Risk Assessment in China: Assisted by Geographic Information System (GIS)

Assessing impacts – economic, environmental, social in Sudan

This paper focuses on the forest tree species Prosopis juliflora, which was originally introduced to remediate desertification, but massive eradication projects are now being undertaken in several agricultural situations. The paper will discuss Sudan’s experiences in dealing with this noxious weed. It has a positive environmental effect on desert and rural communities, and a negative impact on farmers agriculturally.

The paper will present slides and figures demonstrating the economic, environmental, and social impacts of this species. Finally, the paper will present the analysis of risk, and examples of solutions.

A stochastic bioeconomic model to demonstrate the benefits of pest exclusion - the case of the Varroa bee mite

Use of cost–benefit analysis to support risk management decisions in PRA

Alan MacLeod, Central Science Laboratory, United Kingdom
When selecting appropriate pest risk management measures following pest risk assessment, phytosanitary measures should be cost-effective and feasible (section 3.4, ISPM No. 11). In this presentation, recent examples of cost-benefit studies that have been conducted in the UK will be provided. The studies have been used to inform, reach or support phytosanitary policy decisions. In the first example, the cost-benefit analysis justified the statutory action taken to eradicate a single outbreak of a quarantine insect pest, Thrips palmi, which is harmful to glasshouse crops. In contrast; the second case-study examines the eradication a plant pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, found outdoors in a number of watercourses across England. This cost-benefit analysis shows that the expense of a statutory campaign is justified, but only if the eradication can be achieved within a few years. A more protracted campaign would lead to costs outweighing benefits. A third analysis examining the economic impact of implementing EC control measures on Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, an insect pest that is currently spreading across Europe, highlights the importance of interpreting analyses in the light of the assumptions made and scenarios envisaged when developing the models used in such studies.

Each analysis looked a number of years ahead and made assumptions about future land or crop use. Climate change is also a factor considered. The strengths and weaknesses of cost- benefit studies, and their future use in relation to plant health issues, will be discussed.

Pest risk analysis on invasive alien species that threaten biological diversity in Brazil

Martins, O.M.; Oliveira, M.R.V. de; Tenente, R.C.V.; Návia, D.; Mendes, M.A.S.; Batista, M.F; Carneiro, R.M.D.G. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, C.P. 02372, CEP 70970-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
The losses caused by plant diseases and pests vary according to plant, locality, environment, or combinations of these factors. The hazardous risks associated with plant pests have increased due to the movement of plant and plant products in international trade, transport, travel and tourism. Many of these organisms are alien to new ecosystems and they are usually called quarantine pests or alien invasive species. In Brazil, the increasing trade of these plants is the concern of the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO). This project is under the development of the Ministry of Environment, in order to address the issues of the Convention of Biological Diversity pertaining to invasive alien species. PRAs are being conducted to determine if plant-pathogenic bacteria, fungi, insect pests, mites, nematodes, virus and viroids can be introduced with worldwide commodities imported into the country. Recently, the increasing introduction of ornamentals or even seeds, bulbs, and plantlets from different continents has been of concern to quarantine scientists. A database with an emphasis on invasive alien species is being organized by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). It aims to provide information regarding biological security in agriculture, and to assist with the development of contingency planning for pests. The PRA follows the guidance of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Standard of Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) n^o 11; however, this PRA does not express the Ministry of Environment’s and the NPPO’s points of view.

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