The American Pageant ap edition
IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West
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IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s led to the death of 2 million and saw many flee to the U.S. “Black Forties”—they mainly came to cities like Boston and especially New York (biggest Irish city). They were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and received lowest-paying jobs (railroad-building). They were hated by Protestants because they’re Catholic. Americans hated the Irish (such as “NINA”—No Irish Need Apply); the Irish hated competition with blacks for the low-paying jobs. The Ancient Order of Hibernians was established to aid the Irish. Gradual property ownership came about, and their children earned education. The Irish were attracted to politics, and often filled police departments as officers. The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by yelling at London (“Twisting the Lion’s Tail”). V. The German Forty-Eighters 1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because of crop failures and revolution/war of 1848. Liberals such as Carl Schurz contributed to the elevation of the U.S. political scene. They had more money than the Irish, so they bought land in West, especially in Wisconsin. Their votes were crucial, so they were wooed by U.S. politicians, yet they lacked potency because they were rather spread out. The Germans contributed to the U.S. culture (i.e. the Christmas tree) and isolationism. They urged public education (started kindergarten) and freedom (they were enemies of slavery). They faced resent from old Americans because the Germans grouped themselves together, were aloof, clung to their old ways and kept speaking the German language and religion, and brought beer to the U.S. VI. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism “nativists” – older Americans who were prejudiced against newcomers in jobs, politics, and religion Catholicism became a major faith due to the immigration of the 1840s and 50s; they also set out to build Catholic schools nativists feared that Catholicism challenged Protestantism (Popish idols) so they formed the “Order of Star-Spangled Banner” AKA, “The Know-Nothings.” they met in secrecy - “I Know-Nothing” was their response to any inquiries fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization & deportation of alien paupers wrote fiction books about corruption of churches there was mass violence, i.e. Philadelphia in 1844, which burnt churches, schools, and saw people killed it made America a pluralistic society with diversity as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since they were crucial to economic expansion & more jobs were becoming available (although they were low-paying) VII. Creeping Mechanization The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because… land was cheap, money for investment plentiful, raw materials were plentiful Britain lacked consumers for factory-scale manufacturing whereas America had the growing numbers But, Britain’s long-established factory system was in competition with the infant U.S. industries the Brits kept textile industry secrets as a monopoly (forbade travel of craftsmen & export of machines) Still, the U.S. remained very rural and was mostly a farming nation VIII. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System” learned of textile machinery when working in British factory‡ he escaped to U.S., was aided by Moses Brown and built 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791) Eli Whitney built a cotton gin (which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand) cotton economics were now profitable and saved the South with “King Cotton” the South flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward the Northern factories manufactured textiles (cloth), especially in New England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast rivers for water power) IX. Marvels in Manufacturing The Embargo Act of the War of 1812 encouraged home manufacturing after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British poured in a surplus of cheap goods, forcing the close of many American factories who could not compete with long-established British companies Congress then passed Tariff of 1816 to protect U.S. economy Eli Whitney introduced machine-made inter-changeable parts (on muskets) - 1850 this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North, while the cotton gin flourished South Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry) The decade of 1860 had 28,000 patents while 1800 only had 306 The principle of limited liability in a corporation (can’t lose more than invested) stimulated the economy Laws of “free incorporation” came about saying there was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected the business world when he asked, “What hath God wrought?” X. Workers and “Wage Slaves” The factory system led to impersonal relations The benefit went to factory owner; hours were long, wages low, conditions unsafe and unhealthy, no unions existed to address these issues child labor was heavy; 50% of the industrial labor force were children adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers 10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt in the 1840s, President Van Buren established 10 hour day for federal employees many went on strike, but lost because employers simply imported more workers (the much-hated immigrants) labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by Panic of 1837 case of Commonwealth v. Hunt in Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest however, the effectiveness of unions was small (due mostly to their threat of a strike was always undermined by the management’s ability to simply call in “scabs”, plentiful immigrants eager to work) XI. Women and the Economy women toiled in factories under poor conditions in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed young, single women under a watchful eye. opportunities were rare and women mainly worked in nursing, domestic service, teaching (encouraged by Catharine Beecher) women usually worked before marriage, after marriage they became housewives and mothers arranged marriages died down; marriages due to love tied family closer families grew smaller (average of 6); the fertility rate dropped sharply; this “domestic feminism” was a crude form of birth control child-centered families emerged with less children and discipline the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill women were in charge of family: small, affectionate, child-centered families. This was a small arena for talented women XII. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s breadbasket they planted corn and raised hogs (Cincinnati was known as “the porkopolis” of the west” inventions that boomed agriculture John Deere – invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses Cyrus McCormick – invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain this led to large-scale production and growth of cash crops The North produced more food than the South (who grew cotton); products flowed from the North to the South via sea and rivers, not East to West which need transportation revolution in roads and canals XIII. Highways and Steamboats improvements in transportation were needed for raw material transport Lancaster Turnpike – a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA which brought economic expansion westward The federal government constructed the Cumberland Road AKA The National Road (Maryland - Illinois) with state and federal money Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s this caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current this contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies XIV. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York Gov. DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River it shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West XV. The Iron Horse The 1st railroad in U.S. was introduced in 1828; by 1860, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks had been laid in the U.S. (3/4 of those tracks were up North) The railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. Early trains were poorly constructed (with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied XVIII. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders foreign exports South — cotton account for 50% of exports North — after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, wheat became an important commodity in trade with England Americans imported more than they exported (causing substantial debt to foreign creditors) In 1858, Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable between the U.S. & Europe (but died in 3 weeks); a better one was laid in 1866. This provided instant communication with Europe—a monumental step forward. American vessels had been idle due to embargoes and panics; the U.S. Navy made little progress the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 1840s and 50s – Donald Mckay built the clipper ships which dominated the seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long) tea trade with the British grew and carried many to California America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was crushed by British iron steamers, “Tea kettles” that were more reliable and could haul heavier loads, though slower. speedy communication popped up from Missouri to California, in the Pony Express (going 2,000 miles in 10 days). The Pony Express was short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire. XIX. The Transport Web Binds the Union the steamboat allowed reverse transport of South to West and served to bind them together more canals led to more trade with East from the West (the South was left out with canals) New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to the Erie Canal Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity South — cotton to New England; West — grain & livestock for the East & Europe; East — machines, textiles for South and West The South thought the Mississippi River linked them to upper valley states; they would overlook man-made links when they began to consider secession Transformed the home, it was once the center of economics, but now served as a refuge from work. XXI. The Market Revolution Just as the political landscape of America changed, the economic scene did too. Essentially, business began to grow up. The era of the self-supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty driven economy. These times widened the gap between the rich and poor. Cities saw the greatest extremes unskilled workers were “drifters” from town to town looking for jobs (1/2 of industrial population) social mobility existed, although rags-to-riches stories were rare the standard of living did rise, however, as wages did rise (this helped diffuse any potential class conflict) I. Reviving Religion Church attendance was regular in 1850 (3/4 of population attended) Many relied on Deism (reason rather revelation); Deism rejected original sin of man, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a clockmaker. Unitarian faith begins (New England) believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism These perversions of Christianity ignited Christians to “take back their faith” and oppose these new beliefs Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the 2nd Great Awakening a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women’s rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s it spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings” the East went to the West to Christianize Indians Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism Peter Cartwright – was best known of the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers Charles Grandison Finney – the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY II. Denominational Diversity The revival furthered fragmentation of religious faiths New York, with its Puritans, preached “hellfire” and was known as the “Burned-Over District.” Millerites (Adventists) – predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844. When this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost credibility. The Awakening widened lines between classes the region (like 1st Great Awakening) conservatives were made up of: propertied Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians the less-learned of the South the West (frontier areas) were usually Methodists or Baptists Religion further split with the issue of slavery (i.e. the Methodists and Presbyterians split) III. A Desert Zion in Utah Joseph Smith (1830) claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. He came up with the Mormon faith, officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints antagonism toward Mormons emerged due to their polygamy, drilling militia, and voting as a unit Smith was killed, but was succeeded by Brigham Young, who led followers to Utah they grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe they had a federal governor and marched to Utah when Young became governor the issue of polygamy prevented Utah’s entrance to U.S. until 1896 IV. Free School for a Free People The idea of tax-supported, compulsory (mandatory), primary schools was opposed as a hand-out to paupers Gradually, support rose because uneducated “brats” might grow up to be rabbles with voting rights Free public education, triumphed in 1828 along with the voting power in the Jackson election there were largely ill-taught and ill-trained teachers, however Horace Mann fought for better schools and is the “Father of Public Education” school was too expensive for many community; blacks were mostly left out from education Important educators - Noah Webster (dictionary and Blueback Speller); William H. McGuffey — McGuffey’s Readers) V. Higher Goals for Higher Learning The 2nd Great Awakening led to the building of small schools in the South the West (mainly for pride) the curriculum focused mainly on Latin, Greek, Math, moral philosophy The 1st state-supported university was founded in the Tar Heel state, the Univ. of North Carolina, in 1795; Jefferson started the University of Virginia shortly afterwards (UVA was to be independent of religion or politics) women were thought to be corrupted if too educated and were therefore excluded Emma Willard — established Troy Female Seminary (1821) and Mount Holyoke Seminary (1837) was established by Mary Lyon Libraries, public lectures, and magazines flourished VI. An Age of Reform reformers opposed tobacco, alcohol, profanity, and many other vices, and came out for women’s rights women were very important in motivating these reform movements reformers were often optimists who sought a perfect society some were naïve and ignored the problems of factories they fought for no imprisonment for debt (the poor were sometimes locked in jail for less than $1 debt); this was gradually abolished reformers wanted criminal codes softened and reformatories created the mentally insane were treated badly. Dorothea Dix fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843 there was agitation for peace (i.e. the American Peace Society) - William Ladd had some impact until Civil War and Crimean war VII. Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder” drunkenness was widespread The American Temperance Society was formed at Boston (1826) – the “Cold Water Army” (children), signed pledges, made pamphlets, and an anti-alcohol novel emerged called 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There Attack on the demon drink adopted 2 major lines attack… stressed temperance (individual will to resist) legislature-removed temptation - Neal S. Dow becomes the “Father of Prohibition” sponsored Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited making and sale of liquor (followed by others) VIII. Women in Revolt Women stayed home, without voting rights. Still, in the 19th century, American women were generally better off than in Europe. many women avoided marriage altogether becoming “spinsters” gender differences increased sharply with different economic roles women were perceived as weak physically and emotionally, but fine for teaching men were perceived as strong, but crude and barbaric, if not guided by the purity of women home was the center of the female’s world (even for reformer Catharine Beecher) but many felt that was not enough they joined the movement to abolish of slavery the women’s movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony (Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts) The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention (1848) – held in NY, it was a major landmark in women’s rights Declaration of Sentiments – was written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying that “all Men and Women are created equal” demanded ballot for women launched modern women’s rights movement the women’s rights movement was temporarily eclipsed by slavery when the Civil War heated up, but served as a foundation for later days IX. Wilderness Utopias Robert Owen founded New Harmony, IN (1825) though it failed in confusion Brook Farm – Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until ‘46) Oneida Community — practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring; it survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery. Shakers – a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn’t marry so they became extinct X. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Early Americans were interested in practical science rather than pure science (i.e., Jefferson and his newly designed plow). Nathaniel Bowditch – studied practical navigation and oceanography Matthew Maury - ocean winds, currents Writers were concerned with basic science. 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