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- No space col- Radiation
- No space colonization, 75,000 years away from the nearest solar system and don’t have the technology
- Traveling at the required speed would make small collisions devastating
- Ideological opposition will stop space col.
- Mass Exodus is essentially impossible, and the legality is questionable
- No space col- too far away and too much energy required
- No colonization- diseases
- Zero-G means we’ll either day or be seriously injured in transit.
General Space ColRadiationRadiation would kill usBeckstead 14 Will we eventually be able to colonize other stars? Notes from a preliminary review June 22, 2014 http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/will-we-eventually-be-able-to-colonize-other-stars-notes-from-a-preliminary-review/ Nick Beckstead, Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute♥Tina Extended exposure to cosmic radiation damages DNA, and might cause cancer or other negative health effects. Earth’s atmosphere and/or magnetic field prevent these problems near Earth’s surface. Cosmic radiation could also damage electronic equipment.[29] No space col- RadiationSmith 13 Dr. Cameron M. Smith, a prehistorian at Portland State University’s Department of Anthropology in Portland, OR Biological Evolution in Interstellar Human Migration by PAUL GILSTER on MARCH 15, 2013 http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=26867♥Tina Mutation is ultimate source of new variations, such as coarser hair, or darker skin than one’s fellows. In common speech a mutation is thought of as being deleterious, but scientifically speaking mutations could be advantageous, disadvantageous or neutral. Some mutation is a result of radiation, and interstellar voyage designs will have to consider trapped particles, radiation energy near Earth and constrained within the Van Allen belt (and presumably about other planets with analogs of the Van Allen belt; cosmic rays derived from many sources outside this region, and solar radiation blasts out of suns. Radiation can degrade biological tissues and cell functions, and it can also be a powerful mutagen, altering DNA; recently it has been suggested that cosmic radiation could increase the incidence of brain disorders. MiscNo space colonization, 75,000 years away from the nearest solar system and don’t have the technologyFeuerbacher and Hufenbach 2014 President of International Astronautical Federation, Professor of Space Physics with a PhD in physics from Ludwin-Maximillian University, Berndt and Bernhard, “Strategies of Modern Solar System Exploration,” chapter 46♥Tina 1.2.4. Exploration Beyond the Solar System At the present time, four spacecraft are on the way to leave the solar system (Figure 46.4). These are Pioneer 10 and 11, launched to explore the outer solar system in 1972 and 1973, respectively, and Voyager 1 and 2, both launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of the planets. Voyager 1 presently travels through the heliosheath, which separates the solar system from interstellar space. In 2022, Voyager 1 will pass the heliopause and become the first man-made object to leave the solar system. In contrast to the Pioneer spacecraft, both Voyager probes are still partly operational and transmit data about electric and magnetic fields, solar wind, and hydrogen distribution. Traveling at a speed of 17 km/s after four gravity assist maneuvers it will take Voyager 1 about 50 years to leave the solar system. This is an indication of the enormous distances and flight times inherent in interstellar travel. A trip to the closest star Proxima Centauri at this speed would take roughly 75,000 years. Obviously, exploration beyond the solar system requires major progress in propulsion. Novel systems including nuclear energy and continuous propulsion through, for example, electric drives will be necessary. Interstellar spaceships carrying crew are out of scope with present day technology. The problems are not only propulsion, but include the life support, which has to operate with a closed cycle, radiation protection, reliability of all systems and subsystems, and not the least the psychological problems inherent in such ventures. On the other hand, science discovers at a rapid rate extrasolar planets. Very likely planets with conditions similar to our home planet will be found, and some of them maybe in nearby stellar systems. It will be just a matter of time to develop technology to explore those potential future habitats for humans. Traveling at the required speed would make small collisions devastatingBeckstead 14 Will we eventually be able to colonize other stars? Notes from a preliminary review June 22, 2014 http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/will-we-eventually-be-able-to-colonize-other-stars-notes-from-a-preliminary-review/ Nick Beckstead, Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute♥Tina When travelling at a few percent of the speed of light, collisions with interstellar matter could cause significant damage to a vessel. Like radiation, this is something that might be overcome with appropriate shielding, though there are trade-offs between mass from shielding and the amount of energy necessary for propulsion. The other people I spoke with about this issue also believed that this challenge could be overcome with appropriate shielding.[35] However, in his brief critique of the feasibility of interstellar missions, Ed Regis claimed that “a high-speed collision with something as small as a grain of salt would be like encountering an H-bomb,” suggesting he did not find it clear that this challenge could be overcome.[36]Some simple calculations, however, suggest that Regis’s claim could only be realistic under very extreme assumptions. Assuming that 100% of the kinetic energy of the salt grain were converted to an explosion, a one-milligram mass could only produce a one-megaton explosion if the spacecraft were travelling at extremely close to light speed. At 10% of light speed the impact would be equivalent to about 100 kg of TNT, which is about 10 million times smaller. At 1% of light speed, the impact would be equivalent to about 1 kg of TNT.[37] These smaller explosions would not be negligible, but would probably be within the range of explosions that some bunkers and armored vehicles are capable of withstanding today. Ideological opposition will stop space col.Beckstead 14 Will we eventually be able to colonize other stars? Notes from a preliminary review June 22, 2014 http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/will-we-eventually-be-able-to-colonize-other-stars-notes-from-a-preliminary-review/ Nick Beckstead, Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute♥Tina On the opposing side, something that could gather the energy necessary for interstellar travel might be weaponized, and this could—imaginably—create political opposition to interstellar travel.[55] Some further relevant notes from my conversation with Stross: “However, other ideological perspectives—such as perspectives emphasizing the sacredness of nature—might oppose space colonization. Opposition from these perspectives could prevent an optimistic minority from colonizing space even if it were feasible.” Mass Exodus is essentially impossible, and the legality is questionableImpey 15 CHRIS IMPEY University Distinguished Professor and Deputy Head of the Department of Astronomy at the University of Arizona There will be sex in space: Mars, science and “the dictates of biology and human culture” SUNDAY, APR 12, 2015 http://www.salon.com/2015/04/12/there_will_be_sex_in_space_mars_science_and_the_dictates_of_biology_and_human_culture/♥Tina A mass exodus from Earth is implausible. After all, it costs $50 billion just to send a dozen people to the Moon for a few days. Elon Musk may claim he’ll reduce the price of a trip to Mars to $500,000, which is a hundred thousand times less, but that seems unlikely at the moment. If the Earth becomes contaminated or inhospitable, we’ll have to live in bubble domes, fix it, or suffer through it. Nonetheless, in this century a first cohort of adventurous humans will probably cut the umbilical and live off-Earth. What issues will they face? Beyond survival, their first issue is their legal status. As we’ve seen, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty addresses ownership. According to Article II, “Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.” That seems transparent, but it doesn’t mention the rights of individuals. Bas Lansdorp, the CEO of Mars One, said his legal experts looked into the treaty. He thinks that “what goes for governments also goes for individuals in those governments.” If Mars One achieves its goal, thirty people will settle the red planet by 2023; the gradually expanding settlement will use more and more Martian land. Lansdorp insists that their goal isn’t ownership. “It is allowed to use land, just not to say that you own it,” he says. “It is also allowed to use resources that you need for your mission. Don’t forget that a lot of these rules were made long ago, when a human mission to Mars was not within reach.” No space col- too far away and too much energy requiredBeckstead 14 Will we eventually be able to colonize other stars? Notes from a preliminary review June 22, 2014 http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/will-we-eventually-be-able-to-colonize-other-stars-notes-from-a-preliminary-review/ Nick Beckstead, Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute♥Tina Proxima Centuari—the closest star outside our solar system—is 4.2 light years away.[12] Currently, Voyager 1 is moving away from the sun at 17 km/s, faster than any other human-made object.[13] At its current speed, it would take over 70,000 years to reach travel that distance (though it isn’t going in that direction).[14] The voyage would take decades even at a significant fraction of the speed of light. The longer the trip, the harder it is to ensure that all critical parts of the system (including passengers or descendants of passengers) survive the journey. These issues are discussed in the next sections. This section will focus on propulsion methods and energy requirements. Charles Stross estimated that it would take at least 1018 Joules of energy to accelerate a 2000 kg spacecraft to 10% of the speed of light, and an equal amount to slow it down—making generous assumptions such as 100% efficient energy conversion and no reaction mass. This was equivalent to five days of human civilization’s total electrical energy production in 2007,[15] or about one day of civilization’s whole energy production.[16] No colonization- diseasesSmith 13 Dr. Cameron M. Smith, a prehistorian at Portland State University’s Department of Anthropology in Portland, OR Biological Evolution in Interstellar Human Migration by PAUL GILSTER on MARCH 15, 2013 http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=26867♥Tina Second, selection will likely play out in the cases of sweeps of novel diseases through interstellar craft populations. Again, we will be very careful, but it is impossible to anticipate all biological change, and in smallish populations (e.g. the 10,000+ that I suggest for interstellar craft; see below) inhabiting closed environments, sweeps of new disease, I believe, might well occur. Whether such sweeps structure the interstellar craft genome structurally is impossible to know, but we must be prepared for this possibility Zero-G means we’ll either day or be seriously injured in transit.Beckstead 14 Will we eventually be able to colonize other stars? Notes from a preliminary review June 22, 2014 http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/will-we-eventually-be-able-to-colonize-other-stars-notes-from-a-preliminary-review/ Nick Beckstead, Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute♥Tina The human body is adapted to the level of gravitational force normally experienced on the surface of the Earth, and extended exposure to a zero-g environment has various adverse health effects, including loss of bone and muscle mass, retinal damage, redistribution of bodily fluids toward the upper half of the body, balance disorders, and loss of taste and smell.[24] According to Wikipedia, we have very limited knowledge about the potential effects on the very young and the elderly.[25] In addition, attempts to breed mice and fish eggs in space have come out badly, and the prevailing view is that microgravity is the source of the problem.[26] This may be a problem because—given the distance to other stars—human reproduction may be necessary in transit. 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