Sbsp affirmative- arl lab- ndi 2011
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N/U Collisions nowNonunique – collisions already happening
Imburgia 11 (Joseph S. – Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force, legal exchange officer to the Directorate of Operations and International Law, Defence Legal, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, Australia, 2011, “Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Affairs, Unfortunately, the space debris problem is not limited to near misses. On February 10, 2009, five hundred miles above Siberia, a Russian communications satellite collided with a privately owned Iridium telecommunications satellite “in an unprecedented orbital accident that would have been visible from the Earth.”35 If defunct, the Russian satellite would be properly considered “space debris”36
Imburgia 11 (Joseph S. – Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force, legal exchange officer to the Directorate of Operations and International Law, Defence Legal, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, Australia, 2011, “Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Affairs, Other space debris collisions have also occurred. For example, in 1986 the third stage of an Arianne rocket, launched by the European Space Agency, exploded in outer space, “generating over 700 fist-sized debris fragments.”42 In 1996, ten years after that Arianne rocket exploded, debris from its explosion struck the French reconnaissance satellite Cerise43 and severed its stabilization boom.
Imburgia 11 (Joseph S. – Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force, legal exchange officer to the Directorate of Operations and International Law, Defence Legal, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, Australia, 2011, “Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Affairs, Another space debris collision occurred in 2005, when pieces from a U.S. rocket, used to launch a satellite in 1974, collided with debris from a Chinese launch vehicle that exploded in space in 2000. 46 The collision produced three new marble-sized pieces of debris. N/U Cascade NowNonunique – cascade inevitable
Broad 7 (William, columnist for the New York Times, “Orbiting Junk, Once a Nuisance, Is Now a Threat,” New York Times, 2/6/07. In the last decade or so, as scientists came to agree that the number of objects in orbit had surpassed a critical mass — or, in their terms, the critical spatial density, the point at which a chain reaction becomes inevitable — they grew more anxious. Early this year, after a half-century of growth, the federal list of detectable objects (four inches wide or larger) reached 10,000, including dead satellites, spent rocket stages, a camera, a hand tool and junkyards of whirling debris left over from chance explosions and destructive tests. Now, experts say, China’s test on Jan. 11 of an antisatellite rocket that shattered an old satellite into hundreds of large fragments means the chain reaction will most likely start sooner. If their predictions are right, the cascade could put billions of dollars’ worth of advanced satellites at risk and eventually threaten to limit humanity’s reach for the stars.
Imburgia 11 (Joseph S. – Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force, legal exchange officer to the Directorate of Operations and International Law, Defence Legal, Australian Defence Force, Canberra, Australia, 2011, “Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Affairs, “Today, next year or next decade, some piece of whirling debris will start the cascade, experts say.”63 According to Nicholas L. Johnson, NASA’s chief scientist for orbital debris, the cascade is now “inevitable” unless something is done to remove the debris. 64 Experts believe that if nothing is done to address the space debris problem, the amount of orbiting space debris greater than ten centimeters in size will increase to over 50,000 objects in the next fifty years. 65 Link turn- SBSP solvesSBSP tech solves debris -
Grey 2k (Jerry, Director of Aerospace and Science Policy at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, “Testimony of Jerry Grey before House Science Committee Hearings on Solar Power Satellites,” US House of Representatives Archives, September 7, 2000. The AIAA assessment suggested a number of opportunities for multiple-use of the SSP-enabling technologies in terrestrial and space endeavors Of these, the following high-priority areas were identified: (1) Human space exploration. (a) Power systems for the Martian surface. If nuclear systems turn out not be available for use, large photovoltaic arrays in the 100 - 200 kWe range, coupled with wireless power transmission (WPT), become highly promising. These solar power systems are especially attractive if they can be combined with an Earth-Mars transportation system using solar-electric propulsion (SEP). (b) In-space transportation. SEP is generally considered a viable alternative to nuclear thermal propulsion for human Mars exploration. (c) Beamed power. WPT could be used for mobile extraction systems deployed in permanently-shadowed cold traps at the lunar poles and for in-situ resource utilization at various locations on Mars. Other applications include beamed power to communications and information-gathering stations on planetary surfaces or in orbit; e.g., high-power radar mappers; mobile robotic systems; remote sensing stations; dispersed habitation modules; human-occupied field stations; and supplementary power to surface solar power systems during periods when they are shadowed. (2) Science and robotic space exploration (a) Multi-asteroid sample return. Visit a significant number of belt asteroids in a 2-5 year period, collecting samples for return to Earth. (b) Asteroid/comet analysis. Determine the chemical content of comets and asteroids on rendezvous missions (enabled by solar-electric propulsion) by using deep-penetration imaging radar and by beaming laser and/or microwave power down to the surface to vaporize material for spectrographic analysis. (c) Orbital debris removal. Use beamed energy to rendezvous and grapple with a piece of space junk. Space-based lasers could also be used to vaporize smaller debris or to redirect the orbits of larger pieces to atmospheric reentry trajectories.
Grey 2k (Jerry, Director of Aerospace and Science Policy at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, “Testimony of Jerry Grey before House Science Committee Hearings on Solar Power Satellites,” US House of Representatives Archives, September 7, 2000. From among these multiple-use opportunities, the AIAA assessment selected the following prospects for near-term demonstrations: (1) System flight demonstration. Use a solar array mounted in the Shuttle's payload bay to demonstrate power transmission to nearby (co-orbiting) targets. (2) Tether demonstration. Use the Shuttle to demonstrate a static tether by releasing a mass to a higher orbit (tether up) and releasing a mass to de-orbit it (tether down). (3) Robotic operations. Use robot platforms to demonstrate end-to-end transport of cargo and installation on the international space station. (4) Ground power conversion comparison. Demonstrate WPT using threeadjacent ground-based power systems employing (a) ground-based photovolaic arrays, (b) ground-based arrays supplemented by laser power at approximately one-sun brightness, and (c) ground-based arrays supplemented by microwave power. (5) Combined power/communications systems. Demonstrate microwave power transmission containing high data-rate information. (6) Power beaming to aerial platforms. Use magnetron directional amplifiers to transmit power to aircraft and/or airships for telecommunications, observation, and stratospheric/tropospheric science demonstrations. (7) High-power Mars-orbiting communication relay satellite. Demonstrate SSP technologies aboard a Mars-orbiting high-power communications satelliterelaying Mars probe information directly to Earth at very high data rates. (8) Orbital debris removal Maneuver a Shuttle-based or ISS-based small satellite, using beamed energy, to rendezvous and grapple with a piece of space junk and lower its orbit. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 1.74 Mb. Share with your friends:
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