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A02-221 TITLE: Mitigating Damage During Hostile Takeover of a Vehicle TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Electronics ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM - Future Scout & Calvary System (FSCS) OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this proposal is to develop a system design and later on implement the same, which will prevent unauthorized people from controlling a vehicle (combat or otherwise), whether ground or airborne, during a hostile takeover, i.e., after capturing the same from the authorized operator of the vehicle. The proposed system can lead to mitigating, if not totally preventing, the damage done to the lives and properties of the people on board and also outsiders who are not on board, but fall on the path or surrounding environment of the vehicle. DESCRIPTION: Unauthorized and hostile takeover of a vehicle, both ground and airborne, can not only lead to traumatic agony of human beings and loss of lives and properties of the people on board, but it can also lead to colossal damage and loss of lives and properties outside the vehicle as well. In combat situations, the hostile capturers can use the combat vehicle to destroy or damage other combat vehicles belonging to friendly forces, thus posing an extremely dangerous situation. In case of non-combat vehicles, the same applies in the sense that the hostile occupiers can simply destroy the lives and properties of ordinary people who come on the path or surrounding environement of the vehicle. The issues above are appropriate for combat vehicles, both ground and airborne, and also non-combat vehicles, including but not limited to airplanes. To address the above situations, it is proposed that the overall system design of vehicles be revisited, and if necessary the system infrastructure and the way of operation and coordination be modified accordingly. As a matter of fact this can be achieved relatively easily within reasonable additional expenses, and by using the existing technologies. Combat vehicles and airplanes are normally in communication with some base station or control center. Even lots of ordinary personal vehicles have cellular telephones nowadays, which render communication with the outside world relatively easy. It is proposed that speech recognition systems and available biometric tools be used to serve as identity check of the authorized operators. This should then be kept in the database of the control center or some base station. In the case of hostile takeover of an airplane, either the pilots or one or more of the flight attendants should be able to initiate a voice activated message or press an emergency button to inform the control center or base station of the event, which can then take over the complete control of the plane or vehicle as the case may be, and completely lock the control of the same from inside (the vehicle) and then lead the vehicle to safety or to a situation which can minimize the loss. Only under special conditions, the base stations should have the capability to release the control back to the vehicle operator or the crew, in case a recovery from the takeover episode has been confirmed. The communication messages involved in the system above are to be appropriately encrypted. The geographic location of the vehicle during the episode can be found through an appropriate GPS system. To implement the above, airplanes will need to have unmanned flying capability as an enhanced feature option. For ground vehicles, it is possible to use the existing “On-Star” type of system already available commercially and enhance it further to allow it to either disable the vehicle completely or lead it to safety if possible. The engine and other controllers of the present ground/airborne vehicle can be easily adapted to implement these changes. The proposed project will investigate the available options on the above and suggest required design changes, both for on-ground based stations and on-vehicle systems and make appropriate interfaces between the two, to realize the objectives. PHASE I: Requirement definition, specification definition, preliminary system design, complete documentation, prepare report. PHASE II: Implement the design in computer models and on a small scaled model prototype. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This technology is of utmost importance at the present moment to the airline industry in particular, and certain ground vehicle sectors as well. Collaborative efforts with industry will be pursued in this phase. REFERENCES: 1) Martinez, A, "Identification of Individuals Using Fingerprints by Linguistic Descriptions Fuzzy Comparison", 1999 IEEE Carnahan Conf. on Security Technology, pp. 227-232. 2) Rodriguez, J, "Biometric Identification through Speaker Verification Over Telephone Lines", 1999 IEEE Carnahan Conf. on Security Technology, pp. 238-242. 3) Geisheimer, J, "Remote Detection of Deception Using Radar Vital Signs Monitor Technology", 2000 IEEE Carnahan Conf. on Security Technology, pp. 170-173. KEYWORDS: Security technology; counter-terrorism technology; loss mitigation; biometric identification; remote detection; unmanned vehicle; unmanned aircraft; guidance system A02-222 TITLE: Wheels over Track Optimization for Future Combat System (FCS) Application TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles OBJECTIVE: The military is moving towards lighter wheeled vehicles as the Medium Brigade and Future Combat System. Occasions will arise where tracked vehicles will be advantageous in order to prevent mission failures due to mobility. It can be envisioned that tracks can be implemented over the tires during situations where mobility issues occur and stowed when being driven on improved roads. A design methodology for many military track systems has been developed in the past and current NRMM models predict terrain go/no-go for wheeled and tracked systems. These predicted terrain models allow the designer to determine when tracked vehicles must take precedence over wheeled vehicles. The ability to cross a tracked vehicle terrain can and has been achieved by implementing tracks into a wheeled vehicle design. This is demonstrated with snowmobile, tractor implement, and several rubber companies. Tracks on wheeled vehicle systems are used commercially and in military. However, any current tracks over wheels systems on the market are only designed for low vehicle speed and don’t include large suspension travel. Track retention is almost impossible with higher speeds and large suspension travel with present day designs. Also, numerous unsolved problems still exist in applications to metal, rubber, or polymeric track systems placed on skid-steer loaders and forestry equipment, especially when changing the standard steering to skid-steer. Many of the companies that design track systems are currently developing software for implementation of tracks over wheel systems with large suspension travel. DESCRIPTION: A vehicle implemented wheeled system with large suspension travel could use active control of the suspension system, central inflation of tires and on-board sensors to limit the vehicles need to maneuver in specific terrain conditions such that the track would not approach a non-retention condition. Final software would integrate the vehicle dynamics, suspension modeling has been completed. PHASE I: Develop computer modeling and simulation program modules for track retention and steering efforts for applications on multi-station large displacement wheeled vehicles. PHASE II: Instrument a track over wheel application (such as LAV) for validation of the simulation modules. Conduct testing on various terrain and speeds. Refine the modules to incorporate advanced applications including vehicle sensor inputs for the control system. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This module would be used to design, model, and develop track systems to be placed on current wheel vehicles in soft soil or muddy terrain. Forestry harvesters and forwarders and construction skid-steer loaders currently use rudimentary track systems, but would benefit from optimized designs. Search and Rescue vehicles and emergency vehicles would also benefit from track kits such that the terrain capabilities can be extended characteristics, track design, and suite of sensors for a rugged track system. It has direct application for military, forestry, and construction equipment. There is minimal program risk since the track over wheel technology can be configured for light, medium, and large suspension systems once computer. REFERENCES: 1) 250 Army procured tracked suspension systems for the M200 A1 trailers used for the MICLIC and GENSET. A similar medium tracked suspension system was procured for the M1048 trailer. KEYWORDS: Mobility, Belt, Track, Tires, Computer Simulation A02-223 TITLE: Nondestructive Inspection Technique for Detecting Defects in Metal Matrix Composites TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes, Sensors ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Project Engr., Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle OBJECTIVE: Design and build an inexpensive portable nondestructive inspection unit that can detect and identify all of the defects in metal matrix composite track shoes. The inspection environment would have to be one where parts are easily inspected with minimum human intervention and data interpretation should be free of subjective decision making. DESCRIPTION: New materials have been developed that provide unique properties that are ideal for modifying existing designs. One new class of ceramic reinforced material that fits this description is the metal matrix composites (MMC) such as silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced aluminum [SiC/ AL] metal matrix composites. These materials can be used in concert with aluminum alloy substrate and can improve the high temperature performance and wear resistance while reducing the overall weight of a given part such as track shoe. The total benefit of this combination is that the service life of the track shoe is increased and significant weight reduction is realized in the track of the combat vehicles. The track can then be left in service longer and operated under service operating conditions. When track shoes are manufactured, it is required that the quality should be such that it will require no further inspection after it has passed the initial production acceptance test. Ideally, the part is then placed in service where it will remain until it reaches a recommended service life and then, it is replaced. For this to happen, the SiC must be free of defects (which in this case is primarily porosity) that impacts its structural integrity must also adhere well to the aluminum substrate. Failure of SiC layer due to porosity and the bond between the aluminum and SiC layer will result in significantly reduced life. Although there are many Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) methods that could potentially work, Ultrasonic Testing (UT) should be considered. Pulse echo methods have been used to detect delaminations in composite multifunctional armor laminates using low frequency guided lamb waves (GLW) [1]. Extensive research on the ultrasonic detection of the onset of nonlinear behavior of adhesive bond structures has been performed by Tang and Achenbach [2 and 3]. Studies on identifying the ideal bandwidths for inspection of bonds is made in reference [4 and 5]. PHASE I: Conduct a study of Guided Lamb Waves to detect porosity and delimitation and demonstrate the feasibility to inspect porosity and debonds in metal matrix track shoes. PHASE II: Using the findings of the Phase I study, develop and demonstrate a complete guided wave inspection system prototype. This prototype should be capable of handling a broad range of applications such as the track shoes for the military tracked combat vehicles. System’s capability need to be demonstrated on a test bed using Marine Corps's Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle's (AAAV) track shoes. The new inspection system developed in this SBIR project should have the capability to inspect all DoD applications in metal matrix composite materials. This system has to be able to identify all of the defects in the track shoes that can potentially reduce the service life of the track. The prototype inspection system should be portable and provide inspection capability in manufacturing and service environment where parts are easily inspected with minimum human intervention and data interpretation should be free of subjective decision making. PHASE III: DUAL USE APPLICATION: This inspection system should find use in a broad range of DoD applications of metal matrix composites. For example, it should be useful for the inspection for the track of Army's Crusader and Bradley Fighting Vehicles; Air Force's metal matrix composite structural components of aircrafts; Navy's ship and submarine structures. This inspection system should also find considerable use in industrial applications such as in automotive engine pistons, cylinders and other aerospace/aircraft applications. REFERENCES: 1) V. Godinez, R. D. Finlayson, R. K. Miller, “Acousto-ultrasonic Defect Detection in Composite Armor Material,” U. S. Army TACOM Contract No. DAAE07-9-C-L040, Final SBIR Phase II report, July 2001. 2) Z. Tang, “Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Degradation,” Ph. D Dissertation, Northwestern University, December 1999. 3) Z. Tang, A. Cheng, and J.D. Achenbach, “Ultrasonic Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Degradation by Detecting of the Onset of Non-linear Behavior,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Volume 13, No.7, pp. 837-854, 1999. 4) P. B. Nay and L. Alder, “Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves at Imperfect Boundaries,” Review of Progress in Quntative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), Volume 10A, Edited by D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Plenum Press, New York, PP 177-184, 1991. 5) Peter B. Nay, “Ultrasonic Classification of Imperfect Interfaces,” Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Volume 11, Nos. 314, 1992. KEYWORDS: NDE, inspection, sensors, Ultrasonics, Guided Lamb Waves, metal matrix composites, porosity, bonds A02-224 TITLE: Laser-Triggered Light-Absorbing Spark Gap TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles, Sensors, Electronics OBJECTIVE: To develop an electronic/electro-optic device capable of blocking the transmission of a laser pulse by extremely fast creation of a dense cloud of electrons and ions which strongly absorbs or reflects in the visible region of the spectrum. DESCRIPTION: There exists a need to protect the eyes of combat vehicle crewmen as well as the vehicle’s sensors from the potential adverse effects of battlefield laser devices. Because of the advent of multiple-wavelength and wavelength-agile laser technology, advanced laser protection solutions must be able to protect against a broad range of wavelengths. Work has been done on many laser protection technologies and they all have their pros and cons. However, there is still a need for ground-breaking, innovative research into new ideas on how to address the laser protection problem. This SBIR topic solicits work in the area of plasma physics to determine the feasibility of generating a plasma to absorb and/or reflect the incident laser pulse and prevent its transmission to the eye or sensor being protected. Plasma processes have the potential to be highly opaque to laser energy, if a plasma of sufficient density can be formed on the time scale required and maintained in a state such that the plasma remains opaque to the incoming visible radiation for the duration of the laser pulse. The spectral region of interest for this topic is the visible portion of the spectrum (i.e. 400-700 nanometers) and a very quick response time is required. What is desired in this SBIR topic is an electric or electro-optic device which, when placed in the focal plane of a lens, would be triggered by the leading edge of a laser pulse within that lens’s field of view and would very quickly provide a current of electrons to generate a spark (i.e., a dense cloud of electrons/plasma), which would strongly absorb or reflect the incoming laser pulse. The device should be able to be placed at the focal plane of a lens and should be able to create a light-absorbing (or reflecting) plasma spark at a localized region within that focal plane, to prevent transmission through the local area in which the laser source (or other high intensity light source) comes to a focus, while allowing light to propagate through the rest of the unaffected focal plane. However, solutions which are not localized, but rather cause plasma absorption or reflection (and therefore pulse attenuation) throughout the entire focal plane, thereby making the whole focal plane opaque for the duration of an incident laser pulse, may be considered. Proposers should consider current laser protection technologies (1-9) and their proposals should address how their approach may be superior to the known limitations of available materials (10-11), and describe how the estimated performance of their approach would compare to the performance of known technologies such as Reverse Saturable Absorber materials. PHASE I: Phase I shall entail the development of a comprehensive scientific theory, fully explaining all of the concepts involved. The physics of why and how such a concept can or cannot meet our requirements (absorption of laser pulses in the visible region of the spectrum, 400-700 nanometers in wavelength) shall be thoroughly investigated and reported. A hypothetical design for such a device shall be described in detail, with a discussion of the operating concepts and expected performance. Innovation and creativity is encouraged in the design. PHASE II: Phase II shall consist of device fabrication, testing, and integration. PHASE III: Phase III shall consist of commercial development of laser protection devices based on the technology developed in Phase I and Phase II, as well as any commercial spin-off devices, such as optical telecommunications equipment, laser-ignition combustion engine technology, etc. Applications: Military laser safety devices (for eyes and sensors), laboratory and medical laser safety eyewear, optical switching, telecommunications, optical computing, optical networking, laser-ignition combustion engine techniques REFERENCES: 1) Tutt, L. W. and Boggess, T. F., “A Review of Optical Limiting Mechanisms and Devices Using Organics, Fullerenes, Semiconductors, and Other Materials,” Prog. Quant. Electr., Vol. 17, pp. 229-338, 1993. 2) Hagan, D. J., Xia T., Said A. A., Wei T. H., Van Stryland, E. W., "High Dynamic Range Passive Optical Limiters," International Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 483-501, 1993. 3) Said, A. A., Wamsley, C., Hagan, D. J., Van Stryland, E. W., Reinhardt, B. A., Roderer, P., Dillard, A. G., “Third- and Fifth- Order Optical Nonlinearities in Organic Materials,” Chemical Physics Letters 228 (1994) pp. 646-650. 4) Sheik-Bahae, M., Said, A. A., Hagan, D. J., Soileau, M.J., Van Stryland, E. W., “Nonlinear Refraction and Optical Limiting in Thick Media,” Optical Engineering, August 1991, Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 1228-1235. 5) Miles, P. A., “Bottleneck Optical Limiters: The Optimal Use of Excited-State Absorbers,” Applied Optics, Vol. 33, No. 30, pp. 6965-6979, 20 October 1994. 6) Miles, P., “Bottleneck Optical Pulse Limiters Revisited,” Applied Optics, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 566-570, 20 January 1999.
8) Wheeler, B. L., Nagasubramanian, G., Bard, A. J., Schechtman, L. A., Dininny, D. R., and Kenney, M. E., “A Silicon Phthalocyanine and a Silicon Naphthalocyanine: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence,” J. Am Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, pp. 7404-7410. 9) Guang, S. H., Gen, C. X., Prasad, P. N., Reinhardt, B. A., Bhatt, J. C., Dillard, A. G., “Two-photon Absorption and Optical-limiting Properties of Novel Organic Compounds,” Optics Letters, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 435-437, 1 March 1995. 10) Mark G. Kuzyk, "Physical Limits on Electronic Nonlinear Molecular Susceptibilities," Physical Review Letters, 85, 1218 (2000). 11) Roger J. Becker, “Maximum Cross Sections for Excited State and Two-Photon Absorption”, p. 295 in Proceedings 597 of the MRS Symposium “Thin Films for Waveguide Devices and Materials for Optical Limiting”, Boston (November 30-December 3, 1999).
2) Joshi, Chandrashekhar J., Corkum, Paul B., “Interactions of Ultra-Intense Laser Light with Matter”, Physics Today, January 1995, pp. 36-43. 3) Heinrich Hora, Physics of Laser Driven Plasmas, Wiley, 1981, QC718.5.L3H67 4) Richard M. More, “Atomic Physics of Laser-Produced Plasma,” Handbook of Plasma Physics, Eds. M. N. Rosenbluth and R.Z. Sagdeev, Vol. 3: Physics of Laser Plasma, edited by A. M. Rubenchik and S. Witkowski, Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V., 1991 5) John M. Dawson, “On the Production of Plasma by Giant Pulse Lasers,” The Physics of Fluids, 7, 981-987 (1964). 6) F. Docchio, “Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Light Attenuation and Transmission by Plasmas Induced in Liquids by Nanosecond Nd:YAG Laser Pulses”, Il Nuovo Cimento D Vol. 13D, ser. 1, no. 1, p. 87-98, 1991. CITED REFERENCES: 1) Laser Focus World, June 2000, Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (University of Central Florida). 2) Mark G. Kuzyk, "Physical Limits on Electronic Nonlinear Molecular Susceptibilities," Physical Review Letters, 85, 1218 (2000). 3) Mark G. Kuzyk, Optics Letters, 25, 1183 (15 August 2000). 4) Roger J. Becker, “Maximum Cross Sections for Excited State and Two-Photon Absorption”, p. 295 in Proceedings 597 of the MRS Symposium “Thin Films for Waveguide Devices and Materials for Optical Limiting”, Boston (November 30-December 3, 1999). 5) Roger J. Becker, Limits on Optical Nonlinearties, Report to Anteon Corporation from Debye Research, Inc., Kettering, OH, (27 September, 1999).
2) Walter Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, Clarendon, Oxford, 1954); Dover, New York, (1984). Section 5 3) E. U. Condon and G. H. Shortly, The Theory of Atomic Spectra, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, (1967). p. 108 4) Eugen Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley, New York, (1967). p. 446 5) L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics, Pergamon, Oxford, (1965). p 581-582 6) Heisenberg, Zeits. fur Phys., 33, 879, (1925). 7) Thomas, Naturwiss., 13, 627, (1925). 8) Kuhn, Zeits. fur Phys., 33, 627, (1925). 9) D. P. Craig and T. Thirunamachandran, Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics, Dover, Mineola (1998). 10) R. Cabera-Tujillo, John R. Sabin, Yngve Ohrn, and J. Oddershede, Physical Review A, 57, 3115 (April 1998). 11) F. M. Peeters and A. Matulis and M. Helm T. Fromherz, and W. Hilber, Physical Review B, 48, 12008 (15 October 993). 12) Edward B. Brown, Physical Review B, 51, 7931 (15 March 1995). 13) G. Sachs and N. Austern, Physical Review, 81, 705 (1 March 1951). KEYWORDS: Laser protection, inverse bremsstrahlung, classical absorption, spark gap, light absorption, plasma A02-225 TITLE: Field Repair Technology for Composite Bridges TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, Heavy Tactical Vehicles (HTV) OBJECTIVE: To develop and demonstrate field repair technologies for military bridges in composites. The technology will address repairs to composite bridges as a result of ballistic, vehicle induced, handling and miscellaneous damage. DESCRIPTION: The objective force will require extremely light-weight bridging equipment to enable rapid mobility of the advancing forces. Through both static and fatigue testing, the Composite Army Bridge (CAB) demonstration program more than amply proved the effectiveness of composites for military bridges. However, military bridges can be damaged in a variety of ways, such as punctures from rocks and debris trapped under tracked/wheeled vehicles, impact loads from deployment/handling, dropping the structure from moderate heights and various battlefield threats, such as API and blast fragmentation. Hence, the structure must be repairable in the field. Damage energy levels in excess of 100 ft-lbs are anticipated. Multi-ply damage areas on the order of 25 square inches and full 2 inches diameter holes are also likely. The composite bridge structure will comprise thick (1”-3”) carbon fiber epoxy laminates, balsa core, structural adhesive bonding, and composite to metallic joints. Repair scenarios capable of being implemented in the field environment – no clean rooms, local heating of repair area only, environmentally friendly materials, etc. -- must be developed and demonstrated. The repair techniques and methods should strive to restore the bridge to mission operational capability, which includes the ability to carry MLC-65 load class vehicles and operate in various environmental conditions ranging from –50 degrees F to 160 degrees F 85% RH. This program will develop the necessary technology to enable field repair of the composite bridges. PHASE I: Develop a methodology to enable field repair of composite military bridges. The repair methods must be capable of restoring thick (1”-3”) carbon fiber epoxy laminates, balsa core structure, structural adhesive bonds, and composite to metallic joints which have been subjected to the damage threats defined above. Baseline materials will be selected and innovative repair concepts will be developed. Issues, such as surface preparation, etc. shall be adequately addressed. PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype system and techniques, that are functional in the field. The technology will be validated by conducting repairs under field conditions on components representative of prototype composite bridge sections. The repaired components will then be tested to verify that the structural integrity has been restored. The repair materials, concepts and techniques will be thoroughly documented. A repair kit suitable for deploying with bridge engineering teams will be recommended. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Composites are finding a number of applications both in the military and in the commercial world. This is particularly true with the recent advent and the successful application of inexpensive manufacturing processes in composites. Repair technology developed for military bridges will therefore find application for both military and commercial hardware/products. REFERENCES: 1) Advanced Composites for Bridge Infrastructure Renewal- Phase II, DARPA Agreement No. MDA972-94-3-0030, Volume II-Task 14, March 2000, Submitted to DARPA by Advanced Composites Technology Transfer/Bridge Infrastructure Renewal Consortium. 2) Trilateral Design and Test Code for Military Bridging and Gap Crossing Equipment, January 1996. KEYWORDS: Composites, Military bridges, Composite Army Bridge Directory: osbp -> SBIR -> solicitations solicitations -> Army sbir 09. 1 Proposal submission instructions dod small Business Innovation (sbir) Program solicitations -> Navy sbir fy09. 1 Proposal submission instructions solicitations -> Army 16. 3 Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Proposal Submission Instructions solicitations -> Air force 12. 1 Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Proposal Submission Instructions solicitations -> Army 14. 1 Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Proposal Submission Instructions solicitations -> Navy small business innovation research program submitting Proposals on Navy Topics solicitations -> Navy small business innovation research program solicitations -> Armament research, development and engineering center solicitations -> Army 17. 1 Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Proposal Submission Instructions solicitations -> Navy 11. 3 Small Business Innovation Research (sbir) Proposal Submission Instructions Download 1.78 Mb. 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