to socially marginalized groups, who are not seeking treatment, and who see themselves as “off course” in terms of the social expectations that they should become or should have become mothers. Their diverse experiences differ from that of fertility strugglers and their attitudes offer a perhaps more liberating way of thinking about infertility and childlessness.” pp. 7 Wilson begins this book with her personal experiences with infertility and eventual adoption which lead to her research on other women who are infertile or choosing to not be mothers. She focuses on marginalized social groups and describes the background of what is thought socially of those who seek infertility treatment (white middle class women). In her second chapter Wilson begins by reviewing different cultures and Americas history with infertility and childless women. Wilson also discusses the difference between cultures in america with early motherhood, such as gaining motherhood status through the birth of a child ( in Latin and African American communities) whereas teen pregnancy for others is “pathologized” (p. 23). With birth control this helped change the idea of childlessness and the infertile began to blend into the crowd of women ‘choosing’ to not have children. Wilson mentions through quotes from other authors, that women choosing to not have children are in fact not voluntary as they claim they are, they are intact choosing to post pone their fertility for a period of time based on certain life facts (p. 25).“The fertility of poor women and women of color is constructed as a social problem but their infertility is not”, (Davis, 1981 and Lewin 1993, as cited in Wilson 2014). In chapter 3 Wilson begins to incorporate her interview responses specific to the meaning of what it is to be a woman and the child factor that goes with it, and those who do not have children and the societal questions placed on them because of their situation. In this chapter, Wilson also discusses (based on interview responses) the fact of ‘selfishness’. This is brought up by one of her sources as a response they have received from non-mothers as to why they are childless. Wilson goes on to point out that being selfish is also pointed to mothers who do not watch their children and others who are envious of the child free women who are choosing to not use their perfectly good eggs to reproduce. I found the statements and inferences in this section of the chapter personally annoying. I have chosen to not have children, and I have never considered myself selfish, but I have heard this from other people in response to my decision. I would actually call people who want children for no other reason than ‘want’ to be selfish. Toward the end of the book Wilson discusses the process with her interviewees on adoption and infertility services. This section makes me frustrated and annoyed with our society. For someone who really wants a child and are going through treatments or the adoption process, they are subjected to classes, information sessions, tests, etc. to determine if they are qualified. However, any woman or couple can get pregnant without any health tests or parenting classes, in fact some of these people may not want the child at all however the double standard has been set. If you happen to have the physical capacity to carry and create a child, you can do so without any regard from healthcare professionals, however if you do not have the capacity to do so, you are subjected to a lot of testing to prove you are capable of caring for another human. If we only forced everyone who was pregnant or wanting to become parents to go to classes, it may solve a lot of abortion and surrounding issues.
Yosso, T.J. (March 2005) Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, pp. 69-91. (23) “Below, I discuss the ways CRT centers Outsider, mestiza, transgressive knowl- edges. After outlining the theoretical framework of CRT, I critique the assumption that Students of Color come to the classroom with cultural deficiencies. Utilizing a CRT lens, I challenge traditional interpretations of Bourdieuean cultural capital theory (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977) and introduce an alternative concept called community cultural wealth. Then, I outline at least six forms of capital that comprise community cultural wealth and most often go unacknowledged or unrecognized.” pp. 70 This article is interesting in the fact that majority of it is referencing other theorists and minimally explaining her theory in her own detail. I wish this article included more of the author describing her theory in her own words instead of describing it through other work. “CRT is a framework that can be used to theorize, examine and challenge the ways race and racism implicitly and explicitly impact on social structures, practices and discourses.” pp. 70 The main discussion is the different types of capital ‘available’ and how people of color obtain them. Much like many of the articles I read in 300, this was difficult to really comprehend without re-reading multiple times. Page of Directory: 2013 2013 -> Annual InStructional unit plan 2013 -> The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 2013 -> #1 a lifesafer of virginia inc 2013 -> Name(s): your name here team or Group #(if applicable): Professor’s name 2013 -> Alcott Local School Council (lcs) Meeting Minutes 2013 -> Table Of Contents introduction 2 2013 -> Supplemental demographic information 2013 -> 【Education&Working Experience】 Download 0.63 Mb. Share with your friends:
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