The autobiography of martin luther

police force. And I thought that was all we had in Little Rock. It

wasn't an army fighting against a nation or a race of people. It was

just pohce force, seeking to enforce the law of the land. It was high

time that a man as popular in the world as Eisenhower—a man with

his moral influence—speak out and take a stand against what was

happening all over the South. So I backed the President, and I sent

him a telegram commending him for the positive and forthright

stand that he took in the Little Rock school situation. He showed

the nation and the world that the United States was a nation dedi-

cated to law and order rather than mob rule.

Nevertheless, it was strange to me that the federal government

was more concerned about what happened in Budapest than what

happened in Birmingham. I thought Eisenhower beheved that inte-

gration would be a fine thing. But I thought he felt that the more

you push it, the more tension it would create, so, just wait a few

more years and it will work itself out. I didn't think that Eisenhower

felt like being a crusader for integration. President Eisenh<)wer was

a man of integrity and goodwill, but I am afraid that on the question

of integration he didn't understand the dimensions of social change

involved nor how the problem was to be worked out.
11

BIRTH OF A NEW

NATION

Ghana has something to say to us. It says to us first that the oppressor

for it. Freedom is never given to anybody. Privileged classes never

give up their privileges without strong resistance.

MARCH 4. 1957

King party arrives in Gold Coast for independence celebration

MARCH 6

MARCH 12

MARCH 25

The minute I knew I was coming to Ghana I had a very deep

emotional feeling. A new nation was being born. It symbolized

the fact that a new order was coming into being and an old order

was passing away. So I was deeply concerned about it. I wanted to

be involved in it, be a part of it, and notice the birth of this new

nation with my own eyes. The trip, which included visits to other

countries of Africa and several stops in Europe, was of tremendous

cultural value and made possible many contacts of lasting signifi-

cance.

Empire saw that it could no longer rule the Gold Coast and agreed

that on the sixth of March, 1957, it would release the nation. All of

this was because of the persistent protest, the continual agitation, of

Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah and the other leaders who worked

along with him and the masses of people who were willing to follow.

"A new age coming into being"

So that day finally came. About midnight on a dark night in 1957, a

new nation came into being. That was a great hour. As we walked

out, we noticed all over the polo grounds almost a half million peo-

ple. They had waited for this hour and this moment for years.

People came from all over the world—seventy nations—to say

to this new nation: "We greet you. And we give you our moral sup-

port. We hope for you God's guidance as you move now into the

realm of independence." It was a beautiful experience to see some

of the leading persons on the scene of civil rights in America on

hand: to my left was Charles Diggs, to my right were Adam Powell

and Ralph Bunche. All of these people from America, Mordecai

Johnson, Horace Mann Bond, A. Philip Randolph; then you looked

out and saw the vice president of the United States.

A handsome black man walked out on the platform, and he was

followed by eight or ten other men. He stood there and said, "We

are no longer a British colony. We are a free and sovereign people."

When he uttered those words, we looked back and saw an old flag

coming down and a new flag going up. And I said to myself, "That

old flag coming down doesn't represent the meaning of this drama

taking place on the stage of history, for it is the symbol of an old

order passing away. That new flag going up is the symbol of a new

age coming into being." I could hear people shouting all over that

vast audience, "Freedom! Freedom!"

Before I knew it, I started weeping. I was crying for joy. And I

knew about all of the struggles, all of the pain, and all of the agony

that these people had gone through for this moment.

After Nkrumah made that final speech, we walked away, and we

could hear little children six years old and old people eighty and

ninety years old walking the streets of Accra crying: "Freedom! Free-

dom!" They were crying it in a sense that they had never heard it

SERMON ON GHANA

It seems this morning that I can hear God speaking. I can hear him

speaking throughout the universe, saying, "Be still and know that I am

God. And if you don't stop, if you don't straighten up, if you don't stop

exploiting people, I'm going to rise up and break the backbone of your

power. And your power will be no more!" And the power of Great Britain

is no more. I looked at France. I looked at Britain. And I thought about

the Britain that could boast, "The sun never sets on our great Empire."

And I say now she had gone to the level that the sun hardly rises on the

British Empire.

April 7, 1957

I

before. And I could hear that old Negro spiritual once more crying

They were experiencing that in their very souls. And everywhere we

turned, we could hear it ringing out from the housetops. We could

hear it from every corner, every nook and crook of the community.

"Freedom! Freedom!" This was the breaking loose from Egypt.

The thing that impressed me more than anything else that night

was when Nkrumah and his other ministers who had been in prison

with him walked in. They didn't come in with the crowns and all of

the garments of kings. They walked in with prison caps. Nkrumah

stood up and made his closing speech to Parliament with the little

cap that he wore in prison for several months and the coat that he

wore in prison for several months. Often the path to freedom will

carry you through prison.

Nkrumah had started out in a humble way. His mother and

father were illiterate, not chiefs at all, but humble people. He went

to school for a while in Africa and then he decided to work his way

to America. He went to the Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, and

took his theology degree there. He preached a while in Philadelphia.

He went to the University of Pennsylvania and took a master's de-

gree there in philosophy and sociology.

He always realized that colonialism was made for domination

and exploitation. It was made to keep a certain group down and

exploit that group economically for the advantage of another. He

studied and thought about all of this, and one day he decided to go

back to Africa.

He was immediately elected the executive secretary of the United

Party of the Gold Coast, and he worked hard getting a following.

And the people in this party—the old, the people who had had their

hands on the plow for a long time—thought he was pushing a little

too fast, and they got a little jealous of his influence. So finally he

had to break from the United Party of the Gold Coast, and in 1949

he organized the Convention People's Party. It was this party that

started out working for the independence of the Gold Coast.

He urged his people to unite for freedom and urged the officials

of the British Empire to give them freedom. The officials were slow

to respond, but the masses of people were with him, and they had

united to become the most powerful and influential party that had

ever been organized in that section of Africa.

Nkrumah himself was finally placed in jail for several years. He

was an agitator. He was imprisoned on the basis of sedition, but he

had inspired some people outside of prison. They got together just a

few months after he had been in prison and elected him the prime

minister. The British Empire saw that they had better let him out.

He was placed there for fifteen years, but he only served eight or

nine months. He came out the prime minister of the Gold Coast.

"A symbol of hope"

I thought that this event, the birth of this new nation, would give

impetus to oppressed peoples all over the world. I thought it would

have worldwide implications and repercussions—not only for Asia

and Africa, but also for America. Just as in 1776, when America

received its independence, the harbor of New York became sort of a

beacon of hope for thousands of oppressed people of Europe, I

thought Ghana would become a symbol of hope for hundreds and

thousands of oppressed peoples all over the world as they struggled

for freedom.

The birth of this new nation renewed my conviction in the ulti-

mate triumph of justice. And it seemed to me, this was fit testimony

to the fact that eventually the forces of justice triumph in the uni-

verse, and somehow the universe itself is on the side of freedom and

justice. This gave new hope to me in the struggle for freedom.

Wednesday morning the official opening of Parliament was held,

and we were able to get on the inside. There Nkrumah, now the

Prime Minister of the Gold Coast, with no superior, made his first

speech. The Duchess of Kent, who represented the Queen of En-

gland, walked in. She was just a passing visitor now—like M. L. King

and Ralph Bunche and Coretta King and everybody else—because

this was a new nation. After Parliament was open, and Nkrumah

drove out, the people standing around the streets of the city cried

out: "All hail, Nkrumah!" Everybody was crying his name because

they knew he had suffered for them, he had sacrificed for them, he'd

gone to jail for them.

This nation was now out of Egypt and had crossed the Red Sea.

Now it would confront its wilderness. Nkrumah realized that. For

instance, Ghana was a one-crop country, cocoa mainly. In order to

make the economic system more stable, it would be necessary to

industrialize. Nkrumah said to me that one of the first things that

he would do would be to work toward industrialization.

Ninety percent of the people were illiterate, and it was necessary

to lift the whole cultural standard of the community in order to

make it possible to stand up in the free world. It was my hope that

even people from America would go to Africa as immigrants. Ameri-

can Negroes could lend their technical assistance to a growing new

nation. I was very happy to see people who had moved in. A doctor

from Brooklyn, New York, had just come in that week. His wife was

a dentist, and they were living there, and the people loved them..

Nkrumah made it very clear to me that he would welcome any per-

sons coming there as immigrants.

I reaUzed that there would be difficulties. Whenever you have a

transition, whenever you are moving from one system to another

there will be definite difficulties, but I thought that there was enough

brainpower, enough determination, enough courage and faith to

meet the difficulties as they developed.

When I hear, "People aren't ready," that's like telling a person

who is trying to swim, "Don't jump in that water until you learn

how to swim." When actually you will never learn how to swim until

you get in the water. People have to have an opportunity to develop

themselves and govern themselves.

I am often reminded of the statement made by Nkrumah: "I

prefer self-government with danger to servitude with tranquility." I

think that's a great statement. They were willing to face the dangers

and difficulties, but I thought that Ghana would be able to profit by

the mistakes of other nations that had existed over so many years

and develop into a great nation.

After meeting Kwame Nkrumah, we stopped in Nigeria for a day

or so. Then we went to Europe and then back to America to deal

with the problems there.

12

BRUSH WITH DEATH

brutality of police officers, an unwarranted arrest, and a near fatal

stab wound by a mentally deranged woman. These things were

poured upon me like staggering torrents on a cold, wintry day.

SEPTEMBER 3, 1958

King is arrested in Montgomery

SEPTEMBER S

After his gonviction for failing to obey an officer. King's fine is paid

by Montgomery police commissioner

SEPTEMBER 20

Is stabbed in Harlem

OCTOBER 3

After release from Harlem Hospital, begins convalescing at the

home of the Reverend Sandy F. Ray

OCTOBER 24

Returns to Montgomery to continue recuperation

On a Saturday afternoon in 1958, I sat in a Harlem department

store, surrounded by hundreds of people. I was autographing

copies of Stride Toward Freedom, my book about the Montgomery

bus boycott. And while sitting there, a demented black woman came

up. The only question I heard from her was, "Are you Martin Luther

King?"

ute, I felt something sharp plunge forcefully into my chest. Before I

knew it, I had been stabbed with a letter opener by a woman who

would later be judged insane, Mrs. Izola Ware Curry.

Rushed by ambulance to Harlem Hospital, I lay in a bed for

hours while preparations were made to remove the keen-edged knife

from my body. Days later, when I was well enough to talk with Dr.

Aubre Maynard, the chief of the surgeons who performed the deli-

cate, dangerous operation, I learned the reason for the long delay

that preceded surgery. He told me that the razor tip of the instru-

ment had been touching my aorta and that my whole chest had to

be opened to extract it.

"If you had sneezed during all those hours of waiting," Dr. May-

nard said, "your aorta would have been punctured and you would

have drowned in your own blood."

It came out in the New York Times the next morning that, if I

had sneezed, I would have died.

About four days later, after the operation, after my chest had been

opened, and the blade had been taken out, they allowed me to move

around in the wheelchair in the hospital and read some of the kind

letters that came from all over the States, and the world. I read a

few, but one of them I will never forget. There was a letter from a

young girl who was a student at the White Plains High School. It

said simply, "Dear Dr. King: I am a ninth-grade student at the White

Plains High School." She said, "While it should not matter, I would

like to mention that I am a white girl. I read in the paper of your

misfortune, and of your suffering. And I read that if you had

sneezed, you would have died. And I'm simply writing you to say

that I'm so happy that you didn't sneeze."

"Uncertain but promising future"

If I demonstrated unusual calm during the recent attempt on my life,

it was certainly not due to any extraordinary powers that I possess.

Rather, it was due to the power of God working through me. Through-

out this struggle for racial justice I have constantly asked God to remove

all bitterness from my heart and to give me the strength and courage to

face any disaster that came my way. This constant prayer life and feel-

ing of dependence on God have given me the feeling that I have divine

TO THE MONTGOMERY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

My Dear Friends and Co-Workers of the MIA:

While convalescing here in New York from an act of violence which

was inflicted upon me two weeks ago, my mind inevitably turns toward

you. Over and over again during these difficult days I have thought of

you and our long association together.

First, let me relieve your minds by saying that I am doing quite well.

The five physicians who have been at my side from the moment of the

operation have all agreed that I have made an amazing recovery. I am

gradually regaining my strength and the natural pain that follows an op-

eration is gradually passing away. . . .

May I urge you to continue in the noble struggle for freedom and jus-

tice that has been so courageously started in the Cradle of the Confeder-

acy. Fortunately, God has given Montgomery several marvelous leaders

and my absence does not in any way have to impede the program of our

movement. . . . Our final destination is the City of Freedom and we must

not stop until we have entered the sublime and lofty Metropolis. . . .

Your servant in the cause of Christ and Freedom,

Martin Luther King, Jr.

October 6, 1958

companionship in the struggle. I know no other way to explain it. It is

the fact that in the midst of external tension, God can give an inner

peace.

here again God gives one the strength to adjust to such acts of violence.

None of these attacks came as a total surprise to me, because I counted

the cost early in the struggle. To believe in nonviolence does not mean

that violence will not he inflicted upon you. The believer in nonviolence

is the person who will willingly allow himself to be the victim of violence

but will never inflict violence upon another. He lives by the conviction

that through his suffering and cross bearing, the social situation may he

redeemed.

The experience I had in New York gave me time to think. I be-

came convinced that if the movement held to the spirit of nonvio-

lence, our struggle and example would challenge and help redeem

not only America but the world. It was my hope that we would

remove from our souls the shackles of fear and the manacles of de-

spair, and move on into the uncertain but promising future with the

faith that the dawn of a new day was just around the horizon.

The pathetic aspect of the experience was not the injury to one

individual. It demonstrated to me that a climate of hatred and bitter-

ness so permeated areas of our nation that inevitably deeds of ex-

treme violence must erupt. I saw its wider social significance. The

lack of restraint upon violence in our society along with the defiance

of law by men in high places cannot but result in an atmosphere

which engenders desperate deeds.

I was intensely impatient to get back to continue the work we all

knew had to be done regardless of the cost. So I rejoined the ranks

of those who were working ceaselessly for the realization of the ideals

of freedom and justice for all men. I did not have the slightest inten-

tion of turning back at that point.

13

PILGRIMAGE TO

It was a marvelous experience to meet and talk with the great leaders

of India, to meet and talk with and speak to thousands and thou-

sands of people all over that vast country. These experiences will

remain dear to me as long as the cords of memory shall lengthen.

FEBRUARY 3, 1959

The Kipgs, accompanied by Dr. L. D. Reddick, embark for India

FEBRUARY 10

After stay in Paris, King party arrives in India and has dinner v/ith

Prime Minister Nehru

MARCH 10

Departs from India to Jerusalem and Cairo

MARCH 18

Returns to United States

F

or a long time I had wanted to take a trip to India. Even as a

elephants, the tigers, the temples, the snake charmers, and all the

other storybook characters.

While the Montgomery boycott was going on, India's Gandhi

was the guiding light of our technique of nonviolent social change.

So as soon as our victory over bus segregation was won, some of my

friends said: "Why don't you go to India and see for yourself what

the Mahatma, whom you so admire, has wrought?"

In 1956 when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India's prime minister,

made a short visit to the United States, he was gracious enough to

say that he wished that he and I had met. His diplomatic representa-

tives made inquiries as to the possibility of my visiting his country

some time. Our former American ambassador to India, Chester

Bowles, wrote me along the same lines.

But every time that I was about to make the trip, something

would interfere. At one time it was my visit by prior commitment

to Ghana. At another time my publishers were pressing me to finish

writing Stride Toward Freedom. Then along came Mrs. Izola Ware

Curry. She not only knocked out the travel plans that I had but

almost everything else as well.

After I recovered from this near-fatal encounter and was finally

released by my doctors, it occurred to me that it might be better to

get in the trip to India before plunging too deeply once again into

the sea of the Southern segregation struggle.

I preferred not to take this long trip alone and asked my wife

and my friend, Lawrence Reddick, to accompany me. Coretta was

particularly interested in the women of India, and Dr. Reddick in

the history and government of that great country. He had written

my biography. Crusader Without Violence, and said that my true test

would come when the people who knew Gandhi looked me over and

passed judgment upon me and the Montgomery movement. The

three of us made up a sort of three-headed team with six eyes and

six ears for looking and listening.

And so on February 3, 1959, just before midnight, we left New

York by plane. En route we stopped in Paris with Richard Wright,

an old friend of Reddick's, who brought us up to date on European

attitudes on the Negro question and gave us a taste of the best

French cooking.

We missed our plane connection in Switzerland because of fog,

and arrived in India after a roundabout route, two days late. But

from the time we came down out of the clouds at Bombay on Febru-

ary 10, until March 10, when we waved good-bye at the New Delhi

airport, we had one of the most concentrated and eye-opening expe-

riences of our lives.

"Wie were looked upon as brothers"

We had a grand reception in India. The people showered upon us