Seppo Suominen Essays on cultural economics
Conclusions and evaluation
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4.7Conclusions and evaluationThe purpose of this study is to analyse the properties of the audiences of cultural events with the Finnish 2007 data. Mainly these events are concerts, art exhibitions and theatrical or opera performances. The preliminary method is the analysis of variance (ANOVA or MANOVA). The results indicate that gender, person’s education, age and the place of residence are important factors to classify visitor density. By definition the analysis of variance does not expose the well-known fact that women are more active visitors. Another method, the multivariate logit analysis is more useful since it reveals both the direction of the effect and the statistical significance of each explanatory variable. The results show that women are significantly more active visitors than men even when the impact of other explanatory variables is taken into account. The other significant factors are education (higher than upper secondary school) and age (between 35 and 64) and the place of residence (compared with the northern Finland). The most active (“regularly”) group and the less active group (“occasionally”) can be separated with the factors mentioned above: gender, education, age (in this case, often vs. occasionally: 45 – 64 years old) and regions other than the northern Finland (zero alternative in estimation) . The first hypothesis is verified. Austin (1986) has shown that in the motion picture art sector persons perceive the attendance motives differently than those attending less: frequent movie-goers reported greater identification with the movie motives than others. A similar explanation is also suitable here: elder and highly educated women identify with the glamorous atmosphere of opera or theatre while less educated younger men relate to strong sportsman. An alternative way to spend leisure is to go to sporting events instead of cultural (concerts, exhibitions, performances) events. As the impact of sport consumption is taken into account, a suitable method is a bivariate probit analysis. The results of the bivariate probit model show that the visitor density of these two alternatives is positively correlated meaning that there is a common activity factor. No previous studies have been made with Finnish cultural consumption data using either multivariate logit or bivariate probit model. These models give similar results, but the latter enables evaluation of the marginal effects, both direct and indirect marginal effects. The indirect marginal effect is significantly negative and thus reducing the cultural events (concerts, exhibitions, performance) participation in the following cases: education is comprehensive school (edu3), vocational school (edu4), college (edu6), university of applied sciences (edu7) or a master’s degree (edu9). To the contrary the point estimate of the direct marginal effect is positive and larger than the negative indirect effect in the following cases: education is upper secondary school (edu5), college (edu6), university of applied sciences (edu7), a bachelor’s or a master’s degree (edu8 or edu9). The second hypothesis proposed partially verified. The audiences in the cultural events and sport events are not separate. An active in culture is also active in sport but age, education and gender are important variables to classify. The results are in line with those of Borgonovi (2004), Montgomery and Robinson (2006) or Masters (2007). Montgomery and Robinson showed with data from the USA that arts’ spectators are not young, better educated and mostly women. A similar conclusion can be made with the Finnish data. Frateschi and Lazzaro (2008) found out with Italian data that the spouse’s, especially husband’s high education is an important factor to explain art (museums, concerts, theatre) consumption if they go together. However, international comparisons must be made with caution since the international differences in culture consumption are large (Seaman 2005 or Virtanen 2007). The impact of regions is substantial. In this study the regions have been formed mainly based on the NUTS2-classification. The point estimates of the direct marginal effects in the bivariate probit model are the strongest in southern Finland: Uusimaa region (0.073) and western Finland (0.064) when the groups “never” and “yes” are compared and the zero alternative is northern Finland. References Borgonovi, Francesca (2004) Performing arts attendance: an economic approach. Applied Economics 36: 1871-1885 Eurobarometer 56.0, http://www.fsd.uta.fi/aineistot/luettelo/FSD0099/meF0099.html Fratesch, Carlofilippo ja Elisabetta Lazzaro (2008) Attendance to cultural events and spousal influences: the Italian case. Universita degli studi di Padova, “Marco fanno” Working Paper 84 Greene, William H. (2008) Econometric analysis, 6th Edition. Pearson International Edition ISSP 2007: vapaa-aika ja urheilu: Suomen aineisto [elektroninen aineisto]. FSD2330, versio 1.0 (2008-03-18). Blom, Raimo (Tampereen yliopisto. Sosiologian ja sosiaalipsykologian laitos) & Melin, Harri (Turun yliopisto. Sosiologian laitos) & Tanskanen, Eero (Tilastokeskus. Haastattelu- ja tutkimuspalvelut) [tekijä(t)]. Tampere: Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoaineisto [jakaja], 2008 Kivekäs, Kyllikki (1991) Alueoopperat ja yleisöt. Taiteen keskustoimikunta, Tilastotietoa taiteesta 5A Kulttuuri- ja liikuntaharrastukset 1991 ja 1999 (2001) Tilastokeskus. Kulttuuri ja viestintä 2001:5 Kulttuuripuntari 1999 (1991) Opetusministeriön Kulttuuripolitiikan osaston julkaisusarja 9: 1999. http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Julkaisut/1999/kulttuuripuntari_1999__raportti_kulttuuripalvelujen_kaytosta_ja?lang=fi
Metsämuuronen, Jari (2009) Tutkimuksen tekemisen perusteet ihmistieteissä 4. Methelp 2009 Mikkonen, Jenni ja Katja Pasanen (2009) Selvitys Savonlinnan oopperajuhlien asiakasprofiileista ja aluellisesta vaikuttavuudesta. East side story – Puhtia itäsuomalaiseen tapahtumamatkailuun – hankkeen tutkimusraportti. Itä-Suomen yliopisto Mikkonen, Jenni, Katja Pasanen ja Heidi Taskinen (2008) Itäsuomalaisten tapahtumien asiakasprofiilit ja aluetaloudellinen vaikuttavuus. Joensuun yliopisto, Matkailualan opetus- ja tutkimuslaitoksen julkaisuja 1. Montgomery, Sarah S. ja Michael D. Robinson (2006) Take Me Out to the Opera: Are Sports and Arts Complements? Evidence from the Performing Arts Research Coalition Data. International Journal of Arts Management 8:2, 24-39 Prieto-Rodríguez, Juan ja Víctor Frenández-Blanco (2000) Are Popular and Classical Music Listeners the Same People? Journal of Cultural Economics, 24: 147-164 Seaman, Bruce A. (2005) Attendance and Public Participation in the Performing Arts: A Review of the Empicical Literature. Georgia State University, Working Paper 05-03, August 2005 Seaman, Bruce A. (2006) Empirical Studies of Demand for the Performing Arts. in Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture (ed. Victor A. Ginsburgh and David Thorsby), North Holland. Suomen teatteriliitto (2001) Suomalaisten teatterissa käynti. Taloustutkimus Oy Suomen teatteriliitto (2004) Suomalaisten teatterissa käynti. Taloustutkimus Oy Suomen Teatterit ry (2007) Suomalaisten teaterissa käynti. Taloustutkimus Oy Virtanen, Taru (2007) Across and beyond the bounds of taste on cultural consumption patterns in the European Union. Turun kauppakorkeakoulu Sarja A-11: 2007 Statistical estimations: ANOVA ja MANOVA: PASW 18 (www.spss.com) Multinomial logit and bivariate probit: NLOGIT 4.0 (www.limdep.com)
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