Sports in Cuba in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenges of the New Millennium
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Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2004).
21 Granma Weekly Review, 19 June 1966, p. 3. 22 Ibid. 23 Granma Weekly Review, 10 September 1972, p. 8. See also Bunck, p. 195. 24 Cuba won world baseball championships in 1939, 1940, 1942, 1943, and 1952. Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Republica de Cuba, Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, multiple years. 25 I developed this argument in earlier works, including Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture, pp. 219-221. Sifiso Mxolist Ndlovu presents a similar argument in his work on South Africa’s sports diplomacy in its 2010 bid for the FIFA World Cup. Emphasizing cultural continuity and broadly embraced norms, he contends that South Africa’s sports diplomacy has drawn heavily on a widely accepted traditional value. Ndlovu writes: “South Africa’s 2010 FIFA World Cup bid was influenced by the African philosophy of humanism, or Ubuntu.” Sifiso Mxolisi Ndlovu, “Sports as Cultural Diplomacy: the 2010 World Cup in South Africa’s Foreign Policy,” Soccer & Society, vol. 11, nos. 1-2, January-March, 2010, p. 146. 26 Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 381-387. 27 See “Cuban Withdrawal May Hint of Trouble in Sports Paradise,” Chicago Tribune, 17 January 1988, and Robert Chappell, “Sport in Cuba: Before and After the ‘Wall’ Came Down,” The Sport Journal, United States Sports Academy at www.thesportjournal.org/article/sub-and-after-wall-came-down. 28 Patricia Grogg, “Going for Gold – Once Again,” Inter Press Service News Agency, 7 August 2008 at www.ipsnews.net. 29 Paula Pettavino and Philip Brenner, “The Role of Sports in Cuba’s Domestic and International Policy, Cuba Briefing Paper, Georgetown University, no. 24, April 1999, pp. 5-6. 30 Grogg. 31 Ibid. 32 Cuba has not performed this poorly since 1968 when it came away from the Olympics placing 31st. 33 Linda Robertson, “Sports in Cuba still No. 1 Despite Declines,”Miami Herald, 4 January 2009, at miamiherald.com. 34 Robertson, “Sports in Cuba.” 35 The Japan Times, 20 March 2009, at http://search.japantimes.com.jp. See also Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 March 2009, at www.post-gazette.com. 36 See www.cubastudygroup.org. 37 Ibid. 38 The Japan Times, 20 March 2009. 39 Chappell. 40 Linda Robertson, Miami Herald, 5 January 2009, at www.havanajournal.com/culture/entry. 41 “Cuban Soccer Defector: Freedom Worth the Risk,” at www.cubastudygroup.org, 14 October 2008. 42 Grogg. 43 Ibid. 44In 2007 one of Cuba’s top gymnastics coaches defected, and sports journalist Raul Arce defected in San Diego, while covering the WBC. See Manuel Jimenez, “Top Cuban Baseball Player Defects,” and “Raul Arce, Cuban Sport Journalist Defect to U.S. After Baseball Tournament” at www.cubaheadlines.com/news/sports/index.html. 45 “Chasing Dreams: Cuban Baseball Defectors - Part I,” at http://baseballdeworld.com/2010/01/15/chasing-dreams-cuban-baseball-defectors-part-1/. 46 Jorge Arangure, Jr.,“Top Cuban Prospect Defects” at http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story. 47 “Two Cuban Baseball Players Missing, Likely Defected,” 31 July 2008, at www.reuters.com/assets/print. 48 Robertson, “Sports Still No. 1.” 49 See S.I. Price, Pitching Around Fidel: A Journey Into the Heart of Cuban Sports (New York: ECCO/Harper Collins, 2000). 50 Paula Pettavino, “Cuba Sports: Saved by Capitalism?” North American Congress on Latin America, at http://nacla.org/print. . 51 According to the U.S. State Department, the average Cuban earns $20 a month, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm. 52 Fidel Castro speech, “Castro: 2001 on Cuban Sports,” 23 February 2001, at www.pbs.org/stealinghome/sport. 53 Ibid. 54 “Castro: 2001 on Cuban Sports.” 55 Pettavino, “Cuban Sports.” 56 Kevin Baxter and Crhis Kraul, “Cuba’s Biggest Export is Sports,” 28 July 2007, at http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/28/sports/sp-cubans28. 57 Ibid. 59 “Praticantes sistematicos de deporte particpativo y otras actividades,” Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico de Cuba 2007, at www.one.cu. In 2007 4.4 million citizens participated in some form of local sports – roughly 40 percent of the total population. Cuban statistics are not clear about what activities are included here. This number might be very broad and include types of activities that may not normally be considered “sports.” 60 “Street Sports,” at www.cuba-sport.com/en/street.asp. See also Pettavino and Brenner, p. 9. 61 Anne-Marie Garcia, “World Baseball Classic: Island Nation is at a Loss Over Cuba’s Early Exit,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette, March 20, 2009. www.post-gazette.com. 62 Quoted in ibid. 63 “Street Sports.” www.cuba-sport.com/en/street.asp. 64 Norge Martinez Montero, “Etreme Sports Taking Off in Cuba,” Havana Journal, 15 September 2007, at http://havana.journal.com/forums. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 126.81 Kb. Share with your friends:
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