Scope and methodology issues


The open source software movement



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The open source software movement

Open source software is software whose source code is made freely available for inspection, modification and incorporation in other software, as distinct from being a closely guarded trade secret of software companies (Schlumpf 1999). The licences typically specify that applications and source code are free to use, modify and distribute, so long as these modifications, uses and redistributions are similarly licensed. (Chudnov 1999).


In the last few years it has entered the mainstream software market, with the widespread adoption of packages such as Linux (operating system), mySQL (relational database), PHP, Perl, Python (scripting and programming languages), Apache Web Server, and the Zope content management system. Its effects are beginning to be felt in the library automation marketplace as open source projects develop within the library community.
It is claimed by its advocates that the open source approach

has the advantage of giving libraries direct control over the technology they use; systems librarians can have a direct role in developing the software and can focus on functional enhancements which are of local value but which would not be viable commercially for a mainstream vendor. These can then be shared with the library community, compensating for the relatively small size of the library systems market (Mickey 2001). Development of open source products is generally rapid and more responsive to users compared with that of commercial software. The open source system has the advantage of promoting software quality and reliability through peer review. Where adequate technical resources exist, it has the advantage of relatively low cost.


A number of experimental library systems are in existence: Avanti, OSDLS/Pytheas, Koha, FSLP and Open Book. Schlumpf (1999) believes that these have the potential to compete seriously with commercial systems. However, these are relatively small-scale projects, and it is unlikely that there could ever exist a group of potential software developers sufficiently large and well resourced to make them viable (Breeding 2002b). It is more likely that libraries will develop more specialised open source applications which are interoperable with, but additional to, commercial systems; successful examples to date include Prospero (an email ILL tool), Jake (a reference tool for medical journals), SWISH-E (a web indexing tool), Free Reserves (course reserve and management software) and XMLMARC (a utility for converting MARC records to XML (Mickey 2001).
One noteworthy recent development is epixtech’s decision to offer open source licensing for its software to implement the NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NCIP).16 OCLC also appears interested in open source projects. It remains to be seen whether other vendors will follow this sort of approach.

Application service providers

ASPs are internet-based services that allow one to rent software or services on a per-use or subscription basis. The software and data sits on the ASP’s server and is accessed via a simple Web connection, available to anyone within the customer organisation (Dzurinko 2000). In the library context, a library ASP hosts a library’s database at a central location, manages the system application software, and provides hardware and software support for the application. The library’s PC acts as a thin client, i.e. provides access to the system software via a web browser through the library’s firewall. Data content and integrity remain under the control of the library; hardware and software maintenance and support lies with the vendor. Initial system purchase price is paid over the period stated in the library-vendor contract.


The ASP concept is still relatively new to the library systems market, and to date only a few vendors (CASPR, epixtech, Innovative Interfaces, library.com and SIMA) are marketing such systems.
Such systems are likely to offer considerable advantages, particularly where local IT support or library systems expertise is limited, and where there are no extensive requirements for customisation. Migration to an ASP-based system is reported to be very rapid compared with conventional migration (Dzurinko 2000). A high speed Internet connection is essential, and the terms and conditions of the contract need to be specified in considerable detail. Security is also an issue; a secure ASP has considerable security advantages over a locally hosted system, whereas an insecure one is a considerable liability (Stein 2001).

(Inconclusive) conclusion

It should have become evident in the course of this report that the library systems market, and developments in library systems, are:




  1. driven by internet trends and by the software industry rather than by the library and information community

  2. subject to global economic imperatives (US dominance, globalisation, fragmentation)

The industry is highly competitive, which tends in general to benefit customers as long as profit margins, and hence the ability to invest in research and development, can be maintained.


The available products are mature in terms of basic functionality, but the industry has entered a volatile, confusing and yet interesting phase; the major developments in library technology now appear to be taking place in areas which are outside the scope of integrated library systems as conventionally understood.

Catherine Ebenezer

8/12/02
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