Team bikes research proposal a. P. A. 6th Bikeshare Intended Keyless Encrypted Smartlock Research Proposal
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Conclusion The overarching goal of Team BIKES’ research is to increase bicycle usage on the University of Maryland campus to promote sustainability. Team BIKES intends to attain this goal through the fabrication of a smartlock that would enable a campus bikeshare system. The team has defined the different aspects of research necessary to be: (1) marketing, (2) mechanical characteristic of the lock, (3) method of wireless communication, and (4) geolocation system utilizing hardware and software. The bikeshare enabled by the smartlock will be distinguished from other bikeshare programs. It will be stationless which will provide improved flexibility in bicycle rental and returning. Team BIKES hypothesizes that college campuses will favor a stationless bikeshare more than a stationed bikeshare since the area and diversity of destinations are more constrained. The bikeshare will be operated primarily upon the functionality of the smartlock. The smartlock envisioned by Team BIKES will be manufactured to withstand common methods of bicycle theft and vandalism. Specific RFID tags assigned to students participating in the bikeshare will unlock it by communicating with the RFID reader integrated in the smartlock. This communication channel will be encrypted to ensure user privacy and prevent attempts to compromise the system. The bicycles’ locational data obtained from onboard GPS will be transferred via GSM to a database. Utilizing this information, each bicycle will ultimately be mapped on a website for the users to locate available bicycles. Having a campus specific bikeshare will reduce bicycle rack congestion and promote the use of biking. Users will be able to utilize bicycles, even if they do not own a bicycle or cannot bring one to campus. Increased bicycle usage on and around campus will reduce automobile traffic and parking congestion. Students living off campus will have the opportunity to use bikeshare bicycles to commute to the campus instead of using an automobile. This will encourage healthier living for students of the university and the surrounding community, moving the University of Maryland closer toward a sustainable campus.
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Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention, 9(3), 205–209. doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205 Landt, J. (2005). The history of RFID. Potentials, IEEE, 24(4), 8-11. doi: 10.1109/MP.2005.1549751 Lazo, L. (2013, October 12). Capital Bikeshare is coming to College Park. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/capital-bikeshare-is-coming-to-college-park/2013/10/12/9e18eb76-20aa-11e3-b73c-aab60bf735d0_story.html Liederbach, R., Little, A., Xiao, F., Zlibut, C., Zhou, G., Farnell, C., Sparkman, B., Wu, J., & Smith, S. C. (n.d) Developing an ultra-low power remote infrastructure monitoring system. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~scotsmit/ESA2645.pdf Linder, B. (2010, September 22). Bike-sharing programs spin across U.S. campuses. USA Today. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2010-09-21-college-bike-sharing_N.htm Lock8: Lock’N’Locate. (2013). Retrieved November 12, 2013, from http://lock8.me/ Mally, T. (2012). Change of pace: TinyDuino microcontroller is smaller than a quarter. Wired. Retrieved from: http://www.wired.com/design/2012/09/tinyduino/ Maryland Department of Transportation: State Highway Administration. (n.d.). Bicycle Safety. Retrieved from http://www.roads.maryland.gov/Index.aspx?PageId=357 Maynard, M. (2013, July 30). What's big with the college kids? Bike sharing. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/michelinemaynard/2013/07/30/whats-big-with-the-college-kids-bike-sharing/ Peter Midgley. (2011). Bicycle-Sharing Schemes: Enhancing Sustainable Mobility in Urban Areas. Paper presented at United Nations Department of Ecnomoic and Social Affairs: Comission on Sustainable Development: Nineteenth Session. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/csd-19/Background-Paper8-P.Midgley-Bicycle.pdf Nadeem, A., & Javed, M. (2005). A performance comparison of data encryption algorithms. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, Karachi, Pakistan. Paper retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1598556 nRF240x ShockBurst™ Technology. (2003). Retrieved December 12, 2013 from http://www.semiconductorstore.com/pdf/NewSite/nordic/WP_nRF240x_ShockBurst.pdf Park, Y. T., Sthapit, P., & Pyun, J. Y. (2009). Smart digital door lock for the home automation. Paper presented at the TENCON 2009-2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Paper retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5396038. Rieback, M. R., Crispo, B. C., & Tanenbaum, A. S. (2006). The Evolution of RFID Security, RFID Technology. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://rfidguardian.org/images/3/37/Ieeepc.06.pdf Roslee, M.B., & Lee, T.W. (2012). Implementation of RFID and bluetooth technology for data tagging and to transmission point of sale. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, 40, 185-200. Rzepecki, R. S. (2009). US Patent Application 20100313614. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Schwartz, A. (2012). This bikesharing program lets you lock your bike anywhere. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680664/this-bikesharing-program-lets-you-lock-your-bike-anywhere Shaheen, S. A., Guzman, S., & Zhang, H. (2010). Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2143(1), 159-167. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from http://trb.metapress.com/content/92836574u717n007/fulltext.pdf Shu-qin, G., Jin-hui, W., Lei, Z., Li-gang, H., & Wu-chen, W. (2008). A low-power active RFID portable reader system. Presented at the 2nd Annual IEEE Systems Conference. doi: 10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519038 Swedberg, C. (2010). Armored-RFID tag loves to get hammered. RFID Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?7697 Tarapiah, S., AbuHania, R., & Islam Hindi, D. J. (2013). Applying web based GPS/GPRS ticketing and tracking mechanism to reduce traffic violation in developing countries. Paper presented at The International Conference on Digital Information Processing, E-Business and Cloud Computing (DIPECC2013), Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Paper retrieved from http://sdiwc.net/digital-library/applying-web-based-gpsgprs-ticketing-and-tracking-mechanism-to-reduce-traffic-violation-in-developing-countries Toole Design Group and the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. (2012). Bike Sharing in the United States: State of the Practice and Guide to Implementation. (Federal Highway Administration solicitation no: DTFH61-11H-00024). Retrieved from: http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/pdf/Programs_Promote_bikeshareintheus.pdf Theft and vandalism blight Paris bike-share system - France. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.france24.com/en/20130920-france-theft-vandalism-paris-bike-share-system-velib/ TRF7960. (2010). Retrieved December, 12, 2013, from http://www.ti.com/product/trf7960 Vogel, P., & Mattfeld, D. C. (2011). Strategic and operational planning of bike-sharing systems by data mining – a case study. Computer Logistics: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6971, 127-141. doi: 10.1007%2F978-3-642-24264-9_10 van Lierop, D., Grimsrud, M., & El-Geneidy, A. M. (2013). Breaking into bicycle theft: Insights from Montreal, Canada. In Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://tram.mcgill.ca/Research/Publications/Cycling_theft.pdf Want, R. (2006). An introduction to RFID technology. Pervasive Computing- IEEE, 5(1), 25-33. doi: 10.1109/MPRV.2006.2 Want, R. (2011). Near field communication. Pervasive Computing- IEEE , 10(3) 4-7. doi: 10.1109/MPRV.2011.55 Wozniaki, T. (2013). Near field communication NFC. Near field communication versus bluetooth. Retrieved from http://www.nearfieldcommunicationnfc.net/nfc-vs-bluetooth.html Yang, L., Orecchini, G., Shaker, G., Ho-Seon L., Tentzeris, M. (2010). "Battery-free RFID-enabled wireless sensors," Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), 2010 IEEE MTT-S International , 1528-1531. doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2010.5515965 Yu K.Y., Yiu, S.M., Hui, L.C.K. (2009). RFID forward secure authentication protocol: Flaw and solution. Paper presented at the Fukuoka, Japan. Paper retrieved from http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/cisis/2009/3575/00/3575a627-abs.html Appendix A Glossary of Terms 1. Active Reader - the circuit in an RFID system that produces the signal to activate nearby tags and then processes the tags’ response in order to obtain identification information from the tags. 2. Arduino - open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. 3. Bluetooth - wireless data technology capable of short range transmissions. 4. Comma Separated Value (CSV) - a file format that separates different fields or parameters by a comma. 5. Communication Range - the distance at which the central information processing circuit can interact with an electromagnetically activated tag. 6. Communication Speed - the length of time required for a reader to receive information from a chip containing information. 7. Design Complexity - Innate complication within a planned model. Often referred to when planning the design of a software. 8. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) - is the amount of power that a theoretical antenna which can evenly distribute power in all directions would emit to produce the peak power density. 9. Error Detecting - Identifying error within data transmitted over a communication channel to manage external channel noise. 10. Frequency - the number of times a signal is repeated in a period of time. It is generally measured in quantities of revolutions/one second or Hz. 11. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) - a packet-based communications standard for transmitting data based on GSM (also known as 2.5G). 12. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) - telecommunications standard used in cellular networks (also known as 2G). 13. Global Positioning System (GPS) - system of Earth orbiting satellites capable of locating receivers on earths surface. 14. Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) - identification system used for command and control. Enables systems to identify friendly communications. 15. Internet Protocol (IP) - the communications standard for relaying data across a network. 16. Levering - Using a long bar and a pivot point to amplify applied force and force open a lock 17. Microcontroller - a small computer on an integrated circuit. 18. National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) GPS Standard - CSV file formatting standard for transmitting GPS data. 19. Near Field Communications (NFC) - A standard-based near proximity wireless communication technology. 20. Passive Transponder / RFID tag - the tag in an RFID system that contains identification information and sends this information to the active reader circuit using only power obtained from the signal sent by the active reader circuit. 21. Patch Antenna - A specific type of device that can receive and send radio waves and can be mounted on a flat surface. 22. RFID reader / scanner - A electrical device used to identify and interpret data from a transponder. 23. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) - Wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. 24. Smart Card - A pocket-sized device with an embedded integrated circuit that can be used as a tag. 25. Smartlock - Lock with integrated electronic systems capable of identifying users based on individually tagged keys using RFID or other technologies. 26. Secure Digital (SD) Card - a physically small memory card meant for mobile devices. 27. Serial Port Module - Device used to create a method of communication between different hardware. 28. Stationless bikeshare - system of bicycles that can be rented short term by users that can be locked to any appropriate bike rack, and are not limited to system specific docking stations. 29. Socket Connection - a network link between two devices using an IP address. 30. Striking - Using a hammer and chisel to strike through locks, typically against locks on resting on the ground. 31. System Coexistence - Ability of system to work with other systems without error. 32. System Costs - The price of the system not only in monetary value but also in power and time consumption. 33. System Reliability - The ability of the system to achieve intended results. 34. Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) - A deterministic algorithm that is simple in both description and implementation. 35. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - a standard set of rules for the transmission of data over IP. 36. .txt File - a standard text file. 37. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) - the electromagnetic frequency range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz. 38. XOR, AND, OR, SHIFT - Types of logic gates used for circuits. Appendix B Outreach
Outreach will allow Team BIKES to continuously expand their own knowledge of the state of current bikeshares. The team will reach out to Capital Bikeshare as they will begin operations on campus as well as other colleges that implement bikeshare systems. The team will actively pursue a dialogue with Capital Bikeshare to understand their success, goals, and any problems they have come across due to being in College Park. The team will ask Capital Bikeshare their motivations for coming to College Park, whether it was to give the city easier access to D.C. or for the students of the University of Maryland to get around the campus and the city more efficiently. The team will also like to know what differences Capital Bikeshare sees in running a bikeshare in a major city versus on a college campus and whether they have run into any problems on either location. The goal of these interviews with Capital Bikeshare will be to get to know the problem areas of Capital Bikeshare on campus and off-campus and whether dockless bikeshare systems could solve certain problems on college campuses. The team will also become familiar with other college bikeshare systems throughout the area to further expand existing bikeshare knowledge. Colleges that operate bikeshares will give Team BIKES a grasp on the factors that make a successful college bikesharing system. These colleges should have the following characteristics similar to the campus at University of Maryland: size of campus, weather patterns, student population and demographics, geography on campus (amount of hills), and car-biker culture (Ashley, 2012). By analyzing how these factors affect the success of bikeshares on other college campuses, the team can make predictions about the optimal design of a bikeshare for the University of Maryland’s campus. In conducting this research, the team desires to understand any current flaws with general bikeshares and more specifically, bikeshares on other college campuses. By maintaining communication with operators of Capital Bikeshare, DOTS, and bikeshares of other college campuses, the team will collect data vital to the understanding of how bikeshares on campus are received by students and how a bikeshare with a smartlock and dockless system could improve college bikeshares. Appendix C Projected Budget
Appendix D Projected Timeline
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