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A02-186 TITLE: Development of an Effective Trapping System for Adult Mosquito Vectors of Dengue Fever TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Biomedical ACQUISITION PROGRAM: DSA, MRMC OBJECTIVE: Adapt modern technology to develop an effective system for monitoring populations of dengue vectors (adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes). REQUIREMENT: To accurately sample populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are the primary vectors of dengue fever, a disease that poses a threat to U.S. forces deployed in virtually all tropical areas of the world. Development of an effective trap for monitoring adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is therefore a high priority for the DoD. DESIRED CAPABILITY/CONCEPT OF THE FINAL PRODUCT: We envisage a trap that can effectively monitor populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, thereby enabling military preventive medicine assets to determine whether the dengue vectors are present, their abundance, and the effect of mosquito control measures. DESCRIPTION: Dengue is a major threat to military forces deployed to tropical areas of the world. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most common vectors of dengue. The collection of mosquitoes as they bite human volunteers is the most effective method of monitoring Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations; however, use of man-biting collections is dangerous because of the risk that volunteers might be infected with dengue or other mosquito-borne disease. The backpack aspirator is a usefull surveillance tool as it most closely approximates man-biting collections; however, this is a very labor-intensive system not ideally suited for use by small preventive medicine units. Electronic mosquito trapping devices also provide a means for collecting dengue vectors. The Fay-Prince and Wilton traps are the most effective stand-alone electronic trapping devices available for vectors of dengue; however, both capture far fewer mosquitoes than human collectors. CDC light traps are the principal electronic surveillance devices used by Army Preventive Medicine detachments for monitoring adult mosquito vector populations; however, these devices are completely ineffective for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus surveillance. The Army is developing a “Dengue Vector Control System” (DVCS) that will allow preventive medicine units to evaluate the threat/risk of dengue and implement control measures if warranted. An effective method of evaluating vector density is key to the success of the DVCS. The system that is developed for monitoring dengue vector populations trap must meet the following requirements: 1) maximum weight of 15 lbs/device (including any batteries that might be required), 2) maximum size of 1.5 cubic feet per device, 3) all components can be stored at ambient temeprature (no refrigeration or freezing required), 4) no need for pressurized gas, 5) selective for Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes, 6) must collect more Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes than the Omni-directional Fay-Prince trap and the Wilton trap, and 7) should collect at least 50% as many adult mosquitoes as does conducting landing/biting collections. PHASE I: Demonstrate the likelihood that an effective system for trapping Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus can be developed that meets the broad needs discussed in this topic. PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate an applicable and feasible prototype that meets device requirements. PHASE III: Provide 5 traps of the prototype selected in Phase II to the COR for initial field-testing in Thailand to evaluate specificity for Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes and for trap efficacy comparisons with human landing/biting collections, Omni-directional Fay-Prince traps and the Wilton traps. A prototype trap successfully meeting testing requirements in Thailand will be further evaluated in comprehensive field-testing in Peru, Indonesia and Kenya. Provide 15 additional traps to the COR for these subsequent tests. DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The developed technology could be used by both military forces and by government ministries of health/vector control entities or commercial vector control operations in developing countries to accurately assess control efforts directed against the mosquito vectors of dengue. TECHNICAL RISK: There is a degree of technical risk involved in this project. Existing trapping devices do not meet the requirements summarized in this proposal -- the candidate contractor is expected to use innovation and in-house expertise to develop a prototype that meets the needs of the Department of Defense. ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT FACILITIES AND SUPPLIES: The evaluation of an efficient trapping system will require support from the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangkok, Thailand in field testing the device. The candidate contractor should coordinate with the COR for any required support prior to the submission of the proposal. REFERENCES: (A02-186) 1) Canyon D. V. and H. L. Hii. 1997. Efficacy of carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, and lactic acid in modified Fay-Prince traps as compared to man-landing catch of Aedes aegypti. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Mar; 13(1):66-70. 2) Jensen, T., O. R. Willis, T. Fukuda, and D. R. Barnard. 1994. Comparison of bi-directional Fay, omni-directional, CDC, and duplex cone traps for sampling adult Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in north Florida. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Mar; 10(1):74-8. 3) Kline D. L. 1998. Olfactory responses and field attraction of mosquitoes to volatiles from Limburger cheese and human foot odor. J Vector Ecol. Dec; 23(2):186-94. 4) McCall P. J. , G. Harding, J. Roberts, and B. Auty. 1996. Attraction and trapping of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with host odors in the laboratory. J Med Entomol. Jan; 33(1):177-9. 5) Rigau-Perez J. G., C. G. Clark, D. J. Gubler, P. Reiter, E. J. Sanders, and A. V. Vorndam. 1998. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. Sep 19; 352 (9132): 971-7. 6) Russell, B. M. L. E. Muir, P.Weinstein, and B. H. Kay. 1996. Surveillance of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and its biocontrol with the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis in Australian wells and gold mines. Med Vet Entomol. Apr; 10 (2): 155-60.
DESCRIPTION: The single greatest challenge facing in vivo imaging techniques is to develop biocompatible molecular beacons that are capable of specifically and accurately measuring in vivo targets at the protein, RNA, or DNA level. Contrast-detail analysis has become an accepted assessment tool to quantify x-ray mammography image quality. Much accomplishment in the development of optical mammography has been demonstrated, most recently in the application of time-domain, frequency-domain, and continuous-wave measurements that depend on endogenous contrast owing to angiogenesis and increased hemoglobin absorbance for contrast. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy yields quantitative functional information that cannot be obtained with other noninvasive radiologic technology. NIR diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging may enhance existing technologies for cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment since the techniques are based on sensitive, quantitative measurements of functional contrast between healthy and diseased tissue. Infrared imaging does not require contact, compression, radiation, or venous access. It can provide pertinent and practical complementary information to both clinical exam and mammography. For example, NIR diffuse tomography can obtain information related to tissue hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation, and potentially can be used for characterizing diseased tissues such as breast cancer. Tumor oxygenation thought to be crucial in clinical prognosis as evidenced by needle electrodes. It has been suggested that the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) method can provide a noninvasive method for monitoring tumor oxygenation. However, interpretation of the BOLD measurements is confounded by variations in hemoglobin concentration, saturation, and blood flow. Near infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy (NIRS) can differentiate beteen changes in hemoglobin concentration and saturation in breast tumors caused by respiratory interventions. The optimal methodology for NIR image reconstruction, however, remains an ongoing research problem with several new approaches being demonstrated in recent years. However, a comparison of reconstruction methods is problematic because tools for the objective assessment of image quality have yet to be clearly defined for this type of nonlinear reconstruction problem. PHASE I: Develop a plan, that describes the technical approach to resolving issues, related to nonlinear reconstruction to improve NIR imaging quality and thereby addresses improved methodology for cancer screening and diagnosis. PHASE II: Develop and construct prototype models of problem resolution of either of the above, and provide evidence/data through animal studies in which improvement has been clearly demonstrated. Further, conduct all feasibility testing of the prototypes, to be used in conjunction with NIR technology and applied to NIR instrumentation. Develop a plan for manufacture of the products developed. PHASE III: The development of a high resolution imaging and image reconstruction technique for early detection of cancers would provide commercial potential in many clinical settings. A screening technique for detection of cancers such as ovarian and prostate, could have an impact on the morbidity and mortality associated currently associated with detection at late stages. This phase would include clinical research/trials to determine safety and efficacy, and may include patent application and manufacture of technology. REFERENCES: 1) Tung CH, Mahmood U, Bredow S, Weissleder R. In vivo imaging of proteolytic enzyme activity using a novel molecular reporter. Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA. 2) Pham T H, Hornung R, Berns MW, Tadir Y, Tromberg B J. Monitoring tumor response during photodynamic therapy using near-infrared photon-migration spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 2001 Jun; 73(6):669-77 Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. 3) Cerussi A E, Berger A J, Bevilacqua F, Shah N, Jakubowski D, Butler J, Holcombe R F, Tromberg B J. Sources of absorption and scattering contrast for near-infrared optical mammography. Acad Radiol. 2001 Mar; 8(3):209-10. Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612, USA. 4) Hawrysz D J, Sevick-Muraca E M. Developments toward diagnostic breast cancer imaging using near-infrared optical measurements and fluorescent contrast agents. Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-3122, USA. 5) Zhu Q, Conant E, Chance B. Optical imaging as an adjunct to sonograph in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. J Biomed Opt 2000 Apr; 5(2):229-3621144357 University of Connecticut, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Storrs 06269, USA. zhu@engr.uconn.edu 6) Pogue B W, Willscher C, McBride T O, Osterberg U L, Paulsen KD. Contrast-detail analysis for detection and characterization with near-infrared diffuse tomography. Med Phys 2000 Dec; 27(12):2693-700 Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. brian.pogue@dartmouth.edu
REFERENCES: 1) MacKay, A.; Moehl, T.; Slotar, S. Diastema, 1986; 14:5-7,9. 2) Ljungberg, G.; et. al. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997; 7: 214-219. 3) Chicharro, Jose L.; et. al. Sports Med 1998; 26 (1): 17-27. 4) Sreebny, Leo M.; International Dental Journal 2000: 50: 140-161 5) Shirreffs, S. M.; J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40: 80-84. KEYWORDS: Hydration, dehydration, sensors, saliva, salivary component A02-189 TITLE: High Toughness Ceramics Containing Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM-Soldier Equipment OBJECTIVE: Exploit recently reported effects of including carbon nanotubes or other nanotube/nanorod reinforcement in ceramic bodies to enhance the strength, toughness and hardness of ceramics with military and commercial importance. DESCRIPTION: Ceramic materials have a number of desirable engineering properties including high compressive strength, high hardness and resistance to high temperatures. The traditional limitation of ceramics is that they are relatively brittle materials, compared to metals or polymers. This property limits the application of ceramics to some extent and a great deal of research has been carried out on finding methods of toughening ceramics. The current ballistic protection plates used by the Army include a ceramic component, and this component is clearly labeled indicating that it must be protected from low-speed impact, such as dropping, in order to preserve its integrity and performance. If the toughness of this material could be improved without compromising its ballistic impact performance, this would be of significant benefit to the soldier. It has recently been demonstrated (1) that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into an alumina ceramic body can increase the microfracture toughness of the material by 20% or more while maintaining or even increasing the hardness of the material. Other studies have also reported enhanced properties of nanotube-reinforced ceramics (2,3). It has been shown that the tube or rod geometry of the reinforcing nanoparticle is significant to improving the properties of the material. Thus, other nanoscale tube or rod compositions may be valuable performance enhancing additives to ceramics. This important development offers an opportunity to create a new generation of ceramic matrix nanocomposites, which combine the traditional benefits of ceramic materials with the toughness of rival materials. Nanocomposite ceramics with enhanced toughness would have great potential for use as components of personnel and vehicle armor systems, internal engine components, and gun tubes, all of which are actively under investigation by the Army. PHASE I: Produce a series of experimental ceramic bodies incorporating carbon nanotube or other nanotube/nanorod reinforcement and demonstrate improved fracture toughness relative to the unreinforced ceramic control materials. Ceramics of particular interest to the Army include alumina, silicon carbide and boron carbide, but other ceramic compositions may also be of interest. Metrics for success in Phase I include increasing low-speed fracture toughness by 20% or more, while maintaining or improving the performance of the ceramic in ballistic tests against small arms (rifle) projectiles. Provide specimens of improved materials in various geometries to the Army for testing. PHASE II: Continue research on the phenomenon of ceramic toughening and hardening by carbon nanotubes or other nanotube/nanorod particles. Select ceramic nanocomposite compositions that produce the best combination of strength, hardness and fracture toughness for various applications. Produce prototype parts for specific applications such as personnel armor and provide to the Army for testing. Optimize material properties for specific applications. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Ceramic matrix nanocomposites that retain the desirable properties of the parent ceramic bodies, but exhibit significantly enhanced toughness will be of considerable value in a variety of military and commercial applications. These include personnel armor, engine components, gun tubes and cutting tools. REFERENCES: 1) R.W. Siegel et al., Scripta Materia, 44 (2001) 2061. 2) R.Z. Ma, et al., J. Mater. Sci. 33 (1998) 5243. 3) K.C. Huang, et al., J. Mater. Chem. 11 (2001) 1722. KEYWORDS: ceramics, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, toughness, impact, armor A02-190 TITLE: Temperature Responsive Fibers for Variable Loft of "Smart" Insulation TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM-Soldier Equipment OBJECTIVE: Develop a fiber or other insulation material that responds to the temperature of the environment such that insulation comprised of this fiber or material exhibits greater insulating power (higher R-value) at low ambient temperature and reduced insulating power at higher temperature. DESCRIPTION: A constant theme in the development of new Army materiel is the drive to reduce the weight, bulk, number and complexity of the equipment items that must be carried by the soldier. One objective that illustrates this theme is that of a single over-garment that can be worn over a wide temperature range and remain comfortable. One way in which such an objective might be accomplished is to create a "smart" insulating material that is able to sense and respond to the temperature of the environment and vary its insulating power accordingly. A possible approach to creating such a material might be to fabricate a bi-component fiber in which each element has a different modulus and thermal coefficient of expansion. Such a fiber might be designed so that at low temperature, it assumed a conformation that would produce a high loft and high insulating value, and at a higher temperature would do the opposite. The material should be able to cycle between the high and low insulating states indefinitely. Other approaches, perhaps using shape-memory materials, may be viable and the suggested approaches are not intended to limit the scope of proposals to this topic. A typical Army cold weather clothing specification requires sufficient insulation to maintain comfort at -40o F. 1 PHASE I: Design an insulating material or family of insulating materials that will exhibit the desired temperature responsive behavior. Designs should be based on sound scientific principles and be accompanied by supporting theoretical or experimental data to demonstrate viability. It would be most desirable to produce small samples of fiber or other insulating material that demonstrate the desired cyclic variable insulating power in response to varying temperature. General requirements for the materials include having densities that are similar to, or preferably lower than, existing state of the art insulating materials currently used as clothing, while providing comparable insulating power. The actuation temperature range(s) of the material(s) should be relevant to the field environments in which insulating garments are worn, between -40 oC and 15 oC. Information on Army cold weather clothing usage can be found at the web site http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/tc/21-3/ch2.htm. As a general guideline for desired insulation variability, consider that at 4 oC, one needs approximately half the insulation needed at a temperature of -24 oC. It is estimated that a doubling of insulating power over a 10 - 15 degree (C) range would be desirable. Other general requirements for successful materials are environmental durability and low cost. PHASE II: Produce prototypes of materials designed in Phase I or scale up prototypes demonstrated in Phase I. Optimize material properties to include temperature range of actuation, amount of insulating power variation and other parameters such as environmental durability, cost, manufacturability, as required. Incorporate novel fibers or materials into an insulated garment structure to demonstrate end item applicability. Phase III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Insulation that varies its R-value as a function of temperature would have wide application as a component of clothing for the outdoor sporting goods industry as well as applications in the medical community and public safety organizations. Such potential applications include self-regulating blankets for casualty care, where the blankets could prevent overheating of febrile patients who must be left unattended during emergency situations. REFERENCES: 1) http://www.sbccom.army.mil/products/cie/SPEAR_LEP.htm 2) http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/tc/21-3/ch2.htm 3) R. W. Dent, J. G. Donovan, J. Skelton, S. A. Fossey, "Development of Synthetic Down Alternatives - Part I". Natick TR-86/021L 1986. 4) R. W. Dent, J. G. Donovan, J. Skelton, S. A. Fossey, "Development of Synthetic Down Alternatives - Part II". Natick TR-87/004L 1987.
o High density connector from 1 to 40 contacts, 20/row by 2 rows o Sized to accommodate, micro-coax, 1mm optical fiber, # 16 coax and #8 triax o Connectors should possess a locking system Climatic o Temperature range: -65°C +175°C o Sealing: mated connectors, differential pressure 2 bars, leakage <= 16 cm3/hr o Salt spray to: MIL STD 1344 method 1001, 500 hours o Damp heat: MIL-C 38999: 10 cycles 24 hrs, NFC 93422: 56 days
To MIL-C 38999, MIL-L 7808, MIL-L 23699, MIL-H 5606, MIL-A 8243, MIL-C 25769, MIL-T 5624 (JP5), hydraulic fluids, solvents to NFC 93422, F46 - F54 - 0/180 - H515 - H542 - XH45 Mechanical o Endurance: 500 cycles o Shock: 300 g during 3 ms and MIL-S901 grade A o Vibration: sine 10 to 2000 H 30 g random 100 to 300 Hz - 5 (g2/Hz) o Contact retention: (mini force in N): 45 to 110 N
o Typical Contact resistance: (resistance of wire included in measurement) size 22D: 14.6 mO, ?size 20: 7.3mO, size 16: 3.8 mO?, size 12: 1.7 mO o Insulation resistance: ?5000 MO (at 500 Vdc) o Contact rating: size 22D: 5 A size 20: 7.5 A, size 16: 13 A size 12: 23 A o Shell continuity: plating: 2.5 mO, nickel plating: 1 mO o Shielding: - 90 dB to 100 MHz, - 50 dB to 10000 MHz o Tri-axial contact: # 8, bandwidth: 0 - 20 MHz, - voltage rating: 500 Vac Max, 125 Vac at 21000 m o Voltage drop: inner and middle contact 55 mV under 1A, outer contact 75 mV under 12A
1) www.vxm.com/21R.49.html, www.usb.org 2) See http://stinet.dtic.mil for references to Military Standards (MIL-STD).
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