Science, and transportation united states senate

organization.

Affirmative majority vote by those replying from this group shall constitute

approval of the procedures so specified. Subsequent changes in these procedures

shall be made only after affirmative majority vote of the certified members present

at any annual meeting.

The initial Certification Committee established by the March 1967 meeting of

the WMA shall function for calendar year 1968. The length of terms of office

of the initial certification board shal be determined by lot to be staggered to

permit the appointment of one new member in each year beginning 1969. At the

end of calendar year 1968. the President shall appoint one new member of the

Certification Board. In subsequent years, a new member of the Certification

Board shall be appointed by the President each year. As specified in Article V

of the Constitution and Bylaws of the Weather Modification Association, members

of the Certification Board shall each serve three years on staggered terms. The

member of the Certification Board who has the longest tenure on the Board shall

serve as chairman.

PROCEDURE AND FEES FOR CERTIFICATION

Persons desiring certification as individuals qualified for conducting field

experiments or operations in weather modification shall write to the Secretary

of the Weather Modification Association requesting an application form and in-

720

must be accompanied by a $25 check made payable to the Weather Modifica-

tion Association. This fee will be retained by the Weather Modification Associa-

tion whether the application is accepted or denied.

The Certification Board shall review the application form and from the infor-

mation contained therein and any other information it obtains, will determine

whether the applicant has satisfied the requirements for qualification for certi-

fication. The Certification Board may request additional information from the

applicant prior to making a final decision as to whether or not the applicant

meets the criteria for certification.

After review of the application, the Chairman of the Certification Board shall

notify the applicant of the decision of the Board. If the application is approved,

the Chairman of the Certification Board shall give the applicant a certificate to

verify that the individual has met the qualification for certification.

Unsuccessful applicants may reapply for certification not earlier than one cal-

endar year after notification of disapproval. Each subsequent application for cer-

tification shall be accompanied by a payment of the $25 fee.

PERIOD OF CERTIFICATION AND RENEWAL

Certification of a member shall be effective for a period of three years from the

date of issuance. Application for renewal of certification shall be submitted prior

to expiration date in writing and accompanied by a fee of $5. Issuance of a

renewal of certification shall be automatic upon certification by the Board that

no notification of violation of the conditions of the original certification has been

received. In the event such notice has been received, renewal will be granted if

recommended by the Board. If the Board does not recommend renewal, the case

will be presented for the consideration of the certified members at two consecu-

tive meetings. Renewal shall be denied only if two-thirds of the certified mem-

bers in attendance at the second meeting indicate by secret written ballot that

renewal shall be denied. The $5 fee will be retained whether renewal is granted or

not.

Proposed Draft Statement on Standards and Ethics for Weather Modification

Operators 3 Prepared by Committee on Standards and Ethics, September 1977

PURPOSE

on ethics and standards in order to further the Association's purposes, which

inc lude but are not limited to :

1. Promoting research, development and understanding of weather modification

for beneficial uses.

2. Encouraging and promoting the highest standards of conduct.

CODE OF ETHICS

WMA members are expected to comply with the following code of ethics which

cover their relationships with the general public, their clients, and the meteoro-

logical profession.

Relationships with general public

1. The member will comply with all laws and regulations of the federal, state,

and local k'ovornmental units, particularly those laws and regulations covering

weather modification activities.

2. The member will not participate in activities detrimental to the general

public interest or which inflict undue hardship upon individuals in proposed

operational areas.

i ! r A ls t tr , ,hnt ^ & members of the Weather Modification Association at the 1977 fall meet-

liit:. October 10. 1977. Champaign, Illinois, for review and comment.

721

3 The member will not exaggerate his (her) capabilities, nor guarantee results

in terms of future weather conditions. Statements regarding the probable effects

of weather modification projects should be compatible with the current State-

ment of Capabilities" set forth by the WMA, unless they can be justified on the

basis of documented results. ^ » ^

4 Contracts where a bonus is paid for "production of rainfall over and abo\e

some arbitrary amount, such as a monthly normal, are detrimental to the devel-

opment of a sound technology, and are to be discouraged. ^

5 The member will divulge fully to clients and potential clients all chemicals

and methods used. Proprietary rights to newly developed materials or tech-

niques for cloud seeding may be established through the obtaining of patents.

Relationships with meteorological profession

6. The member will conduct himself (herself) in a manner to reflect dignity and

honor on the profession.

7. The member will keep abreast of scientific and technical developments in the

field of weather modification and will seek to incorporate improvements into his

(her) operational and research programs.

8. The member will endeavor to contribute new knowledge to the profession by

making known significant results from operational and research programs.

9. The member will not knowingly take credit for work done by others, but will

attempt to give credit where due.

10. The member will not unjustly criticize fellow workers in his (her) profes-

sion, but will refer to the Association information on apparent unethical prac-

tices on the part of other operators.

STANDARDS FOR CONDUCT OF INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS

The following standards shall apply to the conduct of both operational and

research projects :

1. Each project should have a set of clearly defined objectives. The operator

should provide as precise a statement as possible of how the objectives are to be

reached.

2. The operator will not undertake work in an area where serious conflicts might

arise from weather modification activities, without taking steps to identify and

correct such situations in advance.

3. The operator will conduct each project in such a way as to minimize danger

to the public and to the environment from the use of seeding devices, seeding

agents, and other appurtenances of his (her) trade.

4. Each project should be under the personal direction of a meteorologist with

special training or experience in weather modification field projects.

5. The project meteorologist should have access to up-to-date weather data

including, as a minimum, the weather data available through circuits of the

National Weather Service. Local atmospheric soundings, wind observations, radar

data, and telemetered precipitation data from remote sites are highly desirable

supplements.

6. Each proect should have established criteria and procedures for shutting

down operations in the face of impending severe weather to avoid contributing

to, or appearing to contribute to, damaging weather situations. The shutdown cri-

teria and procedures should be specified in advance in writing, and should take

into account existing water management practices and flood control facilities.

7. A calibration curve showing ice nuclei output should be available for each

type of cloud seeding generator used on a project.

8. Evaluations of projects are strongly encouraged, but limitations imposed

by project duration, inadequacy of observations, and so on, should be pointed

out.

policy statement ol me American Meteorological

society on purpose! and inadvertent modification

ol weather and climate

As adopted by the Council on January 28, 1973

Introduction

Man's ability to alter certain local weather conditions,

either purposefully or inadvertently, in some areas is

clearly established. However, most atmospheric scientists

agree that man's ability to significantly alter the atmo-

spheric environment in a purposeful manner is still in

the early stages of development. Adequate research and

operational support in the 1970s should permit major

advances in developing weather modification techniques

in the next decade.

A new statement by the American Meteorological

Society (AMS) to inform the public and to answer sci-

entific questions about weather and climate modification

is therefore timely, and also useful in setting national

scientific priorities. Specifically, four conditions have

been significantly altered since the last AMS statement,

issued in 1967, and the changes which have dictated this

new statement include: 1) advances in knowledge and

techniques of planned weather modification, 2) new

evidence of urban-related inadvertent weather or climate

modification, 3) a growing need to assess the partially de-

veloped and rapidly evolving weather modification tech-

nology in light of public interest and concerns, and 4) a

need to issue recommendations regarding essential future

weather modification efforts.

Status of planned weather modification

As we move into the 1970s there is mounting scientific

evidence that cloud seeding using ice nuclei can produce

substantial, albeit local, changes in clouds and storm

systems. Definitive success in dispersing fog and in in-

creasing rainfall and snowfall has been achieved in the

United States and elsewhere in the 1960s.

Fog. Dissipation of cold (supercooled) fogs and low

stratus is established as an operational application with

clear economic benefits. Warm fog dissipation can gen-

erally be accomplished by expensive techniques, but a

reliable and economically acceptable technique for dissi-

pating warm fogs on a local scale is not established.

Precipitation. Precipitation amounts from certain cold

orographic clouds in winter can apparently be substan-

tially increased or decreased on a predictable basis, and

thus seeding of these types of clouds for economic benefit

appears to be justified. Seeding of cold orographic clouds

sometimes increases, sometimes decreases, and sometimes

has no effect on precipitation depending on the mete-

orological conditions. Overall increases from 5 to prob-

ably 30%, depending on location, seem reasonable with

existing technology for certain mountainous areas of

the western United States. Attempts to increase pre-

cipitation from convective clouds have provided local in-

creases under certain circumstances, and under other

circumstances local decreases. Too little is known about

the physical, chemical, and dynamical processes of con-

vective precipitation to make the outcome predictable in

most areas. Precipitation increases from non-orographic

and non-convective cloud systems, such as the shallow

stratiform winter storms of the central United States,

have not been demonstrated; but in theory, at least, it

is possible to increase or relocate precipitation from such

systems. There is also some evidence that precipitation

alterations may occur 100 kilometers or more beyond the

primary seeded areas, but much more proof and a better

understanding of these "downwind effects'* are needed.

Severe Storms. Results from efforts to mitigate the de-

struction of severe storms can be classed as encouraging

but still indeterminate. Positive but unsubstantiated

claims and growing optimism best describe results from

lightning suppression efforts in the United States, recent

hail suppression programs in the United States and

abroad, and hurricane modification efforts in the At-

lantic. Less optimism surrounds the possibilities of in-

hibiting tornadoes and severe local rainstorms. Too little

controlled experimentation concerning modification of

severe storms has been conducted to provide sufficient

credible evidence of success. Recent evidence, particu-

larly that from the Soviet Union and Europe, of hail

suppression appears to make it more credible than the

evidence for the control of other forms of severe storms.

Inadvertent weather modification

There is growing worldwide concern over man's inad-

vertent modification of weather and climate. Urban-

industrial pollutants (thermal, gaseous, and particulate

emissions) have been shown to alter urban weather and

climate, and new evidence establishes that alterations

occur in clouds and precipitation from 8 to 80 kilometers

downwind of urban-industrial sources. Recent investiga-

tions of major shifts in land use practices, such as irriga-

tion and different cropping, have pointed to possible

alterations in weather and climate over substantial

regions.

1 Reprinted from the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 54, No. 7, July

1078, pp. 094-695.

(722)

Man's effect on global climate is suspected, since his

activities have resulted in regional changes in the cloud

cover and surface albedo, and widespread increases in

COt concentration and particulate concentration. How-

ever, there is no clear evidence yet that these changes

have accounted for any substantial part of the climatic

fluctuations of the past century.

Public issues

Recent advances towards achieving planned "weather

management." and an awareness of the reality of inad-

vertent weather modification, make it imperative that a

great deal more be understood about their social, ecologi-

cal, and legal implications. Limited economic and eco-

logical studies of the potential effects of planned weather

modification have produced conflicting results that point

to the need for comprehensive socioeconomic studies.

Before planned weather modification becomes a widely

applied technology, comprehensive analyses of the over-

all public interests on a local, regional, national, and

international scale must be made in order to achieve

rational judgments and decisions concerning the wise use

of weather modification.

Recommendations

Significant progress in weather modification has occurred

in recent years. It has been demonstrated that man can

and does modify the weather. However, we still have

much to learn about the following subjects: 1) the exact

atmospheric conditions in which it is possible to in-

crease, decrease or relocate precipitation; 2) those tech-

niques that might reduce the damage caused by severe

storms; or 3) the extent of climatic change being pro-

duced inadvertently by man. These three items should be

included among the major goals of our national pro-

gram in weather modification, and more unified and

stronger federal programs must be developed to meet

the demands created by a society which is increasing

in size and complexity.

Some specific recommendations regarding weather

modification activities in the 1970s include:

1) development of improved numerical models of con-

vective clouds and storm systems relevant to weather

modification efforts;

2) performance of comprehensive, randomized experi-

ments involving precipitation enhancement and re-

distribution in each of the major climatic zones of the

United States in each season and for each of the prin-

cipal forms of precipitation, with provisions for evalua-

tions of downwind effects;

3) pursuance of fundamental research and field ex-

periments to ascertain means of mitigating severe storms

(thunderstorms, hail, hurricanes, and tornadoes);

4) extended research on operational warm fog dis-

persion;

5) creation and expansion of facilities and expertise

devoted to this subject, including application of current

satellite programs, cloud physics research laboratories,

laboratories for developing seeding devices and seeding

agents, instrumented vehicles for penetrating severe

storms, and statistical research groups; and

6) encouragement of programs to study inadvertent

weather modification (a) by monitoring conditions

critical to the global climate and man's well-being, in-

cluding pollutants, water vapor, cloud cover, surface

albedo, and heat balance, and (b) by measuring and

defining the influences of urban development and land-

use change on weather and climate.

For additional information

A few of many possible references were selected for this

list describing the progress in all phases of weather and

climate modification in recent years. Inclusion of a refer-

ence does not necessarily imply our sanction of the

views or findings, but indicates it is a source of addi-

tional information for the interested reader.

American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon Street, Bos-

ton, Massachusetts 02108, 1971: Proceedings of Inter-

national Conference on Weather Modification. Can-

berra, Australia, 372 pp.

American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon Street, Bos-

ton, Massachusetts 02108, 1972: Preprints of Third

Conference on Weather Modification. Rapid City,

S. Dak, 336 pp.

National Academy of Sciences, Printing and Publishing

Office, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C.

20418, 1971: The Atmospheric Sciences and Man's

Needs: Priorities for Future. Washington, D.C, 88 pp.

National Academy of Sciences. Printing and Publish-

ing Office, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington,

D.C. 20418 (to be published): Weather and Climate

Modification, National Policies and Programs. Wash-

ington, D.C, 417 pp.

Colorado Associated University Press, University of

Colorado, 1424 15th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80302,

1967: Man and the Quality of his Environment:

Western Resources Conference, edited by J. E. Flack

and M. C. Shipley. Boulder, Colo., 251 pp.

Lambright, W. H.: Government and technological in-

novation: Weather modification as a case in point.

Public Administration Review, 1, 1-10. 1972: Ameri-

can Society for Public Administration, 1225 Connecti-

cut Avenue, NW, Washington. D.C. 20036.

Lackner, J. D.: Precipitation Modification. National

Water Commission Report NWC-EES-7 1-005. 1971:

National Water Commission, Room 405, 800 North

Quincy, Arlington, Virginia 22203, 170 pp.

M.I.T. Press, 28 Carleton Street. Cambridge, Mass. 02142.

1971: Study of Man's Impact on the Climate (SMIC

Report), 302 pp.

World Meteorological Organization, Case Postale No.

1, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, 1971: Present state

of knowledge and possible practical benefits in some

fields of weather modification. General Summary of

EC-XXII, Document 38, 3 pp.

Appendix P

Reporting Agencies of Member Countries and Questionnaire Cir-

culated To Receive Weather Modification Information From

Members of the World Meteorological Organization

Reporting Agencies

ARGENTINA Comiei6n Naoional de Investigaciones Eapaciales

Fuerza Aerea Argentina

1104 - Comodoro Pedro ZannJ 250

Buenos Aires

BRAZIL

Instituto de Atividades Espaciais

CTA/IAE

BULGARIA

Hydrometeorological Service

Boulevard Lenin 66

Sofia

CANADA Cloud Physics Research Division

4905 Bufferin Street

Dovnsview, Ontario ^K3H 5^4

CUBA Somite de Programe Lluvia Provocada

Academia de Ciencias de Cuba

ININTEF, Calle L T o. 8

Havana 4

CZECHOSLOVAKIA Hydrometeoro logical Institute

Jesnioval7

885 32-Koliba

FED. REP. OF GERMANY Ber Landrat des iandkreises Rosenheim

Landratsamt

82 Rosenheim/Obb.

HUNGARY

Republic

Post Offioe Box 38

H-1525 Budapest

ISRAEL

ITALY

"Mekorot" Water Co.

Post Offioe Box 308

Union

Via Pasubio 11

Rome

MALAYSIA

Jalan Sultan

Petaling Jaya

Selangor

(724)

725

NICAIiAGUA

NIGER

IIORVJAY

ROMANIA

SWITZERLAND

THAILAND

TURKEY

UPPER VOLT A

YUGOSLAVIA

Dcpartanento de IIidrometeorolo£ia y Prediccion

Direccion de Hidrolo^ia.

Versallus Vj , 4 pi so

Mexico 6 D.F.

Conision Nacional del Algodon

Seccion de Investi^aciones Climctolo£;icas

Apartado Postal ITo. .^655

Managua

Direction de la Metc'orolo^ie Ilationale

Bortc Po stale ITo. iilCJ

iTianey

Store*. 101) Dcp

Oslo 1

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical ar:d