George W. Bush, Remarks at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia: 11 July, 2005

301 George W. Bush, Remarks at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia: 11 July, 2005.

Available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_28_41/ai_n15375391/?tag=content;col1

302 COOLSAET, Rik. Radicalisation and Europe’s counter-terrorism strategy. P.7

303 SCHAKE, Kori. The US elections and Europe: the coming crisis of high expectations, CER Publications, November 2007.

Available at: http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/e776_schake_nov07.pdf

The idea for this source and for this prediction to be included in this paper has been taken from a previous paper, which I wrote for the course ‘Europe and Global Politics’. Needless to say, the idea here has been rewritten and references will be included accordingly.

304 SCHAKE, Kori. The US elections and Europe: the coming crisis of high expectations. p.33

305 SCHAKE, Kori. The US elections and Europe: the coming crisis of high expectations. p. 33

306 I would say that this is a generally accepted by most authors. One of the many examples is: Jolyon HOWORTH, Jolyon. Foreign and defence policy cooperation. p.20

307 KAGAN, Robert. “Power and weakness: why the United States and Europe see the world differently”

308 KAGAN, Robert. “Power and weakness: why the United States and Europe see the world differently”. p.1

309 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11, Council of Foreign Relations Working Paper, February 2009. p.13

Available at: http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Civil_Liberties_WorkingPaper.pdf

310HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era In: BULLARD Alice (ed.), Human Rights in Crisis, Hampshire, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited 2008. p.9-10

311 This is also mentioned in HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era.p.18

312 Amnesty International, No Justification for Torture Campaign.

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/campaigns/counter-terror-with-justice/issues/no-justification-for-torture

313 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. p.15

314 TAYLOR, Stuart Jr. “Rights, Liberties and Security: Recalibrating the Balance after September 11”, The Brookings Review, Vol.21, No.1, The Brookings Institution, Winter 2003.

Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2003/winter_terrorism_taylor.aspx

315 TAYLOR, Stuart Jr. “Rights, Liberties and Security: Recalibrating the Balance after September 11”. P.31

316 BARRY, John, HIRSCH, Michael and ISIKOFF, Michael “The roots of Torture“, Newsweek, 24 May 2005

Available at: http://www.newsweek.com/id/105387

quoted in: HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. p.15

317 International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action: Report of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights, , Geneva: 2009.

Available at: http://www.icj.org/IMG/EJP-report.pdf

318 The Berlin Declaration: The ICJ Declaration on Upholding Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Combating Terrorism, 6 September 2004.

Available at: http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=3503&lang=en

It was in Berlin that the decision was taken to establish a panel, which would scrutinize states’ counter-terrorism measures and assess the impact this has on the protection of human rights.

The Eminent Jurists Panel, which was convened in 2005, consists of eight jurists representing all the world’s regions.

319 The Berlin Declaration: The ICJ Declaration on Upholding Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Combating Terrorism. Preamble

320 International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. Foreword v.

321 International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. P.12

322MYTHEN, Gabe and WALKLATE, Sandra, “Criminology and terrorism: which thesis? Risk society or governmentality?” British Journal of Criminology, Vol.46, no.3, 2006. p.6

323International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. p.65

324 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.14 This is also discussed in further detail in SCHORLEMER von, Sabine, “Human Rights: Substantive and Institutional Implications of the War Against Terrorism, European Journal of International Law, vol.14, 2003, p.275

325

MACINNIS, Laura. “U.S. "war on terror" eroded rights worldwide: experts”. Reuters Geneva, 16 February 2009.

Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE51F36120090216

326 International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. P.11

327 FALK, Richard. Encroaching on the Rule of Law: Post- 9/11 Policies within the United States In: BRYSK, Alison and SHAFIR, Gershon (eds.), National insecurity and human rights: democracies debate counter-terrorism, Berkley: University of California Press, 2007. p.34

328 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”, Cambridge Law Journal, Vol.67, issue 1, March 2008. p.78

329 FALK, Richard. Encroaching on the Rule of Law: Post- 9/11 Policies within the United States. P.34--35

330 FALK, Richard. Encroaching on the Rule of Law: Post- 9/11 Policies within the United States. P.35

331 FALK, Richard. Encroaching on the Rule of Law: Post- 9/11 Policies within the United States. P.35

332 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.18

333 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.18

334 DOHERTY, Fiona and PEARLSTEIN, Deborah (eds.), Assessing the New Normal: Liberty and Security for the Post-September 11 United States, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 2003. i

Available at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/Assessing/AssessingtheNewNormal.pdf

335 In states of emergency, states may derogate from certain human rights, provided that they make a formal announcement to the international community explaining the exceptional nature of the emergency. The derogation must be of a temporary nature and the legal measures and safeguards must be proportionate and reporting systems are to be put in place. International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. p.19

More information on this issue is thoroughly described in the Report of the Independent Expert on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, UN document E/CN.4/2005/103, 17 February 2005.

Available at: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/106/94/PDF/G0510694.pdf?OpenElement

336 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism, US White House, 13 November 2001

Available at: http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/mo-111301.htm

337 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 1(e)

338 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 1(f)

339 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 4(a)

340 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 2.1(ii)

341 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 3(a)

342International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. p.16

343 (b) treated humanely, without any adverse distinction based on race, color, religion, gender, birth, wealth, or any similar criteria;

(c) afforded adequate food, drinking water, shelter, clothing, and medical treatment;

(d) allowed the free exercise of religion consistent with the requirements of such detention; and

(e) detained in accordance with such other conditions as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe.

344 This is the most comprehensive discussion of the issue that I have found while conducting my research. The following paragraph is based on International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. p.50-52

The Report goes into much deeper detail with reference to this issue but the information provided is not directly relevant to the issue discussed in this paper.

345 Particularly designating terrorist suspects as combatants in the absence of a recognized armed conflict.

346 Military Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism Section 1(a)

It should also be noted that the Panel affirmed, quoting the ICCPR, that the rights enshrined therein shall also reply in armed conflict and shall complement, not detract from, international humanitarian law.

347 One of the examples in which the US policy view was clear with regards to the inapplicability of the Geneva Conventions to terrorist suspects is the Humane treatment of al-Qaeda and Taliban Detainees, Directive of 7 February 2002, issued by George W. Bush

Available at: http://www.pegc.us/archive/White_House/bush_memo_20020207_ed.pdf

348 FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity In: BRYSK, Alison and SHAFIR, Gershon (eds.), National insecurity and human rights: democracies debate counter-terrorism, Berkley: University of California Press, 2007. p.39

349International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action. p.51

350 The Panel challenges this and quotes provisions specifically relevant to this, laid down by the UN Human Rights Committee, and supported by the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (p.56)

351 Coined by Lord Johan Steyn in “Guantánamo Bay: the legal black hole”, 27^th F.A. Mann Lecture, 25 November 2003 quoted in: International Commission of Jurists, Assessing Damage, Urging Action p.51

352 FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity. P.39

353FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity. p.37

354 Manfred Ertel et al., “America’s secret war: on the trial of the CIA”, Spiegel online, 12 October 2005, p.5

355 Labelling these ‘cover names’ Orwellian euphemisms

ROBINSON, Mary. “The Rule of Law: Striking a Balance in an Era of Terrorism”, The International Rule of Law Symposium: Plan for Action Organized by the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association, Chicago, 16 September 2006. p.3

Available at: http://www.abanet.org/rolsymposium/docs/mary_robinson_keynote.pdf

356 FALK, Richard. Encroaching on the Rule of Law: Post- 9/11 Policies within the United States. P.22

357 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”, Washington Post, 26 December 2002. p.2

Available at: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/27a/092.html

Quoting Cofer Black, the then head of the CIA Counterterrorist Center speaking to the Congress on September 26^th 2002

358 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”.

359 The article also mentions Diego Garcia, an island in the Indian Ocean leased from Britain.

360PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. p.1

361PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. p.3

362 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. P.3 and HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. p.16

363 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. P.3

364 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. P.4

365 PRIEST, Dana and GELLMAN, Barton, “US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; ‘Stress and Duress’ tactics used on terrorism suspects held in secret overseas facilities”. P.4

366 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.16

367 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.16

368 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.16

369 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.16

370 Hajjar mentions Army Lt. Col. Diane Beaver who expressed the same view in an October 11^th 2002 memo HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.17

371HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. p.18 and

CARTER, Philip. “The Road to Abu Ghraib: the biggest scandal of the Bush administration began at the top”, Washington Monthly”, November 2004.

Available at: http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.carter.html

372 CARTER, Philip. “The Road to Abu Ghraib: the biggest scandal of the Bush administration began at the top”. P.6

373 Yaser Hamdi is a U.S. citizen of Saudi descent who was captured in Afghanistan in 2001. He was designated a UEC and detained for almost three years without charge. Hamdi was initially detained

at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and was later transferred to military jails in Virginia and South Carolina

after it became known that he was a U.S. citizen. He was released and deported to Saudi Arabia in

2004 after agreeing to renounce his U.S. citizenship and to strict travel restrictions.

PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.18

374 The Hamdi ruling referred to enemy combatants who were US citizens, the Rasul ruling referred to enemy combatants who were non US citizens/aliens.

375 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.80

376 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.80

377 “Detainee Treatment Act: Recent developments” Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol.19, Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College, Spring 2006. p.258

Available at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss19/suleman.shtml

378 “Detainee Treatment Act: Recent developments”. P.259

379 “Detainee Treatment Act: Recent developments”. P.259

380 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.80

381“Detainee Treatment Act: Recent developments”. p.263

382 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.20

383 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

384 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

385 HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era.

p.20

386 Quoting Bush when he presented the Bill to Congress.

CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

387 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

388 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

389 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.81

390 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.30

391 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/washington/06bush_transcript.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print, p. 13

392 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.30

393 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/washington/06bush_transcript.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print, p. 13

394 Amnesty International, Military Commissions Act of 2006- turning bad policy into bad law. AI Index: AMR 51/154/2006, 29 September 2006.

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/154/2006/en/509acb93-d3eb-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/amr511542006en.pdf

395 Amnesty International, Military Commissions Act of 2006- turning bad policy into bad law. P.1

396 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.30

397 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.30

398 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11.

399 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004)

Available at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/542/507/case.html

400 HEYMAN, Philip B. and KAYYEM, Juliette N. Long-Term legal strategy project for Preserving Security and Democratic Freedoms in the War on Terrorism, National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, November 2004. p.9
This report discusses ten policies, which it considers as crucial in being addressed in the future national and foreign policy in the future. Detailed but very comprehensive recommendations are made with regard to each issue, always maintaining that check and balances be present under all conditions.

401 Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight Against Terrorism, adopted by the Committee of Ministers at the 804th Meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies 11 July 2002.

Available at: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_rights/h-inf(2002)8eng.pdf

402 Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight Against Terrorism, adopted by the Committee of Ministers, 11 July 2002, at the 804th Meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, p.5

This view was reinforced in the March 2005 edition, which also had Guidelines on the protection of victims of terrorist acts attached to it.

403 With reference to the UK, this is discussed by John Wadham in his critique of the 2001 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act , WADHAM, John. “Terrorism”, Archbold News, 2002.

404 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”, Loyola Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law School: paper 57 Vol.50, 2004.

405 Terrorism Act 2000

406 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom In: HIPPEL von Karin (ed.), Europe Confronts Terrorism, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2005

407 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom. p.154 and LINDE van de, Erik et al. Quick scan of post 9/11 national counter-terrorism policymaking and implementation in selected European countries. p.120

408 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.76

409 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.76

410 GOLDSTONE, Richard, The Tension between Combating Terrorism and Protecting Civil Liberties In: WILSON, Richard Ashely, Human rights in the ‘War on Terror’, p.165

411 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom. P.154

412 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. p.128 and
WADHAM, John. “Terrorism”. P.4

413 Amnesty International, Justice perverted under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, 11 December 2003

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR45/029/2003/en/4fcc7ec2-d65c-11dd-ab95-a13b602c0642/eur450292003en.html

414 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom. p.155

415 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.76

416 CHASKALSON, Arthur, “The widening gyre: counter-terrorism, human rights and the rule of law”. P.77

417 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom. p.155

418 CORNISH Paul. The United Kingdom. p.156

419 The Economist, “Civil Liberties: The Freedom Paradox. Liberty has been the first victim of the war fought in its name”, The Economist print edition, 31 August 2006.

Available at: http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7854426

420 The Economist, “Civil Liberties: The Freedom Paradox. Liberty has been the first victim of the war fought in its name”. p.1

421 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.11

422 The Economist, “Civil Liberties: The Freedom Paradox. Liberty has been the first victim of the war fought in its name”. p.1

423 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.11

424 The Economist, “Civil Liberties: The Freedom Paradox. Liberty has been the first victim of the war fought in its name”. p.1

425 Human Rights Watch, “EU: Stand Firm Against Diplomatic Assurances”, 22 October 2008. p.4

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/10/22/eu-stand-firm-against-diplomatic-assurances

426 SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany In: HIPPEL von Karin (ed.), Europe Confronts Terrorism, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2005

427 SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany. P.49

428 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.112

429 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.115

430 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.112

431 Emphasis added by author

432 SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany. P.49

433 SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany. P.49

434 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.113

435 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”, p.115

436 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.114 and SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany. P.49

437 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law, 31 May 2005.

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/IOR61/013/2005/en/ab320693-d4e3-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/ior610132005en.html

438 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.34

439 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.34

440 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.116

441 SZYSZKOWITZ, Tessa. Germany. P.54

442 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.117

443 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”.p.117

444 SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. “Other People’s Patriot Acts: Europe’s Response to September 11”. P.117

445 WOEHREL, Steven. Spain In: ARCHICK, Kristin et al., European Approaches to Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, CRS Report for Congress, 24 July 2006.

Available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33573.pdf

446 LINDE van de, Erik et al. Quick scan of post 9/11 national counter-terrorism policymaking and implementation in selected European countries. P.110

447 WOEHREL, Steven. Spain. p.32

448 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21

449 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21

450 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21 and

SUNDERLAND, Judith. “Setting an example? Counter-Terrorism Measures in Spain”, Human Rights Watch, 26 January 2005

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11860/section/1

451 SUNDERLAND, Judith. “Setting an example? Counter-Terrorism Measures in Spain”. p.4

452LINDE van de, Erik et al. Quick scan of post 9/11 national counter-terrorism policymaking and implementation in selected European countries. p.56

453 GALLIS, Paul. France In: ARCHICK, Kristin et al., European Approaches to Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, CRS Report for Congress, 24 July 2006.

Available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33573.pdf

454 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21

455 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21

456 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.21

457 PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.11

458 KARON, Tony. “Why Guantanamo has Europe hopping mad”, Time, 24 January 2002

Available at: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,197210,00.html

459 BBC. “Blair plea to Bush on Guantanamo”, 26 June 2004.

Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3841731.stm

460 A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2005)

Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd051208/aand-1.htm

SHAH, Sangeeta, “The UK’s Anti-Terror Legislation and the House of Lords: The Battle Continues”, Human Rights Law Review, Vol.6, issue 2, Oxford University Press, 2006.

461HAJJAR, Lisa. Human Rights, Executive Powers, and Torture in the Post-9/11 Era. P.16

462

PRIEST, Dana. “CIA holds terror suspects in secret prisons: Debate is growing within agency about legality and morality of overseas system set up after 9/11”, Washington Post, 2 November 2005

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html

463 This is the name used in classified White House paper and reports, when referring to these secret locations

464FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity. p.48

465 Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch Statement on U.S. Secret Detention Facilities in Europe, 6 November 2005.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/11/06/human-rights-watch-statement-us-secret-detention-facilities-europe

466

PRIEST, Dana. “CIA holds terror suspects in secret prisons: Debate is growing within agency about legality and morality of overseas system set up after 9/11”. P.1

467 http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,487325,00.html

468 FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity. p.48

469 FORSYTHE, David P. The United States: Protecting Human Dignity in an Era of Insecurity. P.48

470 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states, Doc. 10957, 12 June 2006

http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc06/edoc10957.htm?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc06/EDOC10957.htm

471 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.13

472 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.14

473 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.8

474 These are: Sweden, Bosnia-Herzegovina, UK, Italy, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany, Turkey, Poland, Romania, Cyprus, Spain, Ireland, Portugal and Greece

Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, ‘Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states’, p.66

475 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.36 and http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,487325,00.html

476 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.24 and

Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. and

PRIEST, Dana. “Wrongful imprisonment: Anatomy of a CIA Mistake. German citizen released after months in rendition”, Washington Post, 4 December 2005.

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/12/03/AR2005120301476.html

477 BBC. “Countries react to collusion charges”, 17 June 2006.

Available at: http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5055824.stm

478 REYNOLDS, Paul. “Rendition report adds to terror debate”. P.2

479 European Parliament, ‘CIA activities in Europe: summary of the European Parliament inquiry’ 7 March 2007, p.1

480 http://www.europarl.eu.int/comparl/tempcom/tdip/default_en.htm

481 European Parliament, ‘CIA activities in Europe: summary of the European Parliament inquiry’ 7 March 2007, p.1

482 European Parliament, Report on the alleged use of European countries by the CIA for the transportation and illegal detention of prisoners, 30 January 2007, p.11

483 The states that were in some way involved in the illegal rendition were: Germany, Sweden, Spain, Ireland, Greece, Cyprus, Denmark, Belgium, Turkey, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Romania.

484 European Parliament, ‘CIA activities in Europe: summary of the European Parliament inquiry’ 7 March 2007, p.3

485 European Parliament, ‘CIA activities in Europe: summary of the European Parliament inquiry’ 7 March 2007, p.3

486 European Parliament, ‘CIA activities in Europe: summary of the European Parliament inquiry’ 7 March 2007, p.4

487 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report explanatory memorandum, 7 June 2007.

Available at: http://assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2007/EMarty_20070608_NoEmbargo.pdf

488 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report p.4

489 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report. p.5 and

ROSENBACH, Marcel and GOETZ, John, ‘“Massive and systematic violations” of human rights: New report cites proof of CIA black sites’, Spiegel online¸8 June 2007

Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,487325,00.html

490 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report. p.24

491 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report. p.3

492 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report. p. 35 (Poland) and p.45 (Romania)

493 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states: second report. p.69 and

ROSENBACH, Marcel and GOETZ, John, ‘“Massive and systematic violations” of human rights: New report cites proof of CIA black sites’, Spiegel online¸8 June 2007

Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,487325,00.html

494 “Rada Evropy: Veznice CIA v Evrope jsou fakt”, Aktualne.cz, 8 June 2007.

Available at: http://aktualne.centrum.cz/zahranici/clanek.phtml?id=442683

495 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. p.38

Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.36 and Human Rights Watch, Black Hole: the fate of Muslims rendered to Egypt, 9 May 2005.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/05/09/black-hole-0

Also see PRIEST, Dana. “Italy knew about the plan to grab suspect: CIA officials cite briefing in 2003”, Washington Post, 30 June 2005.

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/29/AR2005062902971_pf.html

This article provides detailed evidence of the extent of Italy’s involvement in the rendition of Abu Omar.

496 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Alleged secret detention and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states . p.38.

497 It should be noted that Italian authorities did indeed request the extradition of the kidnappers from the US as early as 2005 but the changing political atmosphere in Italy had slowed down the process, also partly because of the fear of hurting US-Italian relations.

Human Rights Watch, “US/Italy: Italian Court Challenges CIA Rendition Programme. Rome should seek extradition of 26 Americans in Cleric’s Abduction”, 15 April 2008.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/04/15/usitaly-italian-court-challenges-cia-rendition-program

In 2007, Germany had also issued arrest warrants for thirteen CIA agents in the El Masri case.

498 Amnesty International EU Office. Human Rights dissolving at the borders? Counter-terrorism and EU Criminal Law. P.34-35

499 REYNOLDS, Paul. “Rendition report adds to terror debate”. P.2

500 BUSH, George W. “Speech on Terrorism”, delivered on 6 September 2006.

Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/washington/06bush_transcript.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print. p.4

501 BUSH, George W. “Speech on Terrorism”. P.8

502 BUSH, George W. “Speech on Terrorism”. P.10

503 BUSH, George W. “Speech on Terrorism”. P.8

504 Amnesty International, Military Commissions Act of 2006- turning bad policy into bad law. P.2

505 Amnesty International, USA: Below the radar- secret flights to torture and ‘disappearance’, 5 April 2006.

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/051/2006/en/3edf2253-d447-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/amr510512006en.html

506 REYNOLDS, Paul. “Rendition report adds to terror debate”, 24 January 2006

http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4644124.stm

507 Other countries include Russia, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan

508 Human Rights Watch, Not the way forward: UK’s dangerous reliance on diplomatic assurances, 22 October 2008.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/10/22/not-way-forward

509 Human Rights Watch, “EU: Stand Firm Against Diplomatic Assurances”. P.2

510 Human Rights Watch, “EU: Stand Firm Against Diplomatic Assurances”. P.2

511 The Economist, “Torture and the law- that curious relationship”, The Economist print edition, 5 February 2009.

Available at: http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13062575

512 The Economist, “Torture and the law- that curious relationship”. P.1

513 MACDONALD, Ken, “Security and Rights”, Speech to the Criminal Bar Association on 23 January 2007.

Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/articles/security_rights/

514 MACDONALD, Ken, “Security and Rights”, p.5

515MACDONALD, Ken, “Security and Rights”,.10

516 Application number: 3455/05

517 Article 5(1), 5(4) and 5(5) respectively of the European Convention on Human Rights

518 PRIEST, Dana. “Bush’s ‘War on Terror’ comes to a sudden end”, Washington Post, 23 January 2009.

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/22/AR2009012203929_pf.html

519 SHANE, Scott. “Torture versus War”. P.1

520 A detailed account of the procedures, or at least a selection of them, has been provided by the ICRC upon their inspection of Guantánamo in October 6^th-11^th 2006 with specific focus on the ‘high value detainees’.

ICRC Report on the treatment of fourteen “high value detainees” in CIA custody, February 2007.

Available at: http://88.80.13.160.nyud.net/leak/icrc-report-2007.pdf

521 This memo was dated 30 May 2005

CNN, “Memo: Two al Qaeda leaders water-boarded 266 times”, Washington, 20 April 2009.

Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/20/cia.waterboarding/

522 The Economist, “Guantanamo: Promises to keep”, The Economist print edition, January 2009.

Available at: http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13031321

523 NRC Handelsblad, “…en de rest van de wereld”, 21 January 2009.

Available at:

http://weblogs3.nrc.nl/commentaar/2009/01/21/en-rest-van-de-wereld/

524 “Dutch refusal to take Guantánamo detainees criticized “, NRC Handelsblad, 23 January 2009 http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2127982.ece/Dutch_refusal_to_take_Guantánamo_detainees_criticised

525 Human Rights Watch, “US/EU: Help Close Guantanamo by accepting some detainees” Human Rights Watch, 3 April 2009.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/04/03/useu-help-close-guantanamo-accepting-some-detainees

526 NEMECEK, Tomáš. “Guantánamo: ne, dík” Hospodářské noviny, 28 January 2009.

Available at: http://hn.ihned.cz/c1-33495100-Guantánamo-ne-dik

527 The first successful habeas claims as per the Boumediene opinion.

PRIETO, Daniel B. War About Terror: Civil Liberties and National Security after 9/11. p.11

528 Human Rights Watch, “US/EU: Help Close Guantanamo by accepting some detainees” Human Rights Watch, 3 April 2009.

Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/04/03/useu-help-close-guantanamo-accepting-some-detainees

529 Němeček, Tomáš, “Guantánamo: Ne, dik”, p.1

530 SHANE, Scott. “Torture versus War”, The New York Times/ International Herald Tribune, Washington, 18 April 2009.

Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/weekinreview/19shane.html?_r=1&ref=politics&pagewanted=print

531 SHANE, Scott. “Torture versus War”. P.2

532 BBC. “Obama exempts CIA ‘torture’ staff”, 17 April 2009.

Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8003537.stm

533 Amnesty International. “Impunity for CIA officials is incompatible with USA’s international obligations”, Amnesty International, 17 April 2009.

Available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/obama-accused-quotcondoning-torturequot-20090417

534 COOMARASAMY, James. “Interrogation ‘morass’ for Obama”, BBC News Washington, 21 April 2009.

Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8009418.stm

535 MACASKILL, Ewen. “Bush officials defend physical abuse described in memos released by Obama”, The Guardian, Washington: 17 April 2009.

Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/17/bush-torture-memos-obama-mukasey

536 COOMARASAMY, James. “Interrogation ‘morass’ for Obama”. P.2

537 CNN. “In CIA visit, Obama defends interrogation memo release”, 20 April 2009.

Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/20/obama.cia/index.html

538 http://summit.clubmadrid.org/keynotes/a-global-strategy-for-fighting-terrorism.html

539 George W. Bush, Second Inaugural Address, delivered on 20 January 2005

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4460172

540 Quoted in: JOHNSTONE, Ian. “US-Un relations after Iraq: the end of the world (order) as we know it?” European Journal of International Law, Vol.15, no.4, 2004. p.836

John Ikenberry made this prediction in his Foreign Affairs article (September/October 2002) “America’s Imperial Ambition”.

541 JOHNSTONE, Ian “US-Un relations after Iraq: the end of the world (order) as we know it?” p. 838

542 The Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Global Unease with Major World Powers,” June 27, 2007, p.3 http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/256.pdf