Table of contents key findings

77. Arrigo,K.R., Van Dijken,G. and Long,M. 2008. Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO₂ sink. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35:L21602, doi:10.1020/2008GL035624, 2008.

78. Bates,N.R., Moran,S.B., Hansell,D.A. and Mathis,J.T. 2006. An increasing CO₂ sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea-ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L23609, doi:10.1029/2006GL027028, 2006.

79. Jacobson,A.R., Mikaloff Fletcher,S.E., Gruber,N. et al. 2007. A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Regional results. GBC 21, GB1020, doi:10.1029/2006GB002703, 2007.

80. Law,R.M., Matear,R.J. and Francey,R.J. 2008. Comment on “Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO₂ sink due to recent climate change”. Science 319:570a.

81. Le Quéré, C., Rödenbeck,C., Buitenhuis,E.T. et al. 2007. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO₂ sink due to recent climate change. Science 316:1735-1738.

82. Le Quere,C., Rödenbeck,C., Buitenhuis,E.T. et al. 2008. Response to comments on “Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO₂ sink due to recent climate change”. Science 319:570c.

83. Marinov, I., A. Gnanadesikan,A., Toggweiler,J.R. and Sarmiento, J.L.. 2006. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature 441:964-967.

84. Mikaloff Fletcher,S.E., Gruber,N., Jacobsen,A.R. et al. 2006. Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO₂ uptake, transport and storage by the oceans. GBC 20, GB2002 doi:10.1029/2005GB002530, 2006.

85. Quay,P., Sonnerup,R., Stutsman,J. et al. 2007. Anthropogenic CO₂ accumulation rates in the North Atlantic Ocean from changes in the ¹³C/¹²C of dissolved organic carbon. GBC 21, GB1009, doi: 10.102761, 2007.

86. Schuster,U. and Watson,A.J. 2007. A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO₂ in the North Atlantic. JGR 112,C11006, doi:10.1029/2006JC003941, 2007.

87. Swingedouw,D., Bopp,L., Matras,A. and Braconnot,P. 2007. Effect of land-ice melting and associated changes in the AMOC result in little overall impact on oceanic CO₂ uptake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L23706, doi:10.1020/2007GL031990, 2007.

88. Terenzi,F., Hall,T.M., Khatiwala,S. et al. 2007. Uptake of natural and anthropogenic carbon by the Labrador Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L06608, doi:10.1020/2006GL028543, 2007.

89. Zickfeld,K., Fyfe,J.C., Saenko,O.A. et al. 2007. Response of the global carbon cycle to human-induced change in Southern Hemisphere winds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L12712, doi:10.1029/2006GL028797, 2007.

90. Zickfield, K, Fyfe,J.C., Eby ,M. and Weaver,A.J. 2008. Comment on “Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO₂ sink due to recent climate change”. Science 319:570b.

91. Arrigo,K.R. 2007. Marine manipulations. Nature 450:491-492.

92. Buesseler,K.O., Lamborg,C.H., Boyd,P.W. et al. 2007. Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean’s twilight zone. Science 316:567570.

93. Duce,R.A., LaRoche,J., Altieri,K. et al. 2008. Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science 320:893-896.

94. Parekh,P., Dutkiewicz,S., Follows,M.J. and Ito,T. 2006. Atmospheric carbon dioxide in a less dusty world. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L03610, doi:10.1029/2005GL025098, 2006.

2. 
   Other Greenhouse Gases
   

95. Grachev,A,M., Brook,E.J. and Severinghaus,J.P. 2007. Abrupt changes in atmospheric methane at the MIS 5b-5a transition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L20703, doi:10.1029/2007GL029799, 2007.

96. Houweling,S., van der Werf,G.R., Klein Goldwijk,K. et al. 2008. Early anthropogenic CH₄ emissions and the variation of CH₄ and ¹³CH₄ over the past millennium. GBC 22,GB1002, doi:10.1029/2007GL002961, 2008.

97. Huber,C., Leuenberger,M., Spahni,R. et al. 2008. Isotope calibrated Greenland temperature record over Marine Isotope Stage 3 and its relation to CH4. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 243:504-519.

98. Loulerge,L., Schilt,A., Spahni,R. et al. 2008. Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH₄ over the past 800,000 years. Nature 453:383-386.

99. O’Hara,K.D. 2008. A model for late Quaternary methane ice core signal: Wetlands versus a shallow marine source. Geophys. Res. Lett.,35, L02712, doi:10.1029/2007GL032317, 2007.

100. Wolff,E. and Spahni,R. 2007. Methane and nitrous oxide in the ice core record. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A 365:1775-1792.

101. Khalil,M.A.K., Butenhoff,C.L. and Rasmussen,R.A. 2007. Atmospheric methane: trends and cycles of sources and sinks. Env. Sci. Tech. 41:2131-2137.

102. Rigby, M., Prinn,R.G., Fraser,P.J. et al. 2008. Renewed growth in atmospheric methane. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L22805, doi:10.1029/2008GL036037, 2008.

103. Simpson,I.J., Rowland,F.S., Meinardi,S. and Blake,D.R. 2006. Influence of biomass burning during recent fluctuations in the slow growth of global tropospheric methane. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L22808, doi:10.1029/2006GL027330, 2006.

104. Fischer,H., Behrens,M., Bock,M. et al. 2007. Changing boreal methane sources and constant biomass burning during the last termination. Nature 452:864-867.

105. Mastepanov,M., Sigsgaard,C., Dlugokencky,E.J. et al. 2008. Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing. Nature 456:628-631.

106. Walter,K.M., Zimov,S.A., Chanton,J.P. et al. 2006. Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature 443:71-75.

107. Walter,K.M., Edwards,M.E., Grosse,G. et al. 2007. Thermokarst lakes as a source of atmospheric CH₄ during the last deglaciation. Science 318:633-636.

108. Walter,K.M., Smith,L.C. and Chapin, F.S. III. 2007. Methane bubbling from northern lakes: present and future contributions to the global methane budget. Phil. Trans.Royal Soc. A. 365:1657-1676.

109. Zhuang,Q., Melillo,J.M., McGuire,A.D. et al. 2007. Net emissions of CH₄ and CO₂ in Alaska: Implications for the region’s greenhouse gas budget. Ecological Applications 17:203-212.

110. Dueck,T.A., de Visser,R., Poorter,H. et al. 2007. No evidence for substantial aerobic methane emission by terrestrial plants: a ¹³C-labelling approach. New Phytologist 175:29-35.

111. Keppler,F., Hamilton,J.T.G., Braß,M. and Rockmann,T. 2006. Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature 439:187-190.

112. Lowe,D.C. 2006. A green source of surprise. Nature 439:148-149.

113. Schiermeier,Q. 2007. Methane mystery continues. Nature 442:730-731.

114. Schiermeier,Q. 2006. Methane finding baffles scientists. Nature 439:128.

115. Archer,D, and Brovkin,V. 2008. The millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO₂. CC 90: 283-297.

116. Archer,D., Buffett,B. and Brovkin,V. 2008. Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle. PNAS online, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800885105.

117. Etiope,G., Lassey,K.R., Klusman,R.W. and Boschi,E. 2008. Reappraisal of the fossil methane budget and related emissions from geologic sources. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09307, doi:10.1029/2008GL033623, 2008.

118. Lamarque,J.-F. 2008. Estimating the potential for methane clathrate instability in the 1%-CO₂ IPCC AR-4 simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L19806, doi:10.1029/2008GL035291, 2008.

119. Reagan,M.T. and Moridis,G.J. 2007. Oceanic gas hydrate instability and dissociation under climate change scenarios. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L22709, doi:10.1029/2007GL031671.

120. Reagan,M.T. and Moridis,G.J. 2008. Dynamic response of oceanic hydrate deposits to ocean temperature change. JGR 113, C12023, doi:10.1029/2008JC004938, 2008.

121. Sowers,T. 2006. Late Quaternary atmospheric CH₄ isotope record suggests marine clathrates are stable. Science 311:838-842.

122. Curry,C.L. 2007. Modeling the soil consumption of atmospheric methane at the global scale. GBC 21, GB4012, doi:10.1029/2006GB002818, 2007.

123. Dutaur,L. and Verchot,L.V. 2007. A global inventory of the soil CH₄ sink. GBC 21, GB4013, doi:10.1029/2006GB002734, 2007.

2. 
   Nitrous Oxide
   

2. 
   Tropospheric ozone
   

126. Horowitz,L.W., 2006. Past present and future concentrations of tropospheric ozone and aerosols: Methodology, ozone evaluation and sensitivity to aerosol wet removal. JGR 111, D22211, doi:10.1029/2005JD006937, 2006.

127. Read,P. 2008. Biosphere carbon stock management: addressing the threat of abrupt climate change in the next few decades: an editorial essay. CC 87:305-320.

2. 
   Halogens
   

129 . Weiss,R.F., Mühle,J., Salameh,P.K. and Harth,C.M. 2008. Nitrogen triflouride in the global atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L20821, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035913, 2008.

2. 
   Aerosols
   

131. Winckler,G., Anderson,R.F., Fleisher,M.Q. et al. 2008 Covariant glacial-interglacial dust fluxes in the equatorial Pacific and Antarctica. Science 320:93-96.

132. Bond,T.C., Bhardwaj,E., Dong,R. et al. 2007. Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850-2000. GBC 21, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007.

133. Mischenko,M.L., Geogdzhayev,I.V., Rossow,W.B. et al. 2007. Long-term satellite record reveals likely recent aerosol trend. Science 315:1543.

134. Schwarz,J.P., Gao,R.S., Spackman,J.R. et al. 2008. Measurement of the mixing state, mass and optical size of individual black carbon particles in urban and biomass burning emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L13810, doi:10.1029/2008GL033968.

3.0 Radiative Forcing

135. Kim,D. and Ramanathan,V. 2008. Solar radiation budget and radiative forcing due to aerosols and clouds. JGR 113, D02203, doi:10.1029/2007JD008434, 2008.

136. Hofmann,D.J., Butler,J.H., Dlugokencky,E.J. et al. 2006. The role of carbon dioxide in climate forcing from 1979 to 2004: Introduction of the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index. Tellus 58B:614-619.

137. Joos, F. and R. Spahni. 2008. Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years. PNAS 105:1425-1430.

138. Myhre,G., Nilsen,J.S., Gulstad,L. et al. 2007. Radiative forcing due to stratospheric water vapour from CH₄ oxidation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L01807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027472, 2007

139. Ito,A., SSudo,K., Akimoto,H. et al. 2007. Global modeling analysis of tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing from biomass burning emissions in the twentieth century. JGR 112, D24307, doi:10.1029/2007JD008745, 2007

140. Worden,H.M., Bowman,K.W., Worden,J.R. et al. 2008. Satellite measurements of the clear-sky greenhouse effect from tropospheric ozone. Nature Geoscience 1:305-308.

141. Derwent,R.G., Stevenson,D.S., Doherty,R.M. et al. 2008. Radiative forcing from surface NOx emissions: Spatial and seasonal variations. CC 88:385-401.

142. Köhler,M.O., Rädel,G., Dessens,O. et al. 2008. Impact of perturbations to nitrogen oxygen emissions from global aviation. JGR 113, D11305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009140, 2008.

143. West,J.J., Fiore,A.M., Naik,V. et al. 2007. Ozone air quality and radiative forcing consequences of change in ozone precursor emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L06806, doi: 10.1029/2006GL029173, 2007.

144. Butchart,N., Scaife,A.A., Bourqui,M. et al. .2006. Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Climatic Dynamics 27:272-741

145. Perlwitz, J., Pawson,S., Fogt,R. et al. 2008. Impact of stratospheric ozone hole recovery on Antarctic climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L08714, doi:10,1029/2008GL033317.

146. Portmann,R.W. and solomon,S. 2007. Indirect radiative forcing of the ozone layer during the 21^st century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02813, doi:10.1029/2006GL028252, 2007.

147. Bellouin,N., Jones,A., Haywood,J. and Christopher,S.A. 2008. Updated estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite observations and comparison against the Hadley Centre climate model. JGR 113, D10205, doi:10.1029/2007JD009385, 2008.

148. Haywood,J. and Schulz,M. 2007. Causes of the reduction in uncertainty in the anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate between IPCC (2002) and IPCC (2007). Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20701, doi:10.1029/2007GL030749, 2007.

149. Liu,X., Penner,J.E., Das,B. et al. 2007. Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: Assessment using three meteorological sets. JGR 112, D11212, doi:10.1029/2006JD008216, 2007.

150. Quaas,J., Boucher,O., Bellouin,N., and Kinne,S. 2008. Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing. JGR 113, D05204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008962, 2008.

151. Bréon,F.-M. 2006. How doe aerosols affect cloudiness and climate? Science 313:623-624.

152. Kaufman,Y.J. and Koren,I. 2006. Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover. Science 313:655-658.

153. Lubin,D. and Vogelmann,A.M. 2006. A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic. Nature 439:453-456.

154. Menon,S., Del Genio,A.D., Kaufman,Y. et al. 2008. Analyzing signatures of aerosol-cloud interactions from satellite retrievals and the GIS GCM to constrain the aerosol indirect effect. JGR 113, D14S22, doi:10.1029/2007JD009442, 2008

155. Rosenfeld,D. 2006. Aerosols, clouds and climate. Science 312:1324.

156. Takemura,T., Kaufman,Y.J., Remer,L.A. and Nakajima,T. 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,L04802, doi:10.1029/2006GL028349, 2007.

157. Schreier,M., Mannstein,H., Eyring,V. and Bovensmann,H. 2007. Global ship track distribution and radiative forcing from 1 year of AATSR data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L17814, doi:10.1029/2007GL030644, 2007.

158. Alpert,P. and Kishcha,P. 2008. Quantification of the effect of urbanization on solar dimming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35,L08801, doi:10.1029/2007GL033012, 2008.

159. Kvalevåg,M.M. and Myhre,G. 2007. Human impact on direct and diffuse solar radiation during the industrial era. J. Climate 20:4874-4883.

160. Menon,S., Unger,N., Koch,D. et al. 2008. Aerosol climate effects and air quality impacts from 1980 to 2030. Environmental Research Letters 3 (2008) 024004.

161. Morgan,M.G., Adams,P.J. and Keith,D.W. 2006. Elicitation of expert judgments of aerosol forcing. CC 75:195-214.

162. Noris,J.R. and Wild,M. 2007. Trends in aerosol radiative effects over Europe inferred from observed cloud cover, solar ‘dimming’ and solar ‘brightening’. JGR 112, D08214, doi:10.1029/2006JD007794.

163. Romanou,A., Liepert,B., Schmidt,G.A. et al. 2007. 20^th century changes in surface solar irradiance in simulations and observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34,L05713, doi:10.1029/2006GL028356, 2007.

164. Ruckstuhl,C., Philipona,R., Behrens,K. et al. 2008. Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35,L12708, doi:10.1029/2008GL034228, 2008.

165. Wild,M., Ohmura,A. and Makowski,K. 2007. Impact of global dimming and brightening on global climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L04702, doi:10.1029/2006GL028031, 2007.

166. Cai,W., Bi,D., Church,J. et al. 2006. Pan-oceanic response to increasing anthropogenic aerosols: Impacts on the Southern Hemispheric ocean circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L21707, doi:10.1029/2006GL027513, 2006.

167. Rädel,G. and Shine,K.P. 2008. Radiative forcing by persistent contrails and its dependence on cruise altitudes. JGR 113, D07105, doi:10.1029/2007JD009117, 2008.

168. Stuber,N., Forster,P., Rädel,G. and Shine,K. 2006. The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing. Nature 441:864-867.

169. Ramanathan,V. and Carmichael,G. 2008. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience 1:221-227.

170. Ramanathan,V., Ramana,M.V., Roberts,G. et al. 2007. Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448:575-578.

171. Roeckner,E., Stier,P., Feichter,J. et al. 2006. Impact of carbonaceous aerosol emissions on regional climate change. Climate Dynamics 27:553-571.

172. Satheesh,S.K., Moorthy,K.K., Babu,S.S. et al. 2008. Climate implications of large warming by elevated aerosol over India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L19809, doi:10.1029/2008GL034944, 2008.

173. Wang,C. 2007. Impact of direct radiative forcing of black carbon aerosols on tropical convective precipitation. Geophys. Res. Let. 34, L05709, doi:10.1029/2006GL028416, 2007.

174. Alley,R.B. 2007. “C”ing Arctic climate with black ice. Science 317: 1333-1334.

175. Flanner,M.G., Zender,C.S., Randerson,J.T. and Rasch,P.J. 2007. Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. JGR 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.

176. McConnell,J.R., Edwards,R., Kok,G.L. et al. 2007. 20^th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered Arctic climate forcing. Science 317:1381-1384.

3.3 Land Use Change

177. Barnes,C.A. and Roy,D.P. 2008. Radiative forcing over the conterminous United States due to contemporary land cover land use albedo change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09706, doi:10.1029/2008GL0335467, 2008.

178. Betts,A.K., Desjardins,R.L., Worth,D. 2007. Impact of agriculture, forest and cloud feedback on the surface energy budget in BOREAS. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 142: 156-169.

179. Betts,R.A., Falloon,P.D., Klein Goldewijk,K. and Ramankutty,N. 2007. Biogeophysical effects oif land use on climate: Model simulations of radiaitve focing and large-scale temperature change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142:216-233.

180 . Brovkin,V., Claussen,M., Driesschaert,E. et al. 2006. Biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes simlated by six Earth system models of intermediate complexity. Climate Dynamics 26:587-600.

181. Davin,E.L., de Noblet-Ducourdré,N. and Friedlingstein,P. 2007. Impact of land cover change on surface climate: Relevance of the radiative forcing concept. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L13702, doi:10.1029/2007GL029678, 2007.

182. Desjardins,R.L.,Sivakumar,M.V.K. and de Kimpe,C. 2007. The contribution of agriculture to the state of climate: Workshop summary and recommendations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 142: 314-324.

183. Findell,K.L., Shevliakova,E., Milly,P.C.D. and Stouffer,R.J. 2007. Modeled impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate. J. Climate 20:3621-3634.

184. Gameda,S., Qian,B., Campbell,C.A. and Desjardins,R.L. 2007. Climatic trends associated with summerfallow in the Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forst Meteorology 142:170-185.

185. Marlon,J.R., Bartlein,P.J., Carcaillet,C. et al. 2008. Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 1, 697 – 702.

186. Voldoire,A. 2006. Quantifying the impact of future land-use changes against increases in GHG concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33,L04701, doi:10.1029/2005GL024354, 2006.

3.4 Natural Forcings

187. Camp,C.D. and Tung,K.K. 2007. Surface warming by the solar cycle as revealed by the composite mean difference projection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34,L14703, doi:10.1029/2007GL030207, 2007.

188. Clark,S. 2006. Saved by the sun. New Scientist, 16 Sept:32-36.

189. Foukal,P , Fröhlich,C., Spruit,H. and Wigley, T. M. L. 2006. Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth’s climate. Nature 443:161-166.

190. Preminger,D.G. and Walton,S.R. 2006. Historical solar variability derived from sunspot areas using a FIR model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33,L23108, doi:10.1029/2006GL027823, 2006.

191. Scafetta,N. and West,B.J. 2006. Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperature record. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L17718, doi:10.1029/2006GL027142, 2006.

192. Scafetta,N. and West,B.J. 2006. Phenomenological solar contribution to the 1900-2000 global surface warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L05708, doi:10.1029/2005GL025539, 2006.

193. Scafetta,N. and West,B.J. 2007. Phenomenological reconstructions of the solar signature in the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature records since 1600. JGR 112, D24S03, doi:10.1029/2007JD008437, 2007.

194. Usoskin,I.G., Solanki,S.K. and Korte,M. 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L08103, doi:10.1029/2006GL025921, 2006.

195. Harrison,R.G. and Stephenson,D.B. 2006. Empirical evidence for a nonlinear effect of galactic cosmic rays on clouds. Proc. Royal Society A 462:1221-1233.

196. Kerr,R.A. 2007. Is a thinning haze unveiling the real global warming? Science 315:1480.

197. Mahowald,N.M., Yoshioka,M., Collins,W.D. et al. 2006. Climate response and radiative forcing from mineral aerosols during the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, current and doubled-carbon dioxide climates. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33,L20705, doi:10.1029/2006GL026126, 2006.

198. Mazzarella,A. 2007. The 60-year solar modulation of global air temperature: The Earth’s rotation and atmosphere circulation connection. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 88:193-199.

199. Mischenko,M.I., Geogdzhayev,I.V., Rossow,W.B. et al. 2007. Long-term satellite record reveals likely recent aerosol trend. Science 315:1543.

200. Moulin,C. and Chiaopello,I. 2006. Impact of human-induced desertification on the intensifiuation of Sahel dust emission and export over the last decades. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L18808, doi:10.1029/2006GL025923, 2006.

201. Sloan,. and Wolfendale,A.W. 2008. Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover. Environmental Research Letters 3 (2008) 024001.

202. Stothers,R.B. 2007. Three centuries of observation of stratospheric transparency. CC 83:515-521.