Submission of proposals
U.S Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC)
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| U.S Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC)
A00-076 TITLE: Development of Radio Frequency Mitigation Technologies for Missile Defense Electronics TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Electronics OBJECTIVE: Identify, develop, and demonstrate techniques to protect missile defense radars, communication devices, and other electronic systems from hostile or co-site radio frequency (RF) and electromagnetic (EM) energy. DESCRIPTION: The incorporation of modern microelectronics into military radar, communication, and sensor systems lowers their threshold for damage from RF and EM sources. Effects of RF and EM radiation can be mitigated through limiters and shielding. While there has been some research on new shielding technologies, significant improvements in limiter capabilities are required to reduce insertion losses, decrease turn-on time, reduce cost, and increase power handling capability. State-of-the-art front-end limiters fall into two categories: 1) very fast, high voltage limiters that are heavy and incompatible with solid state electronics and 2) very small, compact limiters that have limited power handling capabilities. Recent investigations into plasma limiters (Reference 1), fractal limiters, and other innovative front-end isolation techniques indicate the expectation that a new class of limiter can be developed having sub-nanosecond response times and that can reflect up to 10 kilowatts of RF power with very low insertion losses. These limiters are needed in the 10 MHz to 100 GHz frequency band, with primary emphasis in the 1 to 10 GHz region. It is unlikely that a single technology can effectively mitigate across this span of application, but solutions are desired that can mitigate RF effects over the broadest possible bands. While the primary focus of this effort is to protect radar front-end electronics, these limiter technologies will also be applicable to communications equipment and COTS electronics, such as computers. In addition to the limiter technology being sought, innovative RF shielding technologies that can protect from 100kHz to 100 GHz are also needed. Another area of research that has not been extensively investigated is the use of algorithms for mitigation of RF effects on system performance. Even with shielding and limiters, it is possible for some RF radiation to enter electronics. One method of ensuring that electronic systems function as required is to use a sense and respond algorithm that will monitor the performance of the operating electronics and then respond to anomalies generated by the RF interference. All mitigation techniques proposed must be applicable to Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) electronics. Because of the potential need to retrofit existing systems, the techniques must be low-cost and applicable to a wide variety of electronic systems. PHASE I: Analyze, design, and conduct proof-of-principle demonstrations of practical techniques to protect military electronics from high-power external RF emissions. PHASE II: Develop prototype protection devices and conduct tests to evaluate the performance of protection devices and protected equipment in challenging RF environments. Prepare detailed plans to implement demonstrated capabilities on critical military and commercial applications. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Dual applications exist for RF mitigation technologies with the commercial electronics industry. The RF environment that commercial radars, communications equipment, and other electronics are exposed to is becoming increasingly severe. The technologies developed through this research program will provide protection of both military and commercial electronics from both accidental and deliberate threats. REFERENCES: [1] Kikel, A., et. al.; Plasma Limiters. AIAA paper AIAA-98-2564. 1998 KEYWORDS: Radio Frequency Mitigation, Electromagnetic Interference, Shielding, Limiters A00-077 TITLE: Enhanced Munitions TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes, Weapons OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this effort are to develop enhanced explosive and nonexplosive medium caliber munitions (40-mm to 155-mm) or critical technologies that support these developments. These capabilities would be achieved by adding a directed energy capability or by using new advanced explosive/reactive materials to existing delivery systems. DESCRIPTION: The radius of damage and the destructive power of conventional munitions is limited to that of the blast and fragments. The objectives of this effort are to extend the lethal range of munitions, increase the scope of the target set, and enhance destruction capability. A directed energy component, such as high power microwave or ultra wideband signals can attack sensitive electronics and may have longer lethal ranges than blast waves and fragments [1-12]. Reactive materials can be achieved with new types of highly energetic explosives/reactive materials that can provide new sensor blinding and power system disruption mechanisms to enhance lethal damage to targets. PHASE I: Identify potential technologies and analyze, design, and conduct proof-of-principle demonstrations to 1) verify that the output is predictable and is consistent with predictions and 2) to assess effects on various targets. PHASE II: Design, build, and test enhanced prototype munitions and verify their capabilities under field conditions. Design production process for mass producing them. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The nonexplosive RF technologies developed under this effort could be applicable to multiple military and commercial applications requiring pulsed power. These include water purification units, nondestructive testing systems, magnetic resonant imaging systems, and lightning simulators. The explosive systems could be used for oil and mineral exploration. REFERENCES: [1] J. Benford and J. Swegle, High Power Microwaves, Artech House, Boston (1992). [2] L. Altgilbers, M. Brown, I. Grishnaev, B. Novac, S. Tkach, Y. Tkach, Magnetocumulative Generators, Springer-Verlag, New York (1999). [3] L. Altgilbers, et al, "Compact Explosive Driven Sources of Microwaves: Test Results", Megagauss 98 Proceedings, to be published. [4] A.B. Prishchepenko, V.V. Kiseljov, and I.S. Kudimov, "Radio Frequency Weapon at the Future Battlefield", EUROEM, in Proceedings of EUROEM 94, Bordeaux (1994). [5] A.B. Prishchepenko and V.P. Zhitnikov. "EM Weapon (EMW) in Air Defense or Some Aspects of Application of EM Radiation in the High-Frequency Band as a Striking Force", Air Defense Hearld, No. 7, pp. 51 - 55 (1993). [6] A.B. Prishchepenko and V.P. Zhitnikov. "Microwave Ammunitions: SUMM CRIQUE", in Proceedings of AMREM 96, Albuquerque (1996). [7] A.B. Prishchepenko, "Devices Built Around Permanent Magnets for Generating an Initial Current in Helical Explosive Magnetic Generators", Instruments and Experimentation Techniques, 38(4), Part 2, pp. 515 - 520 (1995). [8] A.B. Prishchepenko and M.V. Shchelkachev, "Operating Regime of an Explosive Magnetic Field Compression Generator with a Capacitive Load with a Consideration of Magnetic Flux Losses", Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 32(6), pp. 848 - 854 (1991). [9] Prishchepenko, A.B. and V.M. Shchelkachev. "The Work of the Implosive type Generator with Capacitive Load", Electricity, No. 7, pp. 54 - 57 (1997). [10] A.A. Barmin and A.B. Prishchepenko, "Compression of a Magnetic Field in a Single Cyrstal by a Strong Converging Ionizing Shock Wave", in Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Pulsed Power Applications (eds. M. Cowan and R.B. Spielman), Nova Science Publ., New York, pp. 35 - 40 (1994). [11] A.B. Prishchepenko, D.V. Tretjakov, and M.V. Shchelkachev. "Energy Balance by Explosive Piezoelectric Generator of Frequency Work", Electrical Technology, No. 1, pp. 141 - 145 (1997). [12] A.B. Prishchepenko, "Electromagnetic Munitions", 96UM0427 Moscow Soldat Udachi, No. 3, pp. 45 - 46 (1996).
A00-078 TITLE: Variable Optical Filter TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors, Electronics DOD ACQUISITION PROGRAM SUPPORTING THIS PROGRAM: Program Executive Office – Army Missile Defense OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate an optical filter with transmission (1) variable over at least four orders of magnitude, (2) uniform over the aperture of the filter, and (3) uniform over the visible- and near-infrared- bands. DESCRIPTION: Conventional cameras use a combination of exposure time and f-stop control (iris) to accommodate brightness ranges of up to six orders of magnitude. Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and current state-of-the-art solid-state cameras on telescopes without f-stop control can use electronic shutters to compensate for changes of only three orders of magnitude in brightness. The closest available technology, LCD shutters, provides an insufficient range of transmission and does not adequately block near-infrared (NIR). Missile flight tests include events with large brightness changes. For example, reentry vehicles can brighten more than ten orders of magnitude in 20 seconds; a sensor configured to acquire high-altitude data will be badly saturated and exhibit artifacts at low altitudes. To supplement exposure-time control, a variable filter is needed which, on command, can rapidly change transmission over a range of at least four orders of magnitude. Transmission should change from one known value to another within one millisecond. It is convenient to have the available steps separated by no more than a factor of two in transmission. Transmission must be uniform over the field of view and should match in the visible and NIR bands. While high transmission of NIR is desired to increase sensitivity, the ability to eliminate NIR is essential to reduce artifacts. (i. e., from 400 thru 1200 nanometers). While high transmission of NIR is desired to increase sensitivity, the ability to eliminate NIR (650 thru 1200 nanometers) is essential to reduce artifacts. Focal planes are typically <13 mm diagonally, but applications up to 60 mm are likely. The most desirable configuration would be a small, non-mechanical, electronically controlled unit, which can be located in or near the C-mount of a lensless solid-state camera. Trade studies can be performed to evaluate alternative solutions such as mechanical obscuration, variable reflectance, and variable passband. PHASE I: Identify and compare the predicted performance of candidate technologies. Demonstrate proof-of-principle at a bench level of promising approach (es). PHASE II: Develop, fabricate and evaluate prototype for selected technology. Conduct laboratory and field-testing to demonstrate performance in critical areas (e.g. control of transmission attenuation, focal plane size, frequency response, operational speed, and uniformity). PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: A non-mechanical device should enjoy wide use supporting the transition from traditional to solid-state imaging devices. REFERENCES: Brightness Calibration of Charge-Coupled Device Camera Systems, H. Zghal and H. El Maraghy, Opt. Eng. 39 (2), 336-346, Feb. 2000. A Comparison of the Performance of Spatial-filtering and Time-of-flight Imaging Systems, D. Barnett and P. Smith, Applied Optics and Optoelectronics, Proceedings of the Fourth Applied Optics Division Conference of the Institute of Physics, Sept. 1996. Optical Filter Design and Analysis, Chapter 7: Optical Measurements and Filter Analysis, C.K. Madsen, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1999. An Overview of Thermal Imagers and Their Basic Components, D. Dovonan, et al, Applications of Photonic Technology: First International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, held Toronto Canada 1994, Plenum Press, New York, 1995. CCDs for the Lyman Fuse Mission, L.J. Cheng, Applications of Photonic Technology: First International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, held Toronto Canada 1994, Plenum Press, New York, 1995. J. Heflin, et al, SPIE 3147, 10, 1997. J. Heflin et al, Appl. Physics Letters, Vol. 74 (4), pp. 495-497, 1999. J. Heflin, et al, SPIE 2854, 162, 1996 G. Decher, et al, Thin Solid Films, 210/211, 831, 1992. Web Reference: http://www.newport.com/Optics_and_Mechanics/Polarization_Optics/Liquid-Crystal_Light_Control_System/ KEYWORDS: Variable Filter, Optical Filter, Visible-band, Near-infrared A00-079 TITLE: Mitigation of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Effects on Long Lines for Missile Defense System and Infrastructure Protection TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Electronics OBJECTIVE: Identify, develop, and demonstrate low-cost techniques to protect military and critical infrastructure systems with long power and communication lines from the effects of MHD-EMP. DESCRIPTION: Ground based missile defense systems and their supporting infrastructure rely on long line cables for power and communications. Solar geomagnetic storms in northern areas have disrupted equipment on the long lines of protected electrical distribution systems [Reference 1]. The response of nuclear MHD-EMP (E3) is similar to that produced by solar geomagnetic storms, but has a somewhat greater electric field intensity [Reference 2] and both can induce very high ground currents that can burnout AC transformers and cause other problems that may be expensive to fix and require replacement of items with long lead times. Because defense systems rely heavily on commercial infrastructure, we seek low-cost, widely-applicable mitigation technologies to alleviate the effects of MHD-EMP on military systems and their supporting infrastructure. Mitigation will require safe and effective dissipation of very large currents and energy. Reference 2 provides an unclassified overview of the MHD-EMP environment in comparison with solar geomagnetic storms. The same mitigation technologies should be applicable to the reduction of currents induced by solar geomagnetic storms. The next solar maximum is predicted to occur during 2000. This should provide an outstanding opportunity to measure MHD effects on long lines and the mitigation technique effectiveness on systems of interest. PHASE I: Analyze, design, and conduct proof-of-principle demonstrations of practical techniques to ensure operability of long-line electrical and communication systems when exposed to MHD-EMP and solar geomagnetic storm environments. PHASE II: Develop prototype protection devices and conduct tests to evaluate the performance of protection devices and protected equipment in MHD-EMP environments. Prepare detailed plans to implement demonstrated capabilities on critical military and commercial applications. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Dual applications exist for MHD-EMP and solar geomagnetic storm mitigation technologies within the commercial electrical power distribution industry. Commercial power distributors must ensure that critical electrical systems remain operable in the presence of solar geomagnetic storms and post-EMP operability is critical to national military and economic recovery efforts. While northern power grids have some protection, severe solar storms in the past have caused widespread disruption. The protection technologies developed by this effort can be applied worldwide to ensure that long-line power and communication systems will not be disrupted by severe geomagnetic disturbances and nuclear MHD-EMP. REFERENCES: [1] What Utilities Learn From Disasters. Electrical World, November 1993, pp. 50-51 [2] Barnes, P.R., et al.; MHD-EMP Analysis and Protection. Defense Nuclear Agency Document DNA-TR-92-101; September 1993.
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