Summary: book "Britain for Learners of English", James O'Driscoll



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The sixteenth century
In the first outbreak of the sixteenth century, a bubonic plague attacked (known in England as the Black Death) and killed about a third of the population. This plague was spread by flies and rats. It periodically reappeared for another 300 years.
The Black Death until 1350.
The song
ring-a-ring-roses: the red ringed rash that was the sure sign of having the plague
a pocketful of poses flowers/herbs used towards off the smell
atishoo, atishoo is a sneezing like sound
we all fall down we all die
This is a well-known children’s nursery rhyme today. It is believed to come from the time of the Great Plague of 1665, which was the last outbreak of bubonic plague in Britain.
The War of the Roses
During the fifteenth century, the power of the greatest nobles, who had their own private armies, meant that constant challenges to the position of the monarch were possible. These power struggles came to ahead in the Wars of the Roses, in which the nobles were divided into two groups, one supporting the House of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose, and the other the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. Three decades of almost continual war ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) defeated and killed Richard III (Yorkist) at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

The Wars of Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England fought between
supporters of two rival branches of the royal house of Plantagenet the houses of Lancaster and
York. In detail during the fifteenth century there was a war that lasted three decades. It was
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divided in two groups, one supporting the house of Lancaster whose symbol was a red rose and.

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