Table 3. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy/Back Scattered Electron Imaging Results
Sample
|
Description
(cross section unless otherwise noted)
|
Results
(relevant elements in bold)
|
Colorants Inferred
|
S-G1
|
degraded green paint
|
C, O, Al, S, Cu, Zn, As, Cd
|
emerald green, cadmium yellow, zinc white
|
S-O1
|
orange paint layer
|
C, O, Mg, Al, Si, S, Se, Cd, Ba
|
cadmium orange or cadmium red lithopone, barium sulfate
|
white paint layer
|
C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, Ca, Ti
|
titanium white, calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate, alumino-silicate
|
S-S1
|
silver paint layer
|
Al
|
metallic aluminum
|
degraded green paint layer
|
C, O, Al, S, Cl, Cu, Zn, As, Cd
|
emerald green, cadmium yellow, zinc white
|
C1-ground
|
white ground layers
|
O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe
|
titanium white, calcium sulfate, alumino silicates (possibly a clay extender)
|
S-DG1
|
dark green paint layer
|
Mg, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd
|
chromium oxide green, cadmium orange, titanium white
|
silver paint layer
|
Al
|
metallic aluminum
|
white paint layer
|
Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ba
|
barium sulfate, alumino-silicate
|
S-B4
|
black paint layer
|
O, Na, Mg, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe
|
possibly bone black
|
silver paint layer
|
Al
|
metallic aluminum
|
white paint layer
|
C, O, Ti, Na, Mg, Si, S, Cl, Ca, Fe,
|
titanium white (possibly calcium sulfate, anhydrite)
|
Paper
|
brown paper sample, un-mounted
|
C, O, Na, Al, Si, S, Ca, Ti
|
alumino-silicates (clay), calcium carbonate, titanium white
|
Table 4. Information on filter cubes and fluorescent stains used during cross-sectional analysis
Microscope filter cubes used on the sample cross sections:
Blue Excitation: Nikon B-2A (ex. 450-490 nm, ba 520 nm)
Green Excitation: Nikon G-1B (ex. 546/10 nm, ba 590 nm)
Violet Excitation: Nikon BV-2A (ex 400-440 nm, ba 470nm)
|
Fluorescent stains used on the sample cross sections:
TTC (Triphenyl Tetrazolium chloride) with a concentration of 4.0% in anhydrous methanol (0.2g/5ml). Stains for Carbohydrates, reducing sugars, reducing compounds. Positive reading is red/brown using the UV-2A filter cube.
488 (Alexa Fluor 488) with a concentration of 0.02% in water (pH 9), 0.05%M borate and 5% DMF solution. Stains for proteins. Positive reading is yellow/yellow-green using the B-2A filter cube.
FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) with a concentration of 0.2% in anhydrous acetone (0.01g/5ml). Stains for free amino containing groups (proteins). Positive reading is yellow/green using the B-2A filter cube.
FITC conjugated lyophilized powder with a concentration of 1% in water (pH 9), 0.05%M borate. Stains for chitin (mold). Positive reading is yellow/green using the B-2A filter cube.
DCF (2,7, Dichlorofluorescein) with a concentration of 0.02% in ethanol. Stains for saturated and unsaturated lipids (oils). Positive reading is pink for saturated lipids and yellow for unsaturated lipids using the B-2A filter cube.
RHOB (Rhodamine B) with a concentration of 0.06% in ethanol or 1:1 ethanol:xylene (0.003g/5ml). Stains for lipids (oils). Positive reading is red/orange using the G-1B filter cube.
|
XRF Sample Locations
SEM and Cross Section Sample Locations
GC/MS and FTIR Sample Locations
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