Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Taking a Stand, Ancient Civilizations Ecology, Great Expectations, Earth in Action, Art and Impact, Level 6
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- Navigate this page:
- Concept/Question Board.
- Distribution of the Suns Energy
- Throwing a Tree New Forest
- Use what you learned from the story "A Great Idea" to answer Numbers 1 through 4. Write your answers on a piece of paper.
- Test-Taking Practice Read the story "A Great Idea." Then answer Numbers 1 through 4.
- Unit 4: Great Expectations
- What do you recognize in this desk drawer
- How do we measure progress
Meet the Author Charlotte Pomerantz Pomerantz has had articles, poems, and stories published in several magazines for children and adults. As a child she remembers writing stories for enjoyment. "As far back as I can remember, I have liked to write, with no thought of being a writer." Pomerantz continued writing throughout high school and college and found success writing children's stories after her own children were born. They "provided rich, raw material.... I started making notes of what they said.... I recommend the keeping of a journal to all who would write and remember." Meet the Illustrator José Aruego Aruego is a well-known illustrator of children's books. He was born into a family of lawyers in the Philippines. It was assumed he would also become a lawyer, so he attended law school. After working as a lawyer for three months, Aruego realized he was not happy. He really wanted to go to art school to become a cartoonist, so that is what he did. After graduating, he sold his cartoons to magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post and The New Yorker. After he married and had a child, he began writing and illustrating books for children. Aruego has written or illustrated more than sixty children's books and has won many awards for his illustrations. 367 Ecology: Theme Connections Within the Selection 1. What chain of events led to the collapse of roof beams in the thatched huts of Borneo? 2. Why do many nonindustrial countries refuse to ban the use of DDT? Across Selections 3. What similarity can you find about the importance of a single organism to its food chain in "The Day They Parachuted Cats on Borneo" and "Sea Soup: Phytoplankton"? 4. Explain the danger of having too many phytoplankton destroyed by oil slicks. Beyond the Selection 5. How has "The Day They Parachuted Cats on Borneo" contributed to your knowledge about food webs? 6. Why is it important for scientists throughout the world to be interested in ecological problems that happen in only one small part of the world? Write: about It! Create a warning label for DDT. Remember to look for pictures of Borneo and the animals mentioned in the play for the Concept/Question Board. 368
Genre Expository Text tells people something. It contains facts about real people, things, or events. Feature
Headings tell people what sections of text are going to be about. The sun is the source of all natural energy on Earth. The energy is called solar radiation. The sun transmits this energy in the form of its rays. Distribution of the Sun's Energy Earth's surface is not heated evenly. The uneven heating is due partly to Earth's ball-like shape. Another cause is the distribution of water and land masses. Temperatures are highest near the equator, an invisible line that evenly splits the planet north and south. There the sun's rays hit directly. The island of Borneo sits on the equator. Temperatures are lowest at the poles. There the angle of the sun is very low. The sun's rays strike Earth at right angles at or near the equator. Moving north and south from the equator, the sun's rays begin to slant down at lower angles. Direct rays heat Earth's surface much more than indirect rays do. Therefore, places near the equator receive more of the sun's energy. They are warmer than places distant from it. Thus, the sun's energy and its uneven distribution cause differences in climate. Smaller areas of Earth are heated unevenly as well. For example, dense solids such as rocks absorb the sun's radiation much faster than water does. They also cool faster. 369
Air rises as land or water warms it, and cool air sinks. Rising warm air carries water vapor with it. As it rises and cools, the water vapor turns to liquid or solid and falls to the ground.
Rising warm air also causes areas of low pressure. Sinking cold air causes high pressure. Pressure is the force acting over an area. The pressure of air in Earth's atmosphere pushes against Earth and the objects on it. Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Wind is air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure area. The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind moves. Wind also alters clouds and weather systems. So, in an indirect way, the sun's energy causes changes in the weather too.
Suppose the writer wanted to add more details about the water cycle. Under which heading should they be added and why? Why might areas at the equator and near the ocean have more rainfall than areas near the ocean at the poles? How would you expect lifestyles to differ between people living at the equator and people living near the poles? Try It! As you work on your investigation, think about how you can use headings to organize your information. 370 Focus Questions How does the author create sympathy for the tree?
by Thomas Hardy illustrated by Leslie Bowman The two executioners stalk along over the knolls, Bearing two axes with heavy heads shining and wide, And a long limp two-handled saw toothed for cutting great boles, And so they approach the proud tree that bears the death-mark on its side. Jackets doffed they swing axes and chop away just above ground, And the chips fly about and lie white on the moss and fallen leaves; Till a broad deep gash in the bark is hewn all the way round, And one of them tries to hook upward a rope, which at last he achieves. The saw then begins, till the top of the tall giant shivers: The shivers are seen to grow greater each cut than before: They edge out the saw, tug the rope; but the tree only quivers, And kneeling and sawing again, they step back to try pulling once more. Then, lastly, the living mast sways, further sways: with a shout Job and Ike rush aside. Reached the end of its long staying powers The tree crashes downward: it shakes all its neighbours throughout, And two hundred years' steady growth has been ended in less than two hours. 371 372 Focus Questions To what does the poet compare nature? by Katherine Mansfield illustrated by Greg Harris But then there comes that moment rare When, for no cause that I can find, The little voices of the air Sound above all the sea and wind. The sea and wind do then obey And sighing, sighing double notes Of double basses, content to play A droning chord for the little throats-- The little throats that sing and rise Up into the light with lovely ease, And a kind of magical sweet surprise To hear and know themselves for these-- For these little voices: the bee, the fly, The leaf that taps, the pod that breaks, The breeze on the grass-tops bending by, The shrill quick sound that the insect makes.
Which of these sentences from the story is an opinion? A "Well, the first step was to get the trash out of the stream." B "The trees provide habitats for animals." C "It seems pretty lively to me." D "Charlie stepped down to the creek." What happens right after Charlie hears something splash in the water? A Samantha tells how life was brought back to the stream. B Samantha points to a trout swimming in the stream. C Samantha starts a walking tour of the stream. D Samantha steps onto a rock in the stream. What gives Samantha a look of happy accomplishment in the story? B spending time with her cousin C talking about her science teacher D removing a can from the stream How does Charlie's way of thinking change in the story? A He decided he liked California better than North Carolina. B He becomes more interested in his own creek. C He thinks he wants to learn more about fishing. D He convinces his father to buy more land. Test Tips Eliminate answers that cannot be correct. Check your answer against the story. 375
Brushing away the fly that was buzzing around his head, Charlie asked a question: "Explain to me again -- why did you bring me here?" Charlie was from North Carolina, near the middle of the state. For summer vacation, he and his family had flown to northern California to visit relatives. Upon arrival, Charlie's cousin, Samantha, had almost immediately insisted on taking him to see a stream in a nearby park. "This stream was dead," Samantha said. "Last year, my science teacher, Mr. Yamaguchi, organized a school project to help save it." Waving again at the fly, Charlie said, "It seems pretty lively to me. Besides, how can a stream be dead?" Samantha seemed not to have heard him. "Look at that!" she said and then promptly stepped out onto a rock in the water. She fished an aluminum can out of the stream. Charlie was surprised to see the look of happy accomplishment in his cousin's eyes. What has gotten into her? he wondered. Is she trying to get extra credit in the summertime? Mistaking Charlie's glance as a sign of interest, Samantha began a walking tour of the stream. She explained how, as a young girl, she had not been allowed near it because of pollution. Trash had built up in the stream, and the surrounding trees had been cut down. There had once been abundant trout in the stream, but now there were almost none. "And that is how a stream dies," Samantha said. From where they were standing, no trash was visible. The stream rushed merrily by, washing over rocks and collecting in deep pools. A dragonfly swooped down on a mosquito, and something splashed in the water near a tree's roots. Could it have been a fish? 376 "Okay, I give up -- how did you bring this place back to life?" asked Charlie. He was warming to the subject. "Well, the first step was to get the trash out of the stream. With the whole school out here, we picked up tons of garbage. We even got a tow truck to pull out a couple of cars! Then we started planting new trees near and along the banks of the stream. The trees provide habitats for animals. They also protect the stream and give it shade." As Samantha continued speaking, Charlie could see that his cousin really felt connected to the success of the stream. By the time she started pointing out trout in the water below them, he had started thinking about the creek that ran across his back yard at home. When they returned home a week later, Charlie and his father took a walk. Charlie's dad waved his arms around. "That fly is out to get me," he complained. "You would think he knows it is rude to attack a man on his own property." Charlie stepped down to the creek. It really is a mess down here, he thought. "Think of it this way," Charlie said. "If we can get this trash out of the stream, that will help the fish. If we can keep the fish healthy, they might just eat the flies before they can bother us. Hey, look at that -- who left a can here?" 377 Use what you learned from the story "A Great Idea" to answer Numbers 1 through 4. Write your answers on a piece of paper. Which of these sentences from the story is an opinion? A "Well, the first step was to get the trash out of the stream." B "The trees provide habitats for animals." C "It seems pretty lively to me." D "Charlie stepped down to the creek." What happens right after Charlie hears something splash in the water? A Samantha tells how life was brought back to the stream. B Samantha points to a trout swimming in the stream. C Samantha starts a walking tour of the stream. D Samantha steps onto a rock in the stream. What gives Samantha a look of happy accomplishment in the story? A giving a tour of the stream B spending time with her cousin C talking about her science teacher D removing a can from the stream How does Charlie's way of thinking change in the story? A He decided he liked California better than North Carolina. B He becomes more interested in his own creek. C He thinks he wants to learn more about fishing. D He convinces his father to buy more land. Test Tips Eliminate answers that cannot be correct. Check your answer against the story. 378
Theme Connection Look at the illustration. * What do you recognize in this desk drawer? * How are these items connected to the theme Great Expectations? * What would you add to the drawer? Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 378 and page 379 in the print version. 379
Big Idea
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Vocabulary: Warm-Up Read the story to find the meanings of these words, which are also in "One Fine Day": * suitable * exhibition * aviation * pesky * sustained * emphasis * elements * data * era
* original Vocabulary Strategy Word Structure Greek and Latin roots, can often help you when you encounter an unfamiliar word. For example, the word aviation comes from the Latin root avis , meaning "bird." Knowing this root would help you make the connection to "flight" and "flying." Because I have so many different interests, it is difficult for me to decide on a career. Although I am only twelve, I already feel that quite a few jobs would be suitable for me. From day to day, different careers appeal to me. Last week I wanted to be a doctor; helping people for a career has always interested me. However, yesterday I went to a flying exhibition , and now I think I would like a career in aviation . Being a pilot seems exciting. I had no idea that airplanes could do what those stunt pilots made them do. I was so caught up in the show that I did not even notice all the silly plane noises my pesky younger brother was making. 381 I know being a pilot is not all about stunt flying. In fact, most pilots never do stunts. Most pilots work long and hard hours. A pilot must have sustained focus and be alert for long periods of time. It takes quite a bit of study to become a pilot. In college I would need to place an emphasis on courses in flight sciences. Besides the basic elements of flying, pilots need to learn and remember a lot of data . Aviation rules and regulations are just the beginning. Pilots must become familiar with flight plans, procedures, and maps. Being a pilot is not the only possibility, however. Unlike the first era of aviation, many related careers are now possible. For example, I could design an original flying machine. I could also manage an airline company, work on airplane engines, or train flight attendants. I might even work as an air-traffic controller. On the other hand, I may change my mind next week. Luckily I have plenty of time to decide. Game
Story Circle Work in small groups. One group member starts a story by using a vocabulary word in a sentence. The other members add sentences that continue the story. Each member uses a different vocabulary word in his or her sentence. Each group member writes the sentences as they are given. When every vocabulary word has been used, read your story aloud, and share it with the other groups. Concept Vocabulary The concept word for this lesson is innovator. Innovator means "someone who comes up with a new idea or invention." Why might someone call the Wright brothers innovators? How does innovator connect with the theme Great Expectations?
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Genre A radio play is a play written for a radio audience. It is performed by actors in a studio and then broadcast to the public. Comprehension Skill: Fact and Opinion As you read, distinguish between the facts, statements that can be proven true, and the opinions, statements that tell what someone feels or believes is true. Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 381 and page 382 in the print version. 383
One Fine Da by Elizabeth Van Steenwyk illustrated by Bill Farnsworth Focus Questions What role did experimentation play in the creation of the Flyer? How did the Wright brothers change the world?
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Orville: (PAUSE, THEN SOFTLY, SERIOUSLY) The wind, Wilbur. I'm concerned. What do you think its rate of velocity is? Wilbur: Hard to say, but it's brisk. Maybe, if we wait awhile, the wind will die down to suit our needs. Meantime, we can throw some more wood in the stove and cook some breakfast ... Orville: And, since I'm the cook, guess I'd better get started. Still, I'd rather fly than eat. Wilbur: You'll get your chance to do both before the day is out, Orville. I'm sure of it. PAUSE Wilbur: Good breakfast, Orville. Your oatmeal didn't have too many lumps this time. Orville: Or else you're getting used to them. How about a little more coffee? Wilbur: Just half a cup. Does it seem to you the wind has died down at all? Orville: Not much. I think we have to make a decision soon. If we want to fly today, we've got a lot to do to get ready. Lay out the track. Hang the signal for the men at the Lifesaving Station ... Wilbur: Wonder if they'll come and watch us? Orville: They came Monday, didn't they? Wilbur: Yes, and got nothing much to see for their trouble. Orville: Then we'd better ask them to come back, because we are going to fly today, Wilbur. Wilbur: Who said so? Orville: You did. 387
Wilbur: And about time you listened to me. Seriously, what really surprises me (BREATH) is why flying hasn't happened before. We've talked about that so many times. Look how long people have been staring at the heavens, waiting to imitate the birds, wanting to fly just like them ... Orville: Know why it hasn't happened? All those experimenters before us got the data wrong. How many times did we find numbers that weren't right? Wilbur: (INTERRUPTING) Like those air pressure tables we discovered a couple of years ago. Those tables were just plain, flat out wrong. If we hadn't finally noticed ... Orville: (INTERRUPTING) We had to start from scratch and do our own figuring as a result. Maybe nobody's flown yet because nobody bothered to check the data that was available. 388 Wilbur: Until we did. It was pretty brash of us to do it though. After all, the man who wrote out the tables is in charge of that museum down in Washington. But it was fun to figure out something nobody else had thought of before. Come on now, Orville. Admit it. It was fun when we straightened out the air pressure tables and got 'em right. Orville: Yep. Yep, that was fun. Wilbur: And when the Flyer gets off the ground this morning, that's going to be the most fun of all. Orville: (PAUSE) Got any doubts, Wilbur? Any doubts at all? Wilbur: Not a one. How about you? Orville: Never did. Wilbur: I think the wind is letting up now. About time we get started. Sound: DOOR OPENS. (PAUSE) DOOR CLOSES. WIND IN BACKGROUND. Wilbur: Just look at that sky. And those clouds. Ignore that sand, Orville. It's a fine day to fly. Orville: And it's my turn, in case you don't remember. We flipped a coin, and you got to fly on Monday. Wilbur: Three-and-a-half seconds is all, Orville. That hardly counts. But you go first today. I know that. Now, let's get the track laid over there on that smooth stretch of sand. 389
Wilbur: Good thinking. I'll start hauling stuff out of the shed. Orville: Better wait till the last minute to take the Flyer out though. That wind could give us trouble. Wilbur: We should have thought of a different name for the machine. Orville: Why? Flyer fits it perfectly. All we want it to do is fly. Wilbur: But maybe something fancier would have been easier for folks to remember in the future. Orville: No, no, I don't think so, Wilbur. We've been calling it Flyer all along. No point in changing its name now. Wilbur: Of course, you're right. Smart, too. I hear you take after your older brother. Orville: (LAUGHING) Which one? I've got three of them. Wilbur: You've got me there, Orville. Grab that end of the track and start lifting. Sound: SOUNDS OF EXERTION FOLLOW. SNATCHES OF CONVERSATION: "Bring it over this way." "Take it to the left." "Got it?" "There, that's good." ETC. Orville: That should do it, I think. Wilbur: Well, I believe we've thought of everything. The machine looks good, the track is nice and straight ... no bumps that I can see. 390
Orville: (BLOWS ON HIS HANDS) I think I'll just go inside and warm up a bit before we get started. Never figured on it being this cold. Sound: DOOR OPENS (PAUSE) DOOR SLAMS. SOUND OF WIND GROWS QUIETER. Wilbur: Don't forget, it is December. Orville: One consolation about that. Don't have to worry about any pesky mosquitoes and black flies. That first summer I thought they were going to bite right through our socks and underwear. Wilbur: You know, a week from tomorrow is Christmas. I'd like to wind up things here so we can be back in Dayton with the family for the holidays. Orville: We'll make it, 'specially if we fly today. Boy, the fire feels good. Sound: FIRE CRACKLING IN STOVE. Orville: Smells good, too. Was using the carbide can for a stove your idea or mine? Wilbur: Don't remember. I think our ideas have always sort of run together, just like our bank account. If anybody ever asks us, it'll be hard to say who invented what on our motor-powered flying machine. Orville: (PAUSE) Say, I think I hear folks outside. Some of the fellas from the Lifesaving Station must have seen the flag and want to watch us try again. Wilbur: The folks that live around here don't seem inclined to attend though. They didn't come on Monday, and doesn't look like any of them are coming today. Orville: So far, we haven't done anything worth watching. I guess we have to fly first, Wilbur. Wilbur: I got a feeling that's about to happen. Come on, January is a cruel month. Let's fly before December gets away from us. Say, let's remember to send Pa a telegram if we succeed. Orville: Good idea. Let's go. 391
Sound: DOOR OPENS. (PAUSE) WIND SOUNDS LOUDER. DOOR CLOSES. Orville: (SHOUTING ABOVE THE WIND) Hi, folks. Glad you could spare some time from the Lifesaving Station. We're about ready to try the Flyer again. If anybody wants to help, grab hold of the wings and hold her down until we're set. Oh, say, Mr. Daniels, would you stand by the camera there on that tripod and click it when the machine reaches the end of the track? My brother and I would appreciate it. Wilbur: Orville, time to go. I can't hold this wing down much longer. Climb aboard. (PAUSE) There, looks like you're all set. Orville: We've got our wind all right. It wants to do all the work. Wilbur: Keep control now, Orville, and let the wind help you, especially when you land. Orville: (IMPATIENTLY) All right, all right. I'm starting the motor now, to let it heat up for a few seconds. Hang on. Wilbur: Let me know when you're ready. 392 Sound: AIRPLANE MOTOR STARTING, THEN RUNNING SMOOTHLY. Orville: (CALLING OVER WIND AND MOTOR SOUND) Got to start now, Wilbur. The machine won't hold still any longer. Wilbur: I'll run beside you as long as I can keep up. Hang onto your cap so it doesn't get tangled up in the wings. Orville: I'm releasing the wire that holds the Flyer to the track. (REALLY EXCITED) Here we go. We're moving forward. It feels good. Steady, real steady. Wilbur: (BREATHLESSLY) But you're not moving very fast. What's wrong? Orville: The headwind's kicked up. Can't believe it got so strong. Come on, come on, let's go. Faster, let's go faster now. There, we're picking up speed. Here we go. This is wonderful. The wind on my face never felt so good. Wilbur: Here comes the end of the track. Here it comes and there you go. Orville, you're off the ground, you're flying! Orville, (SHOUTING NOW) Orville, can you hear me? You're flying! 393
Orville: (SOFTLY TO HIMSELF) I can't believe that I'm off the ground. I'm in the air, and the Flyer is doing it. No, I'm doing it, too. All that work, all those hours, and now it's happening. Did Mr. Daniels take the picture? Where's Wilbur? He should be here too. How far have I gone? Oh, no, I can't control the front rudder. We should have worked harder on it. It's making me turn too much. The Flyer is turning too much. It's going down, down, but I'm still in control. I can't let the Flyer take over now. Here we go back down to earth. Aaah. That's good. That's nice. The wind is helping me land and the machine is all right and I am too, because I have flown in the air like a bird. Not far, not long, but enough. For now. 394 Wilbur: (BEGIN OFF MIKE, THEN COME UP TO THE MIKE) Orville, Orville, you flew for twelve seconds. Look, I clocked it. Orville: (EXCITED) How far did I go? How far? Tell me. Wilbur: Don't know yet, till I figure it. But, oh, my, you flew right off, Orville. I think our pa's going to be mighty proud of you. Orville: Proud of both of us, Wilbur. Today, the Wright Brothers flew the first powered machine into the air. Say, I've forgotten. What day is this? Wilbur: It's Thursday, December 17, 1903, Orville. (BREATH) One fine day for flying. Narrator I: The Flyer actually flew 120 feet on that first flight, and it flew three more times that day. Then a sudden gust of wind sent the flying machine careening over and over on the sand, and it was damaged to the point that it did not fly again, ever. But the Wright Brothers were satisfied with the results of the day and began to think of how they could improve the machine. Later, they walked four miles to the Kitty Hawk weather station to send a telegram to their father. As they walked, they quietly and surely stepped into history. Music: UP TO FILL TIME, FADE OUT. (SUGGESTED TITLE: "COME JOSEPHINE IN MY FLYING MACHINE" SUNG BY BILLY MURRAY AND ADA JONES) 395
Wilbur and Orville Wright's original airplane was on exhibition in Great Britain for more than twenty years. A formal ceremony was held when it was returned to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C., on December 17, 1948, the forty-fifth anniversary of the first flight. The exhibition label states: The Original Wright Brothers' aeroplane. The world's first power-driven heavier-than-air machine in which man made free, controlled, and sustained flight. Invented and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright, and flown by them at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 17, 1903. By original, scientific research the Wright Brothers discovered the principles of human flight. As inventors, builders, and flyers they further developed the aeroplane, taught man to fly, and opened the era of aviation. 396 Directory: books -> 0-00-NIMAC books -> Active Vocabulary books -> Books we finished XIV books -> The theology of the balaam oracles: a pagan diviner and the word of god books -> The rhetoric of the father books -> You Can If You Try Unit 7 Nonfiction books -> How to Get the Most Out of books -> The tregenza family books -> Unconditional hatred 0-00-NIMAC -> Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Risks and Consequences, Nature's Delicate Balance, a changing America, Science Fair, America on the Move, Dollars and Sense, Level 4 [Grade 4] Download 1.74 Mb. Share with your friends:
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