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Table 4: High Daily Temperatures in 2012
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- Table 5: Daily rainfall of 100.0mm and higher in 2012 9.0 SOCI O-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
- Fig. 20: Estimated Crop Loss (ha)
- Fig. 21: Estimated Fisheries Loss 9.2 HEALTH
- Fig. 22a: Aerial view of a submerged school in Bayelsa State
- Fig. 2b: Osagbe College, Udaba-Ekphei in Edo State submerged 9.4 HYDROLOGY
- Fig. 23: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Aqua satellite captured the increased volume of Niger and Benue Rivers on October 11, 2012. 9.5 AVIATION
- CLIMATE OUTLOOK FOR 2013
- 12.0 Annex: THE GREAT FLOODS OF 2012
- Fig. 23: Map showing flooded states (Joint UN, FG, NEMA, Universities Survey)
- 2012 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON
- Source: Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia SAMPLE PICTURES OF 2012 FLOODS
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Table 4: High Daily Temperatures in 2012 8.3 RAINFALL High impact daily rainfalls of 100.0mm and higher values were recorded in the year between May and August (Table 5). Ikeja, Oshodi and Lagos Island recorded the highest 24-hour rainfall amounts of 216.3mm, 225.8mm, and 169.8mm respectively in June while Gombe, Kano and Zaria in the north had 120.4mm, 143.0mm and 158.4mm of rainfall respectively in August. The daily rainfall in September 2012 did not exceed 99.0mm unlike in 2011 where cities in both the north and south had this magnitude of rainfall in the month.
Table 5: Daily rainfall of 100.0mm and higher in 2012 9.0 SOCI O-ECONOMIC IMPACTS The socio – economic impact of the 2012 climate under review had significant effect on agriculture, hydrology, construction, education and health sectors, as discussed below. 9.1 AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a sector that is highly dependent on weather due to the rainfed agricultural practice in the country. Excessive rainfall from July to October and the release of water from several dams, such as the Kainji and Jebba hydroelectric power Dams in Nigeria and Lagdo Dam in Cameroun, resulted in high water levels in rivers and ponds and widespread flooding in 33 states in the Country. According to FEWSNET, these have damaged about 1.9 million hectares of cropland and are estimated to have reduced production levels for the current season mainly along the floodplains by 22.4% (rice), 14.6% (maize), 11.2% (soybeans), 9.3% (cassava) and 6.3% (cowpea).
Random sample checks on the flood impacts on agriculture across the county showed that over 1,600 farm lands were affected by flood in Gombe State, no fewer than 400,000 farmlands were destroyed in Jigawa State by the flood, 800 hectares of yam and plantain farms in three communities in Oshimili South and Ndokwa East Local Government of Delta State were also destroyed by flood waters and over 350 hectares of cassava farmland were washed away in Edo State by the flood. On the fisheries subsector, estimated losses due to the flood impact among the front line states is put at close to two hundred and thirty million naira (N230,000.00). The fourteen states where fisheries were most impacted and the respective losses are shown in Fig. 21. Kebbi state suffered the highest estimated loss amounting to over seventy one million naira (N71.397m), followed by Delta state (N48.885m) and Bayelsa state (46.076m). Fig. 21: Estimated Fisheries Loss 9.2 HEALTH Primary health facilities in several states were damaged by the flooding thereby limiting access to, and stretched basic health services, especially in Bayelsa and Delta States. The situation was compounded by the general inadequate medical staff, supplies and commodities in places where some medical services were provided. Sexual and reproductive health care including emergency obstetric and newborn care, access to management of childhood illnesses including treatment of acute malnutrition were lacking. Also, referral services for life threatening conditions were poorly organized or non-existent. Lack of clean drinking water due to the flooding occasioned by the heavy rains and the release of water from several dams resulted in cholera outbreak in Nigeria. The Federal Ministry of Health had reported that many people in the impacted communities were affected by the disease which resulted in the death of a sizeable number of people. Other prevalent health problems reported include diarrhoea, malaria and typhoid particularly in the coastal states of Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa and Anambra state, and along the Niger and Benue Rivers (FEWSNET 2012). These diseases increased hospital admissions, reduced labour availability and exposed affected populations to increased healthcare related expenditures. 9.3 EDUCATION In the education sector, the flood disrupted academic activities in most of the schools in the impacted states as secondary and primary schools (in non-affected areas) served as Camps to accommodate the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from the affected communities. Some state governments (e.g. Bayelsa, Adamawa) ordered the closure of schools in their states due to the rising water levels (Fig. 22) and the danger it posed to the students and residents (FEED 9th October). Report also has it that the Niger Delta University (NDU), Amassoma in Bayelsa State was also submerged by flood. Scheduled national examinations such as that of the National Examination Council (NECO) had to be rescheduled following the downpour in Lagos from Wednesday 27th June to the morning of Thursday 28th June. 
Fig. 22a: Aerial view of a submerged school in Bayelsa State 
Fig. 2b: Osagbe College, Udaba-Ekphei in Edo State submerged 9.4 HYDROLOGY The wet season started early in February/March in the south and in early May/June in the north. Widespread flooding peaked between September and mid-October across the country and was particularly severe in the northcentral and coastal states. Nigeria experienced the worst flooding in more than 100 years. The National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) indicated that the 2012 flooding was the second highest in the country; the first and highest occurred in 1932. The water level of Niger River in Lokoja rose from about 6.5m normal level to peak at 12.8m on 29th September due to the heavy rains and release of water from the dams but fell to 8.8m on 1st November (SITREP NIGERIA Floods 2012) as the flood water receded. In Cameroon, on the 24th August, torrential rainfall caused a dramatic rise in the water level of the Lagdo Dam and the spillway was overflowed. Excess water was released from the dam to avoid its breakage. The opening of the dam led to flooding along River Benue in Nigeria. This flooding displaced over 2.2 million people, 363 people reported dead (NEMA), damaged several thousand hectares of cropland and destroyed houses and personal properties. Out of the 36 states of the country, 33 were affected, including 14 that were considered to be severely impacted. A total of 256 Local Government areas (LGAs) and 3,870 communities were affected. Kogi state recorded the highest number of affected population (1.35 million) followed by Adamawa (1.11 million) and Delta (785,000) (SITREP NIGERIA Floods 2012). 
Fig. 23: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite captured the increased volume of Niger and Benue Rivers on October 11, 2012. 9.5 AVIATION In the months of January, February and March, there were outbreaks of dust haze which reduced horizontal surface visibility to between 200 - 900m in the north and parts of the south. In January and February, Ikeja, Calabar, Port Harcourt, Oshogbo, Warri and Ado Ekiti witnessed reduction in visibility to about 100 - 800m due to early morning fog. These weather features disrupted flight activities at the airports as flights were delayed, rescheduled or cancelled. Also flight disruptions were reported during the wet season mainly due to heavy downpours, severe thunderstorms and squally weather. On the 22nd August, flight operations to Enugu, Port Harcourt and Owerri from the Murtala Mohammed Airport Terminal 2 (MMA2), Lagos, were cancelled due to bad weather. In December, winter weather in Europe led to flight disruptions to and from European airports. These harsh weather conditions affected the number of inbound/ outbound flights at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos and also at the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja. Bottom of Form
The Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) maintained an average position of latitude 7.2oN in January and moved northwards thereafter to latitude 11.1oN by end of February instead of the climatological southward movement. This development contributed to the February destructive storm over Lagos and adjoining areas in Ogun state. From March, the ITD commenced its seasonal northward movement and reached the north-most limit of latitude 18.8oN in the second dekad of August and retreated southwards to attain an average position of latitude 7.6oN in December. Maximum temperatures in the hot season (February and March in the south, and March and April in the north) were 0.5 – 2.5oC warmer than normal in the north but normal in the south except over the extreme southeast where temperatures were 0.5 – 1.5oC colder than normal. The cold season (January) temperatures were normal in most places across the country. However, few places such as Sokoto, Katsina, Jos, Ilorin, Iseyin, Oshogbo, Akure, Benin, Owerri and Enugu experienced 0.5 – 3.2oC colder conditions. Rainfall was normal to wetter than normal except for isolated places (Gusau, Shaki) where rainfall was below the long term amount. For the first time since 2008, the northeast had rainfall more than normal values. The year recorded the wettest condition in the northeast in more than ten consecutive years. The 1-2 months of more rainfall in the extreme north, generally normal rainfall months in other parts of the country, coupled with the good rainfall especially over the eastern halve of the country, contributed to the extensive flooding. The country experienced the worst flooding in more than 80 years as a result of heavy rainfall in the country coupled with the downstream flow from Fouta Djallon in Guinea and the release of water from some dams within and outside the country in July. Joint survey by the UN, Federal Government, NEMA and some Universities in the country showed that 33 states and the FCT were affected, including 14 states that were considered severely affected. A total of 7,705,378 people in 256 Local Government areas and 3,870 communities were affected by the floods between July and October. Kogi state recorded the highest number of affected people (1.35 million) followed by Adamawa (1.11 million) and Delta (785,000).
The global circulation outlook for 2013 shows that the current warm-neutral ENSO condition is likely to last till the rainy season in Nigeria. However, the dynamical models suggest warmer conditions compared to the statistical models even though the signals are likely to maintain ENSO-neutral range. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Atlantic are slightly above normal with a tendency for cooling. The harmattan season at the beginning of the year is expected to be normal. The hot season is likely to be normal also in many parts of the country but high daily temperatures are not ruled out. The rains are expected to start around first week of March in the south and late June in the far north. Chances of late onset of rains are weak. The end of rainy season is likely to come between mid October in the North and December in the South. This suggests a normal rainfall cessation in the country. However, some inland areas of the south have prospect of early cessation. Further analyses indicate likely higher rainfall amount than 2012 values in the eastern and western flanks of the Central States which also suggests higher rainfall intensity. There is evidence therefore that these characteristics of weather over Nigeria could negatively impact on agriculture, water resources and health, even though near normal rainfall is predicted especially over the eastern and western flanks of the Central States, including the flood plains in the south and coastal areas.
The year 2012 was very active in terms of flooding around the globe and Nigeria had its own share of the devastating floods in the year. This section tries to sample the extent and impact of these floods as captured by reports from various stakeholders and institutions. 12.1 LAGOS STATE The country had barely come out of the Christmas and New Year celebrations when Lagosians woke up in the morning of 14 February 2012 to be confronted with an early morning rainstorm, which began at about 7.10 am, wreaked havoc in several parts of the state, killing 15 persons, destroying many houses, cars, electric poles and uprooting many trees. Several trees were also uprooted around Radio Nigeria, Ikoyi office which caused severe damage to some cars parked in the area. The Third Mainland Bridge was also blocked for most of the morning as street light poles felled by the storm lay on the road, obstructing free flow of traffic.  
www.vanguardngr.com http://pmnewsnigeria.com Fig 22: Impact of Storm on February 14, 2012 The battle against floods in the state continued in June after a short relief in March and April, leaving behind tales of losses both in life and property amounting to huge sums of money. 12.2 NIGERIA Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in the world, including Nigeria. The spatial impact of floods and the people affected and displaced are more than in any other disaster in Nigeria and the percentage of Nigerian population at risk of one form of flooding or another is increasing. Flooding has become a major developmental challenge in the country after the first flood hit Ibadan in 1948. Since then, high impact flood disasters have occurred in the southwest and extending to the northern states, including but not limited to Sokoto, Kano, Jigawa, Borno, Bauchi, Adamawa, Plateau, Taraba, Benue, Niger, Kogi, and Kwara. The southeast states are not left out either from the perennial flooding and the associated threats to human existence in the country. In 2012, Nigeria experienced the worst flooding in more than 80 years as a result of heavy rainfall in the country coupled with the downstream flow from Fouta Djallon in Guinea through Niger Republic and the release of water from some dams within and outside the country in July. Out of the 36 states of the country, 33 were affected, including 14 that were considered severely affected. A total of 7,705,378 people in 256 Local Government areas and 3,870 communes were affected by the floods between July and October. About 363 people were reported dead and over 18,200 people sustained different degrees of injury while more than 618,000 houses were either destroyed or damaged. 
Fig. 23: Map showing flooded states (Joint UN, FG, NEMA, Universities Survey) Kogi state recorded the highest number of affected people (1.35 million) followed by Adamawa (1.11 million) and Delta (785,000). The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) reported that the level of the Niger River in Lokoja peaked at 12.8m on 29th September but fell to 8.8m high on 1st November as the water started receding. The normal depth of the Niger River is about 6.5m.
2012 will go down in history as one of the worst years of flooding and it will therefore be interesting to sample the impact of these floods on the continents in this edition of the Climate Review. Also a review of the 2012 Atlantic Hurricane season is included below. AFRICA: Northern Hemisphere Summer rainfall across sub-Saharan Africa was above average, with much of West Africa, specifically Senegal, south Mauritania, West and East Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and northern Burkina Faso, having 40% or more above normal rainfall. Several other countries in the continent particularly in eastern Africa had rainfall deficits, recording not more than 70% of normal rainfall. Many countries in West Africa and the Sahel, including Niger and Chad, suffered severe flooding between July and September because of a very active monsoon. The heavy rainfall prompted severe floods in 33 states across Nigeria which affected nearly 3million people, and caused fatalities. The floods destroyed farmlands, homes, and schools, and caused outbreaks of cholera and other diseases. The torrential rainfall also caused floods across parts of Niger, destroying thousands of homes, affecting over 480,000 people and claiming lives. In Kenya, record-breaking rainfall events since 1926 occurred in May and August leaving behind catalogue of woes. EUROPE: The year saw record flooding in Europe as well. Between April and October, heavy precipitations were recorded in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, parts of southern Sweden, western Finland, western Russia, western part of mainland Estonia, south of the Far East, etc. The wet weather and the heavy precipitation triggered flooding The flooding led to loss of several thousands of lives and caused damages and destroyed property amounting to several hundreds of millions of U.S. Dollars in agricultural and infrastructure. AMERICA: Several tropical storms brought much needed precipitation to drought stricken areas across the United States. Tropical Storm Debby dumped record rainfall totals across Florida, contributing to Florida’s wettest June on record. Florida had its wettest summer on record, partially driven by the storms Hurricane. Isaac brought heavy rainfall to southern states, resulting in Louisiana and Mississippi’s second wettest August on record. The beneficial rains across the region helped improve drought conditions across the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Prior to reaching the U.S. mainland, Isaac dropped between 100.0–200.0mm of rain across Puerto Rico, with locally heavier amounts across the interior mountains. Extreme heavy rainfall severely affected the Buenos Aires province in Argentina during August 2012, producing severe flooding and evacuations. Monthly totals broke historical records (since 1875) in several locations across central and parts of northern Argentina, with nearly double the previous records for the month of August in some places. SOUTH AMERICA: Across northern South America, parts of Colombia were affected by heavy precipitation during most of the year, with some areas recording daily totals between 150.0mm to 250.0 mm. The weather in Colombia during the first four months of the year was influenced by La Niña, producing heavy rain across parts of the nation, leading to the overflow of rivers and floods which affected thousands of people. Istmina, Chocó (northern Colombia) recorded a total of 251.0 mm of rain on March 31st—the highest 24-hour rainfall amount in March. AUSTRALIA: In Australia, the most extensive flood events of the year occurred in late February and early March, as a result of persistent heavy rain in a region extending from eastern South Australia through most of southern inland New South Wales and northern border areas of Victoria with weekly totals exceeding 200.0 mm over a large part of southern New South Wales and adjacent areas of northern Victoria. Seven-day precipitation averages for the Upper Murray (nearly 295.0 mm), Murrumbidgee (nearly 203.0 mm) and Lachlan catchments (about 180.0 mm) were all nearly double the previous record high values for any 7-day period. Parts of the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan Rivers reached their highest flood peaks since 1974 and there were numerous evacuations in towns, including Wagga Wagga, Hay, and Forbes. ASIA: Parts of southern China experienced their heaviest rainfall in the last 32 years as torrential rain fell from April 5th to May 15th. In July, cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei had torrential downpours, with several stations recording their highest daily precipitation on record. Mentougou recorded an impressive amount of 305.2 mm precipitation in one day. 114 deaths were attributed to the copious rainfall, with an economic loss of 4.5 billion U.S. dollars. Devastating floods impacted Pakistan during September 2012. Monsoonal rains prompted deadly floods across Pakistan, with Balochistan, Punjab, and Sindh the hardest hit regions. Over 5 million people and over 400,000 hectares of crops have been affected by floods, with more than 460,000 houses and infrastructures damaged or destroyed. 2012 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON: The hurricane season was extremely active and comparative with 1887, 1995, 2010 and 2011. Producing nineteen tropical cyclones and named storms, ten hurricanes, and one major hurricane, the season began on June 1 and ended on November 30. The season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Alberto, developed on May 19, while the last storm, Tropical Storm Tony, dissipated on October 25. The most intense hurricane, Sandy, was a powerful Category 2 hurricane that brought significant damage to portions of the Greater Antilles and East Coast of the United States in October 2012, causing damages in upwards to 65 billion dollars. Hurricane Sandy was the largest known Atlantic hurricane by gale diameter on record. Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac were the deadliest and most destructive, with the former causing at least $65.6 billion (2012 USD) in damage—the second costliest hurricane in recorded history—and 253 deaths, and the latter causing an estimated $2.3 billion and 41 deaths Despite the high number of hurricanes during the 2012 season, only one, Hurricane Michael, attained major hurricane intensity—a Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Source: Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia SAMPLE PICTURES OF 2012 FLOODS Directory: sites -> default -> files -> publications publications -> Theology beacon dictionary of theology publications -> Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies Georgia Institute of Technology publications -> Housing Counseling Research in Chicago publications -> Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences publications -> New Brunswick Info Sheet on First Nations Child Welfare publications -> Paap’s Electronic Newsletter 14 November 2008 Volume 11 Number 22 towards ‘smart’ subsidies in agriculture: lessons from recent experience in malawi publications -> Information support of pedagogical process for the children experiencing difficulties with acquisition of preschool educational programs publications -> Asus’ ZenFone ar has Google’s augmentted and virtual reality baked in — but not combined publications -> School Readiness and Early Grade Success Consultation Memo Atlanta, ga Download 236.98 Kb. 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