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A02-065 TITLE: Chaotic Radio Frequency (RF) Sources for Ranging and Detection (RADAR) Applications
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors
OBJECTIVE: Design methods of efficiently generating chaotic radio frequency signals for ranging and detection applications and develop a prototype system
DESCRIPTION: Technical Challenge/Background: Chaotic sources offer a new model for designing versatile, wide bandwidth RF sources for communications and radar applications. As opposed to conventional signal generation approaches that require explicit modulation of rock-stable oscillators, inherently unstable oscillators may offer more flexibility while operating in regimes of better efficiency. The wideband, non-repeating nature of chaotic waveforms makes them ideal for high-accuracy unambiguous ranging with high resistance to jamming as well as low probability of detection. In addition, the deterministic nature of chaos allows auto-synchronization between transmitter-receiver pairs. Exploiting these properties in a complete system is an unexplored arena.
PHASE I: Identify sources of RF chaos that are readily modeled and have potential to be used in ranging and detection systems. It is reasonable to expect that traveling wave tubes (TWT), klystrons, or other standard RF sources may be coaxed into generating chaotic output. The source must exhibit a broadband waveform due to deterministic dynamics, which can be modeled to facilitate controller design and predict performance characteristics. Preference will be given to sources that have regimes of low-dimensional chaos for which a symbolic dynamical description exists. The first phase of this project is intended to be solely theoretical.
Phase II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype system using the most promising chaotic RF source identified in Phase I. Carry out experimental studies of transmission, reception, control, and synchronization in realistic environments by simulation and by physical experiments in a laboratory environment. Identify limitations on the prototype system and on potential follow-on systems. Characterize the level of accuracy/confidence in the system within those limitations.
Phase III: All listed benefits to military applications also apply to commercial uses. The potential low-cost nature of this technology makes it particulary applicable for civilian uses such as automotive collision avoidance systems.
References:

1) Mathematical and Computer Sciences Division, Toward a New Digital Communication Technology Based on Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1996.

2) A. S. Dimitriev, A. I. Panas, S. O. Starkov, and B. E. Kyarginsky, "Direct chaotic circuits for communications in microwave band", Radiotekhnika i elektronika, 2001, Vol. 46 pp. 224-233 (in Russian), nlin-cd/0110047 (english).
KEYWORDS: Chaos, radar, wide bandwidth


A02-066 TITLE: Non-invasive Device for Diagnosis of Compartment Syndrome
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Biomedical
OBJECTIVE: The goal is to develop a small hand-held device for noninvasive determination of compartment pressure or suitable correlate in extremities. The device will be used by the combat surgeon to aid in the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. The device must be able to function properly in patients suffering from shock or other conditions that may cause low tissue oxygen saturation on a global level.
DESCRIPTION: Extremity trauma historically constitutes more than of 70% of battlefield injury (Maricevic et al., 1997). Battlefield injuries of the extremities involving blunt trauma, open or closed fractures, vascular injury caused by missile penetration, or circumferential burns often lead to compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome is defined as a condition in which high pressure within a closed fascial space (muscle compartment) reduces capillary blood perfusion below the level necessary for tissue viability (Mubarak et al., 1989). As the duration and magnitude of interstitial pressure increases, myoneural function is impaired and necrosis of soft tissues eventually develops. Prompt surgical intervention in the form of a fasciotomy, or in the case of circumferential burns, an escharotomy, is required to relieve the pressure. Failure to perform these procedures can lead to the loss of both limb and life. Indeed, it has been reported, among the civilian population, that 75% of amputations of the lower extremities are related to a delay in performing fasciotomy or an incomplete fasciotomy in patients with compartment syndrome (Feliciano, 1988).

There are indirect/noninvasive methods that indicate the presence of compartment syndrome, including, pallor of the extremity, loss of distal pulse, extreme pain of the affected limb, and paralysis. However, the need for surgical intervention is typically indicated by direct measurement of compartment pressure using an indwelling catheter/manometer system. The invasive nature of this method is typically not practical in a combat casualty care environment, thus a noninvasive device that would substitute for conventional invasive methods would be of great benefit to the combat surgeon. Tissue oxygen saturation determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to diagnose compartment syndrome with encouraging success (Garr et al., 1999; Giannotti et al., 2000). However, some form of shock, resulting in low tissue oxygen saturation globally, often accompanies combat trauma. This leads to concern that diagnosis of compartment syndrome based on tissue oxygen saturation may be problematic under these conditions, possibly leading to erroneous diagnosis and unnecessary or inappropriate surgical treatment.


PHASE I: Identify a technology the may be used for noninvasive determination of compartment syndrome or a suitable correlate. The approach must compatible with developing a portable system that will operate in a variety of environments, including the battlefield, and be cost-effective. The technology should be demonstrated to verify it has the potential to meet the requirements discussed herein.
PHASE II: Using the results from Phase I, the design of a functioning device will be determined and the system constructed. Performance will be evaluated in a variety of environmental conditions and for a variety of trauma victim conditions. The system will be evaluated and optimized to determine its effectiveness in determining compartment pressure, or suitable correlate, and validate the data against the slit or wick catheter technique in an animal model for compartment syndrome.

PHASE III DUAL USE COMMERCIALIZATION: If successful this program will lead to a commercially viable hand held, rugged, non-invasive device for the determination of extremity compartment pressures in humans. This is critical not only for DoD medical personnel treating injury victims, particularly on the battlefield, but also for the private sector to increase survival for injury victims of traffic accidents, industrial accidents, construction accidents, and crime victims, to name a few.

REFERENCES:

1) Feliciano, D. V., Cruse-Pamela, A., Spjut-Patrinely, V. Fasciotomy after Trauma to the Extremities. Am. J. Surg. 1988, December, 156 (6), pp. 533-536.

2) Garr, J. L., Gentilello, L. M., Cole, P. A., Mock, C. N., Matsen, F. A. Monitoring for Compartmental Syndrome Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Noninvasive, Continuous, Transcutaneous Monitoring Technique. J Trauma, 1999, April, 46 (4), pp. 613-616.

3) Giannotti, G., Cohn, S. M., Brown, M., Varela, J. E., McKenney, M. G., Wiseberg, J. A. Utility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome. J Trauma, 2000, March, 48 (3), pp. 396-399.

4) Maricevic, A., Erceg, M., Gekic, K. Primary Wound Closure in War Amputations of the Limbs. International Orthopedics. 1997, 21, pp. 364-366

5) Mubarak, S. J., Pedowitz, R. A., Hargens, A. R. Compartment Syndromes. Curr Orthop. 1989, 3, pp. 36-40.


KEYWORDS: Compartment syndrome; compartment pressure; extremity trauma; non-invasive medical device

A02-067 TITLE: Hybrid Computer-Human Supervision of Complex Discrete-Event Systems
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles
OBJECTIVE: This work is to develop a technology for a hybrid human-computer supervision of complex systems. Computer automation of increasingly complex systems is a reality we are faced with. Yet, as the complexity of the system increases, so does the need to accommodate human involvement in both the system and its supervision. A formal approach to designing and analyzing the behavior of such systems has been developed by the PI and his coworkers and paved the way for its realization. It is proposed here to work on the actual application of the principle.
DESCRIPTION: Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) [1] and its applications in computer supervision of complex discrete event systems has received much attention in the last decade. Much of the SCT research has dealt with the interaction between the (controlled) plant and the (computer) supervisor. However, in many potential applications for this modeling and control framework, such as FCS, supervision of manufacturing systems, nuclear and conventional power plants, aircraft flight control systems and chemical batch processing systems, a human operator is an integral part of the system. The problem of synthesizing computer supervisors for such systems, taking into consideration the human operator's interaction with them, has not received much attention within this formal framework.
A program of research is desirable that explores, extends and applies the model of current hybrid human-computer supervision systems [2]. Specifically, the following issues and tasks of a multiple user system should be addressed: (a) Satisfying Multiple Objectives: When a human operator and a computer supervisor interact with the same system, each may have different objectives. (b) Priority Sharing Schedules: The current work is mostly based upon a strict sequence of sharing of priority. It is important to allow for additional flexibility in the behavior of the closed loop system under supervision and introduce the notion of "fairness in the average" for such systems. (c) Multiple User Systems: We believe that modeling multi-user systems, i.e., computer supervised systems in which multiple human operators may be simultaneously performing different tasks. Good examples of such systems include power plants, manufacturing systems, air-traffic control, command and coordination in field and military operations, etc. From a theoretical perspective, multiple user systems raise a number of theoretical issues. We hope to be able to address a few of them, for example: (a) How does one compute a supervisor for dealing with multiple users? (b) How does one define a "fairness" measure for users in such a system? How does one guarantee a floor level of this measure during system operation? And (c) Is it possible to guarantee each user that (s)he will at some time in the future be able to reach a goal state (or generate a marked substring)? That is, all the users in the system can complete their tasks, albeit not simultaneously.
PHASE I: Develop the control theory necessary to: (1) satisfactorily treat multiple objectives; (2) incorporate priority sharing schedules including the notion of "fairness" and (3) include multiple users with different tasks incorporating a quantitative measure of "fairness".
PHASE II: Apply the theory completed in Phase I to the development of computer supervisors and hybrid computer-human supervisory environments in the following applications: (a) Manufacturing and Logistic Systems; (b) Shared Environment; (c) Interface Design; (d) Training and Simulation Environments; (e) Multi-Agent Systems Design and Analysis: in the design of multi-agent systems, the problem of agent coordination and control is one that is particularly difficult. This becomes even more critical when multiple users/agents are interacting in some physical space (as in combat) or with a physical plant (as in a power plant). (f) Distributed Command and Coordination Problems: in distributed command and coordination problems, consider the central command setting limits and constraints which a number of field units in an ensemble must satisfy.
PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Technologies of Supervisory Control for hybrid human-machine systems are of critical importance for both military and civilian applications. Examples of applications are: (a) a power plant under computer supervision while an operator checks the functioning of a turbine, (b) an aircraft under autopilot while a pilot checks the functioning of a linkage or an instrument, (c) an air traffic controller manually routing a plane to a ?safe region? while other planes are being guided by an automated supervisor, etc.
REFERENCES:

1) P. Ramadge and W. M. Wonham. The control of discrete event systems. Proc. IEEE, 77(1):81-98, 1989.



2) K. Akesson, S. Jain and P. M. Ferreira. Hybrid computer-human supervision of discrete event systems. Submitted for presentation at CDC 2001.
KEYWORDS: Human-Machine Interface, Hybrid human-machine supervisory control, Automated and semi-automated control, Robotics, complex systems, modeling, dynamical systems

A02-068 TITLE: Mobile Multi-spectral Beam Steering Device
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, Ground Test, Atlantic Ranges and Facilities
OBJECTIVE: To develop a mobile multi-spectral beam steering device that provides a non-invasive optical interface between an image projector and diverse electro-optical (EO) sensors mounted in a moving turret.
DESCRIPTION: Scene projection technologies, such as the Mobile Infrared Scene Projector (MIRSP) and Infrared Sensor Stimulator (IRSS), are increasingly being employed for testing and evaluating EO sensors. Current scene projector test techniques adopted to test turret-mounted sensors require direct hardware interfaces to the sensor under test (SUT). This invasive procedure requires additional test preparation time to develop proper interfaces and the signal injection models necessary to simulate sensor and vehicle operations. This procedure is burdensome because often each SUT is unique and will require different interfaces and models. In addition, the vehicle/sensor being tested is compromised in some fashion by this hardware interface activity.
The remedy being sought is a non-invasive capability for projecting imagery into a moving turret. Maintaining optical LOS between the projector and SUT is critical to test performance criteria. The desire is to operate the vehicle/sensor just as it does under normal operational conditions. This will eliminate pre-test model and hardware interface developments. Also, unique SUTs will require little or no reconfiguration of the projector system. Ideally, the SUT is placed in front of the projector system and a simple alignment is performed before testing begins.
A critical requirement is for the MMBSD to interface to the existing MIRSP system. Integrating the MMBSD with the MIRSP technologies will make it possible to support the test and development of major systems, both objective and legacy, in the Army transformation plans. This system will be designed to evaluate EO sensors found in both targeting and navigation equipment for both airborne and ground platforms. In particular, the MMBSD/MIRSP system will support testing and development efforts for the RAH-66 Comanche and AH-64 Apache sensors. In addition, the non-invasive methods inherent in the MMBSD and MIRSP arrangement should minimize the number of interfaces that would be required to support the variety of Future Combat Systems (FCS) being proposed. The types of EO sensors found on the Comanche and those proposed for the FCS initiative will necessitate the development of a multi-spectral projection interface capable of accelerated re-configuration and rapid deployment for field testing. By simplifying the UUT to projector interface with a BSD, the ability to perform simultaneous multi-sensor testing across a single vehicle platform is enhanced. The BSD will also promote simultaneously evaluating the functionality of multiple vehicle platforms and how their sensors interact together with a common source database as input.
Combining the MMBSD with EO projector technologies like MIRSP may lead to commercial products for training applications. Stimulating actual weapon sensors and allowing the operator to interact with the sensors from the weapon systems cockpit augments lessons learned in flight trainers and provides mission planning/rehearsal capabilities. The innovative designs to project multi-spectral imagery and track sensor movement may be applied to manned flight simulator developments.
PHASE I: Investigate technology alternatives, approaches or methods available to maintain optical LOS between a multi-spectral EO projector and turreted sensor. Explore non-invasive techniques for accurately defining the position of a moving turret. Develop an integrated design to combine MIRSP technologies with LOS projection and turret tracking techniques to produce a portable semi-closed-loop test capability. Examine designs of gimbaled sensors found on U.S. Army rotary-wing and ground vehicles to incorporate a BSD arrangement that will encompass the alignment, optical interface, and slew rate requirements for the widest variety of sensors.
PHASE II: Construct any optical elements and turret-tracking hardware designed in the Phase I effort. Integrate developed hardware with the MIRSP system. Perform projection and slewing operations to demonstrate the BSD’s capability to track and maintain LOS with a FLIR sensor. Apply a multi-spectral source (TBD) and verify the BSD sufficiently projects broadband radiation.
PHASE III: Enhance the design to encompass the testing of gimbaled sensors located in fixed-wing aircraft and tactical missile weapons. Develop non-invasive technologies to minimize reconfiguration efforts incurred by HWIL laboratories due to new weapon system designs or upgrades.
OPERATING AND SUPPORT COST (OSCR) REDUCTIONS: Closed-loop or HWIL testing can incur months or years of configuration and implementation resources. A semi-closed-loop capability will permit target/acquisition/designation sensor test configuration to be performed in days or weeks. Test cost reductions could potentially be reduced by 30 to 70%.

REFERENCES:

1) Utilization of a Mobile Infrared Scene Projector for Hardware-in-the-Loop Test and Evaluation of Installed Infrared Imaging Sensors, by Ken Zabel, Rob Stone, Larry Martin, Richard Robinson, and Mark Manzardo, for SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 3697, 1999.

2) Maximizing Operational Effectiveness, and Utility of the Mobile Infrared Scene Projector (MIRSP) During System Integration Laboratory (SIL) Testing, by Ken Zabel, Geoffrey Brooks, and Bruce Owens, for SPIE Proceedings, Vol. 4027, 2000.

3) http://www.stricom.army.mil/PRODUCTS/MIRSP/

4) http://www.stricom.army.mil/PRODUCTS/DIRSP/


KEYWORDS: beam steering device, electro-optical (EO), projection, sensor, hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL), closed-loop testing, gimbal, tracking, infrared (IR) scene projector, line-of-sight (LOS), multi-spectral.


A02-069 TITLE: Precision Metric Zoom Lens
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Army Tactical Missile-BAT Project Engineer
OBJECTIVE: To develop an advanced state-of-the-art versatile metric zoom lens for film cameras and digital sensors. The metric zoom lens will be designed with a remote communications link to control the focus, aperture, and zoom of the lens.
DESCRIPTION: Current weapons system testing frequently requires optical data collection under adverse conditions. In the case of missile testing, the extreme range of target-to-instrument distance (from less than a mile to hundreds of miles) stresses current test operation scenarios. Multiple instruments are required because of the varied and extreme image sizes (which at times causes the loss of critical data) and the variation in focus of the target (which also causes the loss of critical data). At times there are not sufficient instruments available to adequately cover the entire mission trajectory.
PHASE I: In order to overcome these problems, with their resultant loss of data or additional costs, caused by the fact that current imaging systems are fixed focal length and fixed focus, we are proposing the development of a Metric Zoom Lens with auto-zoom, auto-iris and auto-focus that is controlled by an external communications link that would allow a single instrument to adequately cover the entire test mission scenario.
The innovator will develop a metric zoom lens that will accommodate industries 35 mm film format and will also take into account the current largest digital sensor format. The investigator shall determine if a 20 inch focal length should be the initial focal length to resolve images at 3km and up to 150 inch focal length to resolve images at 50km or better. The complexity to develop a zoom lens with various optical elements that are constantly moving through the entire travel of zoom is a challenge in it self, but to acquire images in the field of view through the entire test scenario to measure hit point and miss distance of a target for data reduction will require innovating design techniques to develop the metric zoom lens.
PHASE II: The Phase I conceptual design will be further developed into a pre-prototype manufacturing design. A pre-prototype Metric Zoom Lens will be fabricated, tested and evaluated to determine if requirements were met. Estimates for Phase III pre-production costs and revisions to the design (based on test results) will be developed.
PHASE III: The Metric Zoom Lens is an innovative design that will readily adapt to industry applications. Commercialization will benefit DoD for numerous tracking scenarios. The fabrication of the Metric Zoom Lens will reduce the number of fixed focal lens that the Army must maintain to meet project requirements. Additional units purchased will depend on operational test results and durability in the field. There is great potential to commercialize the metric zoom lens for industry applications such as aviation tracking, real-time sports applications and astronomy. The tri-services Range Commanders Council – Optical Systems Group has determined that this innovative design will eliminate inventories of fixed focal lens.
REFERENCES:

1) High Frame Rate CMOS cameras for Test Range Instrumentation - Richie Horn White Sands Missile Range Optics division, Dennis Fisher Vice Chairman for Range Commanders Council - Optical Systems Group, Eric Husman DynaCorp.


KEYWORDS: precision, metric lens, auto-zoom, auto-iris, auto-focus, focal length, aperature, remote control, communication link
A02-070 TITLE: Embedded Sensing Capability for Composite Structures
TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Air Platform
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, Comanche
OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the conditional structural integrity of composite aircraft structures is an ongoing necessity for Army Aviation. In order to reduce the cost and time associated with this evaluation, a method more efficient than periodic inspection is desired. The objective of this effort is to develop embedded sensing capability to continually monitor the structural integrity and health of composite structural laminates. Years of laboratory research and experimentation in embedded sensing has not resulted in a practical solution. For instance, embedded fiber optic bragg graded sensors have shown great fidelity and promise for distributed strain sensing - but lack of a practical I/O method (connector) has prevented implementation. Various improvements in data synthesis and embedded impedance or conductance measurement have resulted in a new possibility of practical strain measurement of composite structures using the woven fiber of the material. Achieving the objective of affordable, robust embedded strain and structural integrity sensing for continual health assessment will enhance operational readiness and safety, and result in a reduction in maintenance labor, time, and cost.
DESCRIPTION: At present, evaluating the integrity of a composite aircraft structure involves periodic inspection, and this inspection is not driven by the condition of the structure. Embedding sensing capability to monitor the integrity of composite structures will provide real-time data on the condition of the structure, eliminating the need for inspections at arbitrary intervals. For composite structures utilizing graphite fiber, the conductivity of the fiber can be used as a basis for embedded sensing capability, without the weight penalty introduced by the addition of secondary sensors. This makes the composite material multi-functional, serving both as structure and as a sensor. In developing the technology, however, care must be taken to ensure that the methodologies are suitable for practical implementation, such as stiffened skin and joints.
PHASE I: Effort in this phase should consist of developing a methodology for embedded sensing capability in practical composite aircraft structures. This capability should utilize the intrinsic properties of the fibrous composite material. Shortcomings in existing similar approaches, if any, should be identified and addressed. Suitable sub-element test specimens should be designed for proof-of-concept testing.
PHASE II: Effort in this phase should consist primarily of sub-element and component testing. This testing should validate the methodology, developed in the previous phase, for a variety of practical composite aircraft structures.
PHASE III: Effort in this phase should consist of application of the technology. Military aircraft, both rotary-wing and fixed-wing, can benefit from this technology. Furthermore, civilian interests such as the automotive and aviation industries can benefit from the application of this technology.
REFERENCES:

1) Much of the work that has been done in this area has been internal company research, and thus proprietary, resulting in a lack of published references.

2) SMARTWEAVE is a sensor system for composites manufacturing that uses conductive fibers to monitor and control resin flow through a preformed component. It has been considered for use in monitoring the integrity of composite structures. See http://www.armymantech.com/smweave.htm for more information on SMARTWEAVE.

3) C. A. Calder and J. L. Koury, “Study of Embedded Sensors in Graphite-Epoxy Composites,” Proceedings, 1989 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Cambridge, MA, May 29-June 1, 1989, pp. 451-456.


KEYWORDS: sensors, embedded sensors, maintenance, composite structures

A02-071 TITLE: Structural Integrity of Bonded Repair


TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Sensors
ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PEO Aviation - RAH-66 Comanche PMO
OBJECTIVE: U.S. Army aviation systems include helicopter and fixed wing aircraft utilized to fulfill a variety of missions. These missions include scout and attack, troop movement and resupply, cargo transportation, medical evacuation, etc. Individual aircraft types vary significantly because of these missions. There is no mistaking the differences between an AH-64 Apache and a CH-47 Chinook. However, for all their differences, Army helicopters have one thing in common – that being the potential to incur damage to structural components as a result of service related activities. Bonded repair is a common technique for repairing localized damage in aircraft/helicopter structures. It provides an efficient method of regaining the integrity of the damaged structures. It also offers several advantages over bolted repairs including weight savings, improved fatigue performance, formability to complex shapes, etc. However, the effectiveness of the bonded repair depends heavily upon the integrity of the bonding interface between the repair patch and the host structure. Therefore, inspection of bonded repairs is an essential part of regular maintenance. A cost-effective technique is needed to monitor the bondline integrity and detect additional damage, crack growth, or debonds associated with the repair in an in-service environment.
DESCRIPTION: Current inspection techniques employ a variety of methods ranging from a simple tap test to more complicated ultrasonic techniques. Each of these techniques is limited in accuracy and applicability. The tap test is typically used for cursory inspections, providing only a general idea of the presence and size of the debond with very little accuracy or resolution, especially for thicker repair patches. Ultrasonic techniques can provide much better resolution of the debond, but the resolution typically drops off as the patch thickness is increased. Furthermore, the current techniques rely heavily on human involvement and can be time consuming and very expensive. Because of human involvement, mistakes and error can be introduced in routine maintenance. A technology, based on active sensors, capable of being incorporated into the repair itself (in-situ) is needed to address the shortcomings of current inspection techniques. This system should be able to quantify the initial repair and also characterize the repair area with regards to any new damage initiating at the repair site. The system should be field inspection capable and utilized during regular inspection/maintenance intervals. Accordingly, the proposed technology once developed should offer the following potential advantages: 1) Low cost, 2) Easy maintenance, 3) Reduction of labor, 4) Minimization of human error, 5) Consistent accuracy.
PHASE I: Provide a system methodology, based on active sensors, to demonstrate feasibility of a built-in system to monitor bonded repair. Candidate sensors should be identified with structural diagnostic procedures presented. A sub-scale repair item should be developed as a proof of principal.
PHASE II: Building on the success of Phase I, additional test articles should be fabricated and tested. These articles should incorporate various metallic and composite aerospace grade materials. Diagnostic procedures and equipment (hardware and software) should be further developed to demonstrate feasibility and ease of field use. Laboratory testing should validate the integrity of the bonded repair and provide information on the repair during and after fatigue loading.
PHASE III: It is believed that the technology that results from this SBIR effort will have extensive military and commercial application. Helicopter and fixed wing assets of the Department of Defense continue to age with few new aircraft coming in the future. The B-52 is an excellent example on the longevity of DOD systems. Like their counterparts in the military, the aircraft in the civilian aviation sector also continue to age - knowledge of the structural integrity of repairs is essential to safeguard lives and equipment. Applications are also envisioned for the civilian construction, automotive, energy and maritime industries
REFERENCES:

1) R. Jones, L. Molent, S. Pitt, Study of multi-site damage of fuselage lap joints, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 32 (1999), p.81-100.

2) J.-B. Ihn, F.-K. Chang, Built-in diagnostics for crack growth monitoring in aircraft structures, The 3rd Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (2001), p. 284-295.

3) C. Boller, J.-B. Ihn, W.J . Staszewski, H. Speckmann, Design principles and inspection techniques for long life endurance of aircraft structures, The 3rd Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (2001), p. 275-283.



4) S. D. Moss, S. C. Galea, I. G. Powlesland, M. Konak, A. Baker, In-situ health monitoring of a bonded composite patch using the strain ratio technique Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering (2001), v.4235, p.363-374.
KEYWORDS: repair, in-situ sensor, structural integrity, composite


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