Table of Contents Page

83 Cal. Gov’t. C. § 8654.

84 Cal. Health & Safety C. §§ 34050-34082.

85 44 C.F.R. § 206.117(b)(ii)(C).

86 “FEMA Head Decries Local Roadblocks to Trailer Parks”, New Orleans CityBusiness, December 16, 2005.

87 “Emergency Housing Sites Face 3-year Limit”, New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 7, 2005.

88 “Trailer Park Plans Spark Protests,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 15, 2005.

89 Billy Gunn, "Council to Oppose Housing Evacuees in Hotel Bentley", Alexandria Daily Town Talk, November 9, 2005.

90 Allen Powell II, “St. John Refuses to Permit Trailers,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 11, 2006; Matt Scallan, “St. Charles Council Bans Trailer Parks,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 10, 2006.

91 "Habitat Homes Won't Go in Park," New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 15, 2005. As an example of how times change, after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, thousands of people lived in tents and temporary housing in Golden Gate Park and other parks for months.

92 “FEMA Head Decries Local Roadblocks to Trailer Parks,” New Orleans CityBusiness, December 16, 2005.

93 Ed Anderson, “Housing Fix on The Way, Officials Say,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 7, 2006. Ed Anderson, “N.O. Needs More Trailer Sites, Blanco Says,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 9, 2006.

94 City of Oakland, Emergency Orders Nos. 6 and 9 (1991).

95 Amended and reenacted April 11, 1995 as Ordinance 1796.

96 City of Santa Monica Staff Report, Planning Commission Meeting, June 14, 1995.

97 See, “Zoning: Circumstances Justifying Termination of Lawful Nonconforming Use,” 44 AMJUR POF 3d 531; 1 Zoning & Plan. Deskbook § 5:50 (2d ed.).

98 Clear Channel Outdoor v. City of Myrtle Beach, 360 S.C. 459, 602 S.E.2d 76 (Ct. App. 2004).

99 Clear Channel Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. City of St. Paul, 675 N.W.2d 343 (Minn. Ct. App. 2004).

100 James E. McCarthy, and Claudia Copeland, “Emergency Waiver of EPA Regulations: Authorities and Legislative Proposals in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,” Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress (Sept. 29, 2005) (“Waiver Report”), available at http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33107_20050929.pdf. For a list of list of waivers authorized by federal agencies in response to Hurricane Katrina, see http://www.dhs.gov/
dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0718.xml.

101 42 U.S.C. § 5141.

102 42 U.S.C. § 5159.

103 Summary of Superfund Issues at http://www.epa.gov/katrina/superfund.html; Summary of Testing at Superfund National Priority List Sites at http://www.epa.gov/katrina/superfund-summary.html#perd.

104 “Environmental Assessment Summary for Areas of Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines Parishes Flooded as a Result of Hurricane Katrina, December 9, 2005”. Available at http://www3.deq.louisiana.gov/news/
pdf/LDEQDEC9EnvAssesSum.pdf.

105 Id. at p. 7.

106 Matthew Brown and John Pope, “Researchers Doubt Clean-Soil Findings,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 15, 2005; Felicity Barringer, “Toxic Residue of Hurricane Stirs Debate on Safety,” New York Times, December 2, 2005; Matthew Brown, “All-clear Close on Sediment Risk,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 1, 2005.

107 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Oil Program Update,” October, 2005, available at http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/pdfs/1005update.pdf.

108 See, http://www.epa.gov/katrina/testresults/murphy/indes.html.

109 Betsy McKay, “Katrina Oil Spill Clouds Future of Battered Suburb,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2006, p. A1.

110 “What’s Ahead,” Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2006, p. A1.

111 See, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 42. U.S.C. § 9601 et seq. The petroleum exclusion is §101(14), 42 U.S.C.§ 9601(14); “act of God” is defined in §101(1), 42 U.S.C. § 9601(1) and the defense based on “acts of God” is in § 107(b)(1), 42 U.S.C. § 9607(b)(1).

112 U.S. v. Stringfellow, 661 F. Supp. 1053, 1061 (C.D. Cal. 1987).

113 U.S. v. Alcan Aluminum Corporation, 892 F. Supp. 648, 658 (M.D. Pa. 1995).

114 U.S. v. M/V Santa Clara I, 887 F. Supp. 825, 843 (D.S.C. 1995), citing Liberian Poplar Transp., Inc. v. U.S., 26 Ct. Cl. 223, 226 (1992).

115 33 U.S.C. §§ 1319 and 1321.

116 33 U.S.C. §§ 2701 and 2709.

117 33. U.S.C. §§ 1321(f)(1) and 1321(i).

118 Sabine Towing & Transp. Co., Inc. v. U.S., 666 F. 2d 561 (Ct. Cl. 1981); Liberian Poplar Transports, Inc. v,. U.S., 26 Cl. Ct. 223 (1992); and St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. U.S., 4 Cl. Ct. 762 (1984).

119 Eric Lipton, “On Gulf Coast, Cleanup Differs Town to Town,” New York Times, December 26, 2005, page A1.

120 Allen Johnson, “Debris Removal Piling Up; Expected to Take Years,” Dallas Morning News, December 21, 2005.

121 Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, “Debris Update As of Jan. 9,” available at http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/portals/0/news/pdf/debrisupdate010906.pdf.

122 http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/Default.aspx?tabid=2245.

123 Available at http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/pdf/Main_MDEQEmergencyOrderNO.506205/
$File/EmergencyOrder506205.pdf?OpenElement.

124 See, U.S. E.P.A., “Hurricane Response 2005: Dealing with Debris and Damaged Buildings,” http://www.epa.gov/katrina/debris.html. See also, “Disaster Debris,” at http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/debris.htm.

125 http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/disaster/disaster.htm.

126 http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/mold/report/.

127 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flood/Cleaning-Flood-HVAC.html.

128 40 C.F.R. Part 122.

129 Waiver Report at 3.

130 33 U.S.C. § 1321(c).

131 40 C.F.R. §122.3(d); the National Contingency Plan regulations are at 40 C.F.R. Part 300.

132 40 C.F.R. § 122.41(n).

133 Waiver Report at 4; Louisiana Third Amended Declaration § 1; Mississippi Emergency Order page 2.

134 33 U.S.C. § 1344.

135 33 C.F. R. § 325.2(e)(4).

136 U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division “Emergency Permit Procedures for the States of Louisiana and Mississippi within the Boundaries of the Mississippi Valley Division” 3 September 2005.

137 Waiver Report at 6-7. For a complete list of EPA waivers regarding fuel in response to Katrina, see http://www.epa.gov/compliance/katrina/waiver/index.html.

138 Clean Air Act § 211(c)(4)(C), 42 U.S.C. § 7545(c)(A)(C).

139 “Group Says EPA Waivers Let Refineries Pollute Air”, BizNewOrleans, November 30, 2005, available at http://bizneworleans.com/109+M576f51c8162.html.

140 See, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy.

141 Enacted as Title XIII of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448); codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 4001 et seq.

142 See generally,, 44 C.F.R. Parts 59-78, and GAO Report No. 03-606T, Flood Insurance: Challenges Facing the National Flood Insurance Program, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, Committee of Financial Services, House of Representatives, (statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker, Director Physical Infrastructure), p. 3, available at http://financialservices.house.gov/media/pdf/071205wj.pdf (“Hecker Statement”).

143 Eric Lipton, “Residents Fight U.S. Zoning Shift Along Gulf Coast”, New York Times, December 12, 2005, p. A1.

144 FEMA Fact sheet, Flood Hazard Mapping, available at http://www.fema.gov/fhm/fq_term.shtm#frequt3.

145 See generally, 44 C.F.R. § 60.3; definitions are in 44 C.F.R. § 59.1.

146 44 C.F.R. § 59.1 and 44 C.F.R. § 65.10.

147 44 C.F.R. § 59.2(b).

148 44 C.F.R. § 60.3(e)(3).

149 44 C.F.R. § 60.3(e)(5). A breakaway wall is defined as “a wall that is not part of the structural support of the building and is intended through its design and construction to collapse under specific lateral loading forces without causing damage to the elevated portion of the building or the supporting foundation system.” 44 C.F.R. § 59.1.

150 44 C.F.R. § 60.3(c)(3).

151 Hecker Statement, at 4.

152 42 U.S.C. § 4012a. The monetary penalties, however, are small: $350 per violation and total penalties assessed against each lender may not exceed $100,000 per year.

153 Hecker Statement, at 4.

154 Hecker Statement, executive summary .

155 Eric Lipton, “Residents Fight U.S. Zoning Shift Along Gulf Coast”, New York Times, December 12, 2005, p. A1; Joseph B. Treister and Cornelia Dean, “Yet Another Victim of Katrina, Federal Flood Insurance Program is Itself Under Water,” New York Times, January 6, 2006, p. C1.

156 Rawle O. King, "Flood Insurance: The Repetitive Loss Problem," Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, June 30, 2005 ("King"). For these properties, subsidized rates are available for the first $35,000 of coverage, although additional insurance coverage must be purchased at actuarial rates.

157 Id.

158 Hecker Statement, at 8.

159 Hecker Statement, at 7-8; King, at 19-23.

160 King, at 20.

161 Hecker Statement, at 8.

162 Federal Times, “Updated Maps to Help FEMA Warn of Floods”, May 31, 2001 (Robert S. Young, Associate Professors of Geology at Western Carolina University stated, “[i]t is time to cut our ties with the most vulnerable of our nation’s coastal areas,” in congressional testimony.).

163 Jones, Joseph 1998, Updating Flood Maps Efficiently, Building On Existing Hydraulic Information And Modern Elevation Data With A GIS: US Geologic Survey Open File Report 98-200, available at http://wa.water.usgs.gov/reports/floodgis.

164 Federal Times, “Updated Maps to Help FEMA Warn of Floods”, May 31, 2001.

165 GAO Report, Actions to Address Repetitive Loss Properties, Testimony before the Before the Subcommittee on Economic Policy, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, p. 3-4 (statement of William O. Jenkins, Director of Homeland Security), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04401t.pdfwj.pdf.).

166 Flood Map Modernization and the Future of the National Flood Insurance Program: Hearing before U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, July 12, 2005, p.4 (statement of David Maurstad, Acting Director FEMA Mitigation Division), available at http://financialservices.house.gov/media/pdf/071205dm.pdf.

167 Eric Lipton, “Residents Fight Shift in Zoning for Gulf Coast,” New York Times, December 12, 2005.

168 “FEMA: Flood Maps a Few Months Away,” BizNewOrleans, December 20, 2005.

169 44 C.F.R. § 60.1(d); see 44 C.F.R. §§ 60.21-60.26.

170 Association of State Floodplain Managers, "No Adverse Impact Floodplain Management" (2004), available at http://www.floods.org/NoAdverseImpact/whitepaper.asp.

171 http://www.floods.org/NoAdverseImpact/NAI_Toolkit_2003.pdf.

172 See, http://www.conradol.com/valmeyer.html.

173 Jon A. Kusler, “No Adverse Impact Floodplain Management and the Courts” (2004), available at http://www.floods.org/NoAdverseImpact/NAI_AND_THE_COURTS.pdf.

174 Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 98 S.Ct. 2646, 57 L.Ed.2d 631 (1978); Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255, 100 S.Ct. 2138, 65 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1980).

175 Palazzolo v. Rhode Island, 533 U.S. 606, 617-618, 121 S.Ct. 2448, 150 L.Ed.2d 592 (2001); Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374, 384, 114 S.Ct. 2309, 129 L.Ed.2d 304 (1994); Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 112 S.Ct. 2886, 120 L.Ed.2d 798 (1992); Nollan v. California Coastal Com’n., 483 U.S. 825, 107 S.Ct.. 3141, 97 L.Ed.2d 677 (1987); First English Evangelical Church of Glandale v. County of Los Angeles, 482 U.S. 304, 107 S.Ct. 2378, 96 L.Ed.2d 250 (1987).

176 4 N.Y.3d 1, 822 N.E.2d 1214, 7898 N.Y.S.2d 696 (2004).

177 526 U.S. 687, 119 S.Ct. 1624, 143 L.Ed.2d 882 (1999).

178 ---U.S.---, 125 S.Ct. 2074, 2087, 161 L.Ed.2d 876 (2005).

179 444 Mass. 754, 931 N.E. 2d 865 (2005).

180 444 Mass. at 765, 831 N.E. 2d at 874.

181 Available at http://www.cityofno.com/portal.aspx?portal=1&load=~/PortalModules/
ViewPressRelease.ascx&itemid=3179.

182 November 18, 2005. Available at http://www.uli.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID
=41026&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm.

183 Available at http://www.uli.org/Content/NavigationMenu/ProgramsServices/AdvisoryServices/KatrinaPanel/
ULI_Draft_New_Orleans%20Report.pdf.

184 Frank Donze, “Don’t Write Us Off, Residents Warn,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, November 29, 2005, and Gary Rivlin, “Wealthy Blacks Oppose Plans for Their Property,” New York Times, December 10, 2005, p. A10.

185 Frank Donze and Gordon Russell, “4 Months to Decide,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 11, 2005.

186 Gordon Russell and Frank Donze, “Rebuilding Proposal Gets Mixed Reaction,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 12, 2006.

187 Mark Schleifstein, “Katrina Weaker Than Thought,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 21, 2005.

188 John Schwartz, “Category 5: Levees are Piece of a $32 Billion Pie,” New York Times, November 29, 2005, Page A1.

189 Adam Nossiter, “$29 Billion Package Buoys Hopes for Rebuilding Effort,” New York Times, December 24, 2005; Bush OKs $1.5B for N.O. Levees, New Orleans City Business, December 15, 2005.

190 “Kenner: Don’t Make Us Rebuild So High,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 2, 2005.

191 Jere Longman, “With Coastline in Ruins, Cajuns Face Prospect of Uprooted Towns,” New York Times December 27, 2005 p. A1.

192 Eric Lipton, “Residents Fight U.S. Zoning Shift Along Gulf Coast,” New York Times, December 12, 2005 p. A1.

193 Louisiana Senate Bill No. 44, adopted as Act No. 12, First Extraordinary Session, 2005, adding La. Rev. Stat. 40:1730.21-40:1730.39.

194 Act No. 8, Louisiana Legislature, First Extraordinary Session, 2005.

195 The Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1806 started on the east bank of the Mississippi River just south of its confluence with the Missouri River. During their 2-1/2 year journey west and north from St. Louis to explore the Louisiana Purchase Territory, Lewis and Clark followed the Missouri River back to its source in present day Montana.

196 See, Tim Jones, “Flood Plain Developers Dare Nature,” Chicago Tribune, October 11, 2005, page 10.

197 Chesterfield, MO, City Code, Chapter 14 Flood Damage Protection, as amended by Ord. No. 1063, §§1-7, Aug. 2, 1995.

198 St. Louis County, MO, Revised Ordinances, Section 1003.101 “FP” Flood Plain District Regulations.

199 Ironically, the failure of the Chesterfield levee and the subsequent flooding of the Chesterfield Valley area relieved flooding pressure downstream along both the Missouri River and the Mississippi River and possibly averted more disastrous flooding in those more densely developed areas.

200 Heather Cole, “Levee, Infrastructure Work Pick Up on Lakeside 370,” St Louis Business Journal, November 18, 2005.

201 State of California, Seismic Safety Commission, "The Tsunami Threat To California," December 2005, available at http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC%2005-03%20Tsunami%20Findings.pdf. The materials in this section were derived from this report.

202 U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 039-03, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs039-03/.

203 City of Santa Monica press release, “Seismic Safety Commission Cautions California that Hurricane Effects are Similar to Earthquake Effects,” available at http://pen.ci.santa-monica.ca.us/news/citybusiness/Earthquake-Hurricane.htm.

204 B. Rowshandel, et al., California Geological Survey, Earthquake Loss Estimation, Executive Summary, available at http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/rghm/loss/.

205 U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet-167-95, Reducing Earthquake Losses Throughout the United States, available at http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/prepare/factsheets/SaferStructures/.

206 Cal. Building C. Ch. 16A § 1626A.1.

207 Id. The code provides, “[e]very building or structure and every portion thereof, including the nonstructural components, shall be designed and constructed to resist stresses and limit deflections [from earthquakes].”

208 Charlie Goodyear, “Rincon Hill’s Huge Towers Put on Hold,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 8, 2005, p. A1.

209 Seth Stein, Joseph Tomasello, and Andrew Newman, “Should Memphis Build for California's Earthquakes,” Eos, Vol. 84, num. 19, p. 177, May 13, 2003.

210 Id.

211 OSHPD, Summary of Hospital Seismic Performance Ratings, California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, April 2001, available online at: http://www.oshpd.cahwnet.gov/SB1953/sb1953rating.pdf ("OSHPD Study").

212 Julie Sevrens Lyons, “Hospitals Go State-Of-The-Art While Meeting Seismic Rules,” San Jose Mercury News, Jan. 08, 2006.

213 Cal. Health & Safety C. § 16001. “It is the intent of the Legislature that essential services buildings, which shall be capable of providing essential services to the public after a disaster, shall be designed and constructed to minimize fire hazards and to resist, insofar as practical, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity, and winds.”

214 Cal. Health & Safety C. § 16007.

215 See Cal. Educ. C. § 39152 and Cal. Health & Safety C. § 16022.

216 Cal. Gov’t. C. § 8875, et seq.

217 California Seismic Safety Commission, 2003 Report to the Legislature, “Status of the Unreinforced Masrony Law (2003),” available at http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/URM_Report_June26_2003.pdf.

218 USGS Geological Hazards Program, Earthquake History of California, available at http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/states/california/california_history.html.

219 David W. Look, Terry Wong, and Sylvia Rose Augustus, The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings Keeping Preservation in the Forefront, National Park Service Preservation Brief, available at http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief41.htm.

220 See generally, The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation with Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. Washington, DC. Government Printing Office, 1992 and Seismic Retrofit Alternatives for San Francisco’s Unreinforced Masonry Buildings: Estimates of Construction Cost & Seismic Damage. San Francisco, Calif.. City and County of San Francisco Department of City Planning (prepared by Rutherford & Chekene, Consulting Engineers) (1990).

221 Cal. Pub. Res. C. §§ 2621-2630; 2690-2699.6.

222 Id.

223 Single family wood frame and steel frame homes up to two stories and historic properties are exempt.

224 See, California Geological Summary, available at http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/ap/index.htm.

225 Deedee Correll, “Owens Declares Emergency, Urges Fire Ban,” Colorado Springs Gazette, Jan. 10, 2006.

226 Bob Sherrill, “Wintry Mix Helps Grassfire Fight, But Threat Isn't Over,” Sapulpa, Ok. Daily Herald, Jan. 10, 2006.

227 FEMA, Report to Secretary of Homeland Security, California Fires Coordination Group, Feb. 13, 2004, available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/draft_cfcg_report_0204.pdf.

228 Cal. Gov’t. C. § 65302(i).

229 Troy Alan Doss, California Coastal Commission Report, Wildfire Hazards Survey in the California Coastal Zone, June, 1995, available at http://www.coastal.ca.gov/fire/firerept.html (“Coastal Commission Report”).

230 Id.

231 Cal. Gov’t. C. § 51178, et seq.

232 Cal. Gov’t. C. § 51182.

233 Id.

234 Coastal Commission Report.

235 City of Los Angeles Planning and Zoning Code § 12.21(A)17

236 Roofs are classified by the Uniform Building Code from Class A to Class C, with Class A being the most fire retardant.

237 Model ordinance is available at http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pdf/fireengineering/structural/AppendixJ.pdf

238 Coastal Commission Report

239 See e.g. Stockton Fire Code Section 14-125.1 and Menlo Park Ordinance No. 29.

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