Status report on the key climate variables technical supplement to the
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- Contributing baseline GCOS observations
- Significant data management issues
- Issues and priorities
Main climate applicationThis is needed for climate change modelling and estimation of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. These gases – largely nitrous and nitric oxide are responsible for up to 10% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. Terrestrial ecosystems account for about two-thirds of the emissions, split roughly 50:50 between natural ecosystems (soils) and agriculture (about 25% from mineral fertiliser and 50% from livestock and their manure) though there is great uncertainty about this because of the wide range of emission coefficients for different agricultural sources. Emissions could increase 35-60% over the next 30 years, so it is important to improve the spatial coverage and quality of the non C GHG data going into climate change modelling. Contributing baseline GCOS observationsNone. Other contributing observationsFAO soil map of the world and AEZ data. FAO AGROSTAT for land cover and land use data including livestock numbers and mineral fertiliser use. TOPC fire area and the Global Fire Product. IGBP experiments. Significant data management issuesLack of consensus on approach for land use classification. Analysis productsTime series for national and sub-national average emissions from livestock and fertilizer use. Time series for national average emissions from natural ecosystems using soil and AEZ data. Current capabilityLand cover estimates from remote sensing can be combined with vegetation maps and national agricultural statistics to provide land use estimates. These can be used with survey data on fertilizer use by crops and average emission values to give gross N2O and NOx estimates of +/- 50% accuracy. Issues and priorities
GENERAL REFERENCES CEOS Yearbook, 1997: Committee on Earth Observation satellites: Towards an Integrated Global Observing Strategy. Smith System Engineering Limited, UK. Copyright 1997 European Space Agency (ESA). IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. NRC (National Research Council), 1999: Adequacy of the climate observing systems. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 51pp. OceanObs 99 Conference Statement. OceanObs 99 International Conference on the Ocean Observing System for Climate, 18-22 Oct. 1999, Saint-Raphaël, France. WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 1998: Report on the adequacy of the Global Climate Observing Systems -- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, WMO GCOS-48. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Acronyms and Abbreviations ACE-2 North Atlantic Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler AEROCE Aerosol Oceanic Chemistry Experiment AEZ Agro-Ecological Zoning (FAO system for land resource assessment) AGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas experiment AMDAR Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay AMSR-E Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS, NASA AMSU Advanced MSU AO Arctic Oscillation AOGCMS Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model AOPC Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate AQUA NASA Earth science satellite mission to study the Earth’s water cycle Argo A global array of profiling floats (part of IGOS) ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurements ASAP Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme ASDAR Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Relay ASOS Automated Surface Observing System ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ATSR Along Track Scanning Radiometer AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer AWOS Automated Weather Observing System BATS Bermuda Atlantic Time Series BSRN Baseline Surface Radiation Network CACGP Commission for Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution CALM Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring CAPMoN Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network CARDS Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set CBS Commission for Basic Systems CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CERES Cloud and Earth Radiant Energy System CliC Climate and Cryosphere (WCRP) CLIMAT Monthly surface climate summary report CLIMAT TEMP Report of monthly aerological means from a land station CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability (study) of WCRP CLP Cold Land Processes Experiment CMDL Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory COADS Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set COAPS Center for Ocean-Atmosphere Prediction Studies, FSU COARE Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA) COP Conference of the Parties (to UNFCCC) COSMIC Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate CRF Cloud Radiative Forcing CRN Climate Reference Network CRU Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia (UK) CRYSYS Study of variability and change in the Canadian CRYospheric SYStem CTD Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Probe DAO Data Assimilation Office (NASA, USA) DARE DAta REscue DEM Digital Elevation Model DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon DMS Data Management System DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (USA) DORIS Doppler Orbitography by Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite DQO Data Quality Objective DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst (Germany) EASE Equal Area Scalable Earth (grid) ECMWF European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasts EF Evaporation Fraction EI Environment Institute EMEP Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe ENSO El Niño/Southern Oscillation EOS Earth Observing Satellite EOSDIS Earth Observing System Data Information System ERA ECMWF ReAnalysis ERB Earth Radiation Budget ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ESA European Space Agency ETH Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich EUMETSAT European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAPAR Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation FLUXNET Global network to measure exchanges of CO2, water vapour and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere FoG Fluctuations of Glaciers FPAR Plant-absorbed Fraction of Incoming Photosynthetically Active Radiation FSU Florida State University GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GAWSIS GAW Information System GAWTEK GAW Training and Education Centre GCM General (or global) Circulation Model GCN GLOCC Core Network GCOS Global Climate Observing System (WMO/IOC/ICSU/UNEP) GDP Global Drifter Program GEBA Global Energy Budget Archive, Zurich GEF Global Environment Facility GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System GEOSECS Geochemical Ocean Sections Study GERB Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget GHCN Global Historical Climatological Network GHG Greenhouse Gas GHOST Global Heirarchical Observing Strategy GLIMS Global Land Ice Measurements from Space GLOSS Global Sea Level Observing System GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (Japan) GO3OS Global Ozone Observing System GOCE Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Mission (ESA) GODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOOS Global Ocean Observing System (IOC/WMO/ICSU/UNEP) GOS Global Observing System GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre GPCP Global Precipitation Climatology Project GPS Global Positioning System GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment GRAS Global navigation satellite systems radio occultation GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (ESA) GRDC Global Runoff data Centre, Koblenz GRID Global Resource Information Database GSN GCOS Surface Network GSNMC GCOS Surface Network Monitoring Centre GTN-G Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers GTN-H Global Terrestrial Network for Hydrology GTN-E Global Terrestrial Network for Ecology GTN-P Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost GTOS Global Terrestrial Observing System (FAO/ICSU/UNEP/UNESCO/WMO) GTS Global Telecommunications System GUAN GCOS Upper Air Network HadRT Hadley Centre data set of monthly global gridded temperature anomalies computed from radiosonde station data from 1958 to present HadSLP Hadley Centre Historical gridded global monthly Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) data set HCN Historical Climatology Network HSDSD Historical Soviet Daily Snow Depth HOT Hawaii Ocean Time-series IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IASI Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer ICLAS International Coordination group for Laser Atmospheric Studies ICOADS International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams ICSI International Commission on Snow and Ice ICSU International Council for Science IGAC International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Programme IGACO Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme IGOS Integrated Global Observing Strategy IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IOC/WMO) IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment centre IHDP International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ILEC International Lake Environment Committee IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments Network IMS Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) IOC International Ozone Commission IOCCG International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group IPA International Permafrost Association IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (WMO/UNEP) IR Infrared IRRI International Rice Research Institute IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics JASON Oceanography mission to study global ocean circulation (post-Topex/Poseidon) JCOMM Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (within IGBP) JMA Japan Meteorological Agency JRC Joint Research Centre LAI Leaf Area Index LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging LUCC Land-Use and Cover Change (IGBP/IHDP) MBB Mass Balance Bulletin MCDW Monthly Climatic Data of the World (surface and upper air) MISR Multi-angle Imaging Spectrometer ML (Upper ocean) Mixed Layer MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MOPITT Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere NAO North Atlantic Oscillation NARSTO North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA) NASDA National Space Development Agency (Japan) NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) NCDC National Climatic Data Center of NOAA (USA) NCEP National Centres for Environmental Prediction of NOAA (USA) NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (USA) NDSI Normalized Difference Snow Index NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NEE Net Ecosystem Exchange from Eddy Correlation, CO2 Flux NERC Natural Environment Research Council (UK) NESDIS National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service of NOAA (USA) NH Northern Hemisphere NHS National Hydrological Service NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research NMHS National Meteorological and Hydrological Service NMS National Meteorological Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NODC National Oceanic Data Center NPOESS National Polar Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System NPP Net Primary Production NRC National Research Council (USA) NSCAT NASA Scatterometer NSF National Science Foundation NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center NVAP NASA Water Vapor Project NWP Numerical Weather Prediction NWS National Weather Service OACES Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study, NOAA ONR Office of Naval Research OOPC Ocean Observations Panel for Climate OSE Observing System Experiment PACE Permafrost and Climate in Europe PAR Photosynthetically Available Radiation PATMOS Pathfinder Atmosphere PDO Pacific Decadal Oscillation PET Potential Evapotranspiration PFR Precision Filter Radiometer PIBALs Wind Soundings PIRATA Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic PO.DAAC Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center POES Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite PSC Polar Stratospheric Clouds PSMSL Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level PUMA Preparation for the use of METEOSAT Second Generation in Africa QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control RAOBS Radiosonde soundings RBCN Regional Basic Climate network RBSN Regional Basic Synoptic Network RCM Regional Climate Model RH Relative humidity RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, NL SAG Scientific Advisory Group SATOBS Satellite Wind Observations SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice (of UNFCCC/COP) SeaBASS SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System SeaDASS SeaWiFS Data Analysis System SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-view Sensor SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visual and Infrared Imager SH Southern Hemisphere SHADOZ Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes SHI State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersberg SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer SOOP Ship of Opportunity Programme SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPARC Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (of WCRP) SRB Surface Radiation Budget SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave/Imager SST Sea Surface Temperature SWE Snow Water Equivalent SYNOP Report of surface meteorological observation (synoptic time) from a land station T Temperature (Td, dew point temperature; Tw, Wet bulb Temperature) TAO Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array TAR Third Assessment Report (of IPCC) TERRA Flagship satellite of NASA’s Earth Observing System TIROS Television Infrared Observations Satellite TIROS-N Next-generation TIROS TOA Top of the Atmosphere TOGA Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere study of WCRP TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer TOPC Terrestrial Observations Panel for Climate TOPEX Ocean Surface Topography Experiment TOPEX/POSEIDON US/French Ocean Topography Satellite Altimeter Experiment TOVS TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder TRITON Triangle Trans Ocean Buoy Network (Japan) TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UCI University of California at Irvine UM University of Miami UN United Nations UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Brazil, 1992) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time VOS Volunteer Observing Ship VOSCLIM Volunteer Observing Ship Climate Project WB World Bank WCP World Climate Programme WCRP World Climate Research Programme WDC World Data Centre WDCGG WDC for Greenhouse Gases WGI IPCC Working Group I WGII IPCC Working Group II WGIII IPCC Working Group III WGMS World Glacier Monitoring Service WHO World Health Organization WHYCOS World Hydrological Cycle Observing System WMO World Meteorological Organization WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment (of WCRP) WOOD World Ocean Optical Data WORCC World Optical Depth Research and Calibration Centre, Davos WOUDC World Ozone and UV Data Center (Canada) WRC World Radiation Centre, Davos WRDC World Radiation Data Centre, St. Petersberg, Russia WWW World Weather Watch XBT eXpendable Bathy-Thermograph
CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CH3CCl3 Methyl chloroform Ch4 Methane CO Carbon Monoxide C02 Carbon Dioxide h2 Hydrogen HCFC Hydrochloroflurocarbon HFC Hydroflurocarbon H2O Water vapour MSA Methanesulfonate N2 Molecular Nitrogen NH3 Ammonia No Nitric Oxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NOx Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2) N2O Nitrous Oxide O2 Molecular Oxygen O3 Ozone PFC Perfluorocarbon SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SO2 Sulphur Dioxide VOC Volatile Organic Compound 1 The Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC. GCOS-82, April 2003. Directory: pages -> prog prog -> Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan prog -> Review of the ra IV hurricane operational plan prog -> Cyclone programme prog -> World meteorological organization prog -> World meteorological organization technical document prog -> Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan prog -> World meteorological organization ra IV hurricane committee thirty-fourth session prog -> World meteorological organization ra IV hurricane committee thirty-third session prog -> Review of the past hurricane season prog -> Ra IV hurricane committee thirty-fourth session ponte vedra beach, fl, usa Download 0.61 Mb. Share with your friends:
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