Second negative briefs
LACK OF MILITARY DEVELOPMENT PRECLUDES SOLVENCY
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- 5. INCREASED TRAFFIC WOULD BE A THREAT TO ENVIRONMENT
- 6. BENEFITS OF ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT DON’T OUTWEIGH COSTS
- SK/N204. ARCTIC OFFSHORE DRILLING: Solvency 1. UNCLOS DOESN’T PROTECT U.S. CONTINENTAL SHELF CLAIMS
- 2. ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGICAL HURDLES ARE MASSIVE
- 3. MUCH OF ALASKA’S OIL IS ACTUALLY ON LAND
- 4. NO OIL PRODUCTION CAN BE EXPECTED FOR A DECADE
- SK/N205. ARCTIC OFFSHORE DRILLING: Disad A. ARCTIC DRILLING WILL DEVASTATE ENVIRONMENT 1. THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS SAFE ARCTIC DRILLING
- 2. SHELL OIL’S FAILURES PROVE INHERENT DANGERS
- 3. DRILLING WILL ACCELERATE CLIMATE CHANGE
- 4. OIL SPILLS WILL BE MORE FREQUENT MORE SEVERE
- 5. ADEQUATE SPILL CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY IS LACKING
- 6. ARCTIC CONDITIONS ARE NOT CONDUCIVE TO CLEANUP
- B. AN OIL SPILL WOULD DEVASTATE THE ENVIRONMENT 1. VITAL FISHERIES WOULD BE DESTROYED
4. LACK OF MILITARY DEVELOPMENT PRECLUDES SOLVENCY SK/N203.07) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, pp. 169-170. The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the U.S. military cannot currently meet President Obama's Arctic operations strategy due to maritime domain awareness (MDA) deficiencies, inefficient assets, and a lack in the number of required assets. The U.S. must close this gap by increasing and modernizing the Coast Guard Icebreaker Fleet, by signing UNCLOS with the disclaimer that Article 76 does not apply to the Arctic area, and by creating a military base capable of allowing asset operations year-round on the northern shores of Alaska. These recommendations would allow the U.S. to have the capability to meet its security requirements and protect its commercial interests in the Arctic. SK/N203.08) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 185. Despite possibilities for future small boat, helicopter, and cargo plane assets, the lack of a permanent base on the northern slope of Alaska renders Arctic activity and U.S. presence in the region inadequate. The closest U.S. base is in Kodiak, Alaska. The distance from Kodiak to Barrow is approximately 940 miles and would require that any search and rescue (SAR) response cross three mountain ranges. SK/N203.09) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 185. The lack of a northern base in Alaska, and the distance between the closest U.S. base and the northern shores requires that most SAR [search and rescue] responses be performed by helicopter; however, if a situation such as an oil spill would require an icebreaker response, the transit time would be days rather than hours. In addition, "once on scene in the Arctic, surface and air assets are limited by fuel capacity, distance to fuel sources, and crew rest requirements." SK/N203.10) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, pp. 185-186. Also, military members lack permanent housing during operational assignments because there is no permanent military base. Operational effectiveness for year-round presence is greatly hindered by these setbacks and current conditions. Although the USCG [US Coast Guard] has attempted to ease these deficiencies with the use of forward operating locations in the region, none perform as well as a permanent military base. This current situation is not efficient and prevents the USCG from properly meeting the requirements of E.O. [Executive Order] 13547. 5. INCREASED TRAFFIC WOULD BE A THREAT TO ENVIRONMENT SK/N203.11) Andrew Hartsig [Arctic Program Director for Ocean Conservancy] et al., OCEAN AND COASTAL LAW JOURNAL, 2012, LexisNexis Academic, p. 36. Increased maritime traffic in the narrow, often icy waters of the Bering Strait could elevate the risk of maritime accidents that lead to injury and loss of life. Increased vessel traffic may also result in more pollution, ship strikes on marine mammals, chronic and catastrophic spills, and other unanticipated environmental impacts. These threats are of particular concern due to the region's lack of infrastructure and limited resources to support search and rescue, spill response, and restoration activities. In a part of the ocean as biologically rich and fragile as the Bering Strait region, these increased environmental impacts could have serious consequences. 6. BENEFITS OF ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT DON’T OUTWEIGH COSTS SK/N203.12) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 182. This lack of MDA [maritime domain awareness] is the Achilles heel for future U.S. Arctic operations and planning, as evident by the recent 2012 Congressional vote that the U.S. not ratify UNCLOS. This vote reveals that the U.S. is not yet ready to ratify UNCLOS due to the fear that the U.S. will provide too much maritime sovereignty to the United Nations. Many members of Congress believe that the Arctic benefits do not outweigh the costs. SK/N204. ARCTIC OFFSHORE DRILLING: Solvency 1. UNCLOS DOESN’T PROTECT U.S. CONTINENTAL SHELF CLAIMS SK/N204.01) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, pp. 172-173. UNCLOS defines the continental shelf of a coastal state as "the submerged prolongation of the land territory of the coastal State - the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea to the outer edge of the continental margin . . . ." However, with this definition comes some confusion, especially with the issue of defining a "natural prolongation." In addition, "[i]n the Arctic, unusually broad continental shelves and long submarine peninsulas [also] complicate the issue." The continental shelf can often extend past the 200 nautical mile of the EEZ where overlapping claims and lack of maritime domain awareness (MDA) cause ambiguity. SK/N204.02) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 186. The signing of UNCLOS with the inclusion of Article 76 would be detrimental to American national interests in the Arctic due to the ambiguity of the extended continental shelf clause. SK/N204.03) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, pp. 186-187. However, the recent claims by Canada that all waters within the EEZ and the extended Continental Shelf out to the Lomonosov Ridge are internal Canadian waters makes the Northwest Passage a concern for American interests and American national security. If the Passage were under Canadian jurisdiction, then any movement of U.S. military assets could be restricted. Passage access, along with the general ideal of the freedom of the seas shared by the maritime community, is imperative to American security and economic development in the Arctic. If the U.S. signed UNCLOS with the inclusion of Article 76, then U.S. sovereignty in the Arctic would be undermined due to the claims by states for an extended continental shelf. This could pose serious issues for U.S. military maritime navigation, economics, and maritime domain awareness necessities as these claims would overlap and be difficult to settle. SK/N204.04) Melissa Renee Pegna [Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M U.], JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, April 2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 176. Proponents favoring U.S. ratification of UNCLOS claim that this could allow the U.S. to profit from economic gain for up to 600 nautical miles. However, as each Arctic country tries to delineate its extended continental shelf for UNCLOS approval, passageways and maritime commercial transits could close due to other countries' claims and this could pose a risk to the national security of the United States. SK/N204.05) Jonathan Gatehouse, MACLEAN’S, December 30, 2013, p. 53, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. All involved nations are arguing that undersea mountain ranges that criss-cross the floor of the Arctic Ocean are extensions of their own continental shelves And it will be up to the UN to adjudicate their maps aria scientific claims and then bring them to the table for what promises to be many rounds of contentious bargaining. In the meantime, Canada's surprise move has already provoked a sharp response from the Russians. Putin has vowed to beef up his country's military presence in the disputed region by reopening several shuttered Soviet-era military bases and commissioning new nuclear subs and patrol aircraft. 2. ECONOMIC & TECHNOLOGICAL HURDLES ARE MASSIVE SK/N204.06) Amy Crawford, SMITHSONIAN, April 2013, p. 20, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. But don't expect new Arctic gushers anytime soon. Some energy companies have canceled exploration programs because of high costs, and engineers are struggling to design technology that can withstand the harshest northern environments. SK/N204.07) Richard Nemec [contributing editor], PIPELINE & GAS JOURNAL, March 2014, p. 34, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Brent Sheets, research manager in the Center for Energy and Power at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, said he thinks heavy crude oil on the North Slope is abundant, but there is not the proper technology available to tap into it as a means of refilling TAPS. "Obviously one way to fill the pipeline is to drill more wells, but we don't currently have the technology to economically go after that oil," Sheets said. "The viscous [heavy] oil on the North Slope is the other part of a huge supply, but what a shame it is that the heavy stuff is literally on top of the light, sweet crude oil that is being produced. "We drill right through that zone to get to the lighter oil below, so you could increase oil production [theoretically] without increasing your footprint. But you have to have the technology to do that, and we don't at this point." SK/N204.08) Damon Tabor, POPULAR SCIENCE, April 2013, p. 23, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. To evade surface hazards, Norway's Statoil is developing the world's first "seafloor factory," a platform-free oil-or gas-production system housed entirely on the seabed. The logic is straightforward. Moving operations underwater could decrease the risk posed by sea ice and violent storms--and, according to an industry website, be useful for "neatly sidestepping" the environmental issues associated with drilling in sensitive areas. For oil companies, the economics are compelling. Massive production platforms cost hundreds of millions of dollars to build and require an expensive crew to operate; seafloor factories are cheaper to construct because they are smaller and can be run remotely. SK/N204.09) Damon Tabor, POPULAR SCIENCE, April 2013, p. 23, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Statoil plans to assemble a subsea factory by 2020, but the challenges of deploying such a system in the Arctic are formidable. Threats to subsea installations will include icebergs shearing open wellheads and even the specter of "strudel scour"--warm river water that bores through sea ice and creates a downward jet of water that exposes buried pipelines. Various reports have also warned that efforts to contain any spill in the region would be hampered by low light, frequent storms, and--at the end of the drilling season--sea ice that renders oil Skimmers useless. (After the Deepwater Horizon blowout, cleanup crews in the Gulf of Mexico recovered only roughly 25 percent of spilled oil--in warm water and calm seas.) 3. MUCH OF ALASKA’S OIL IS ACTUALLY ON LAND SK/N204.10) Molly Loomis, E, March-April 2013, p. 12, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Located high above the Arctic Circle, the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) is as isolated as it gets. As its title suggests, this 23.5 million-acre parcel of public land has a coveted feature--an estimated 17.55 trillion feet of natural gas and roughly 604 million barrels of oil. 4. NO OIL PRODUCTION CAN BE EXPECTED FOR A DECADE SK/N204.11) Steven Mufson, THE WASHINGTON POST, January 9, 2013, p. A11, LexisNexis Academic. Tadeusz W. Patzek, chairman of the University of Texas at Austin's department of petroleum and geosystems engineering, said in an e-mail that Shell's experience now would help it improve over the 10 to 15 years it will take before any oil is actually produced in the Arctic. SK/N205. ARCTIC OFFSHORE DRILLING: Disad A. ARCTIC DRILLING WILL DEVASTATE ENVIRONMENT 1. THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS SAFE ARCTIC DRILLING SK/N205.01) STATES NEWS SERVICE, April 23, 2014, pNA, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. “Everyone from the Commandant of the US Coast Guard, the US Government's Geological Survey, Lloyds of London and CEOs of giant oil companies agree there is no such thing as safe Arctic drilling. Weeks after the 25th Anniversary of the Exxon Valdez oil disaster, and days after the fourth anniversary of the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster, those environments remain forever altered and communities continue to struggle against oil company obfuscation. To allow the same thing to happen again in pursuit of bigger profits for the world's largest corporations is insane," Mr Deans [Greenpeace US Arctic Campaigner] said. SK/N205.02) Steven Mufson, THE WASHINGTON POST, January 23, 2014, p. A13, LexisNexis Academic. "Oil companies are not able to operate safely in the Arctic Ocean, and the government should not offer leases there," said Michael LeVine, Pacific senior counsel for Oceana, a group opposed to offshore drilling. SK/N205.03) STATES NEWS SERVICE, April 23, 2014, pNA, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. The National Research Council has today released a report, "Responding to Oil Spills in the US Arctic Marine Environment" stating that the United States does not possess sufficient information, infrastructure, training or resources to respond to an Arctic spill. Greenpeace US Arctic Campaigner John Deans, commenting on the report, said, "This proves yet again that Arctic drilling is far too risky. The only way to prevent a spill is not to drill in the first place." 2. SHELL OIL’S FAILURES PROVE INHERENT DANGERS SK/N205.04) Michael T. Klare [Professor of Peace & World Security Studies], SYNTHESIS/REGENERATION, Fall 2013, p. 6, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Perhaps the most notable example of this was Shell Oil's costly failure to commence test drilling in the Alaskan Arctic. After investing $4.5 billion and years of preparation, Shell was poised to drill five test wells last summer in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas off Alaska's northern and northwestern coasts. However, on September 17, 2012 a series of accidents and mishaps forced the company to announce that it would suspend operations until next summer--the only time when those waters are largely free of pack ice and so it is safer to drill. SK/N205.05) Marilyn Heiman [Director, US Arctic program, The Pew Charitable Trusts], THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, March 14, 2013, pNA, LexisNexis Academic. While the allure of oil reserves in the Arctic Ocean has attracted the interest of several major energy companies, recent news has made it clear that the region is an extremely challenging and dangerous place to drill for oil. Royal Dutch Shell PLC - the only company that attempted to drill in the US Arctic Ocean in 2012 - has delayed plans to try drilling again this year because it needs more time to repair and upgrade its drill rigs and containment system after last year's string of mishaps. SK/N205.06) Michael T. Klare [Professor of Peace & World Security Studies], SYNTHESIS/REGENERATION, Fall 2013, p. 6, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. As Clifford Krauss noted in the New York Times, "Shell's inability to control its containment equipment in calm waters under predictable test conditions suggested that the company would not be able to effectively stop a sudden leak in treacherous Arctic waters, where powerful ice floes and gusty winds would complicate any spill response." SK/N205.07) STATES NEWS SERVICE, April 4, 2014, pNA, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. The U.S. Coast Guard's long-awaited report on the 2012 grounding of Shell Oil's Kulluk drill rig near Kodiak Island, Alaska underscores the serious threats posed by drilling in the Arctic Ocean, the Natural Resources Defense Council said. The 152-page report said Shell's reckless and failed attempt to tow its Arctic Ocean drill rig was riddled with deficient planning and poor decision-making and potentially violated the law. SK/N205.08) STATES NEWS SERVICE, April 4, 2014, pNA, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. The following is a statement by Chuck Clusen, director of National Parks and Alaska Projects at NRDC: "The incident makes vividly clear the near-impossible task of coping with an oil spill in the Arctic's harsh weather conditions -- and the likelihood of serious threats to human life and the environment. Nobody has any business trying to drill in the Arctic Ocean -- period. America doesn't need to endanger one of our remaining wild, untamed places.” SK/N205.09) Steven Mufson, THE WASHINGTON POST, January 23, 2014, p. A13, LexisNexis Academic. A federal appeals court dealt a new setback to Royal Dutch Shell's efforts to drill for oil off Alaska's Arctic coast Wednesday, saying the Interior Department's $2.7 billion lease sale in the Chukchi Sea in 2008 relied on a flawed environmental impact statement. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, ruling in favor of environmental and Alaska Native groups, said the impact statement relied on an estimate that there could be 1 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the area, a figure the court said was "arbitrary and capricious." 3. DRILLING WILL ACCELERATE CLIMATE CHANGE SK/N205.10) GEOGRAPHICAL, November 2013, p. 12, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. A new study suggests that gas flaring by the oil industry and smoke from residential burning are contributing more black carbon pollution to the Arctic than previously thought, potentially increasing the rate at which Arctic sea ice is melting and contributing to the rapid rate of warming in the region. According to the study, gas flaring from oil extraction in the Arctic accounts for 42 per cent of the black carbon in the Arctic, rising to half at certain times of the year. 4. OIL SPILLS WILL BE MORE FREQUENT & MORE SEVERE SK/N205.11) Michael T. Klare [Professor of Peace & World Security Studies], SYNTHESIS/REGENERATION, Fall 2013, p. 6, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Similarly, deepwater and Arctic drilling requires the deployment of specialized multimillion-dollar rigs along with enormously costly backup safety systems under the most dangerous of conditions. All these processes have at least one thing in common: each pushes the envelope of what is technically possible in extracting oil (or natural gas) from geologically and geographically forbidding environments. They are all, that is, versions of "extreme energy." To produce them, energy companies will have to drill in extreme temperatures or extreme weather, or use extreme pressures, or operate under extreme danger--or some combination of all of these. In each, accidents, mishaps, and setbacks are guaranteed to be more frequent and their consequences more serious than in conventional drilling operations. 5. ADEQUATE SPILL CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY IS LACKING SK/N205.12) E.A. Barry-Pheby [Newcastle U. School of Law, United Kingdom], SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY, 2012-2013, LexisNexis Academic, p. 48. The Arctic marine environment is rendered particularly vulnerable to oil pollution due to the severe limitations that climatological, oceanographic and ecological factors impose on oil biodegradation. Furthermore, industry clean-up methods are rendered difficult, some postulate impossible, due to the Ocean's remoteness, semi-permanent ice cover and climatological extremes. Oil spills in the Arctic marine environment could remain unweathered, and toxic, for decades. SK/N205.13) Andrew Hartsig [Arctic Program Director for Ocean Conservancy] et al., OCEAN AND COASTAL LAW JOURNAL, 2012, LexisNexis Academic, p. 53. The threat of oil spills is of particular concern in icy waters like those of the Bering Strait region because sea ice can reduce significantly the effectiveness of mechanical recovery technologies. SK/N205.14) THE ECONOMIST, December 1, 2012, p. 16(US), GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. Even so, GPR [ground-penetrating radar] has its limitations. "Sea ice is very inhomogeneous--it's not like a flat slab," says Dr Storvold. Ridges, hollows, and variation in thickness can all deform or scatter the GPR signal, making the picture less clear and oil spills harder to spot. The situation is further complicated by the presence of salt, which absorbs the radar signals, weakening the reflection. SK/N205.15) THE ECONOMIST, December 1, 2012, p. 16(US), GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. NMR has its drawbacks, however. As with some GPR systems, NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] systems are carried by helicopter. But the large, ring-shaped antenna required is much larger than that required for GPR. According to Steve Potter at SL Ross, a consultancy, the diameter of the ring must be roughly equal to the distance of the antenna from the oil. To detect oil trapped beneath two metres of ice, the helicopter must hold the ring just three metres above the surface. That is no easy feat in calm conditions, let alone a blizzard. And NMR cannot determine the thickness of oil--which, says Mr Potter, is "still a bit of a holy grail issue". SK/N205.16) Marilyn Heiman [Director, US Arctic program, The Pew Charitable Trusts], THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, March 14, 2013, pNA, LexisNexis Academic. Helicopters, planes, and vessels were on hand to evacuate the crew of the Kulluk and assist in the salvage. But farther north, there are no major ports, airports, or roads. Hurricane-force winds, subzero temperatures, shifting sea ice, and long periods of fog and darkness could shut down a rescue operation or spill response altogether. No proven methods exist to clean up oil in broken ice. SK/N205.17) THE ECONOMIST, December 1, 2012, p. 16(US), GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. As more and more companies venture into the oil- and gas-rich waters north of the Arctic Circle, they are being forced to imagine another oil-spill scenario, one in which the response effort is impeded by storms, fog, high winds and massive drifting ice floes; in which visibility is minimal, where the nearest coast guard station is over 1,000 miles away and where spilled oil accumulates on, in and under the ice. SK/N205.18) STATES NEWS SERVICE, April 23, 2014, pNA, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. "The inevitability of an oil spill given the industry's drive for profit at all costs, the immense difficulties of responding to an Arctic spill and the devastating impact a spill will have on the region's residents, wildlife and ecosystem should be enough to prevent this lunacy. Some of the country's preeminent scientists unequivocally state in this [National Research Council] report that ‘There are no response methods that are completely effective or risk free.' We hope this will further push the oil industry to "unequivocally' leave the Arctic alone, and the Obama administration to permanently protect this precious part of our country," said Mr Deans [Greenpeace US Arctic Campaigner]. 6. ARCTIC CONDITIONS ARE NOT CONDUCIVE TO CLEANUP SK/N205.19) THE ECONOMIST, December 1, 2012, p. 16(US), GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. But whatever advantages the Arctic offers for oil-spill response, they are overwhelmingly outweighed by the difficulty of access. Even in the Deepwater Horizon spill, only 3% of the oil was skimmed, according to America's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Burning is not an option for oil trapped under ice. B. AN OIL SPILL WOULD DEVASTATE THE ENVIRONMENT 1. VITAL FISHERIES WOULD BE DESTROYED SK/N205.20) Heath C. Roscoe et al. [National Security Fellows, Harvard Kennedy School], JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, January 2014, p. 82, GALE CENGAGE LEARNING, Expanded Academic ASAP. The Bering Sea is world renowned for its enormously productive, profitable, and sustainable fisheries. The Alaska Marine Conservation Council estimates the net worth of these fisheries to be $2.5 billion annually. Seven of the top 30 ports for fishery landings, by both weight and value, are located in Alaska. Dutch Harbor-Unalaska is the busiest fishing port in the country, harvesting 612.7 million pounds of fish in 2008 (the last year for which statistics are available). Furthermore, Naknek-King Salmon, another major Arctic fishing port, processed 105.2 million pounds of fish in 2008. The combined catch ex-ported through both harbors was valued at over $260 million. SK/N205.21) Molly Dischner, ALASKA JOURNAL OF COMMERCE, May 8, 2014, pNA, LexisNexis Academic. Alaska's harvest represents more than half of the seafood commercially harvested in the United States and about a third of the value. In 2012, the total commercial take in America was about 9.6 billion pounds, worth about $5.1 billion. Those numbers drive the seafood industry in Alaska, which generated $4.2 billion in sales impacts, $1.8 billion in income impacts and more than 56,000 jobs in 2012, according to the agency's economics report. Download 0.49 Mb. Share with your friends:
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