The concepts of music
Intervals: is the distance between two pitches. Contour
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- Register
- Vibrato
- Glissando
- Scat
- Introduction
- Coda
- Solo
- TEXTURE Thick
- Unison
- Similar motion
- Aerophones
- Performing media
Intervals: is the distance between two pitches. Contour: means the shape of a melody Ascending: going up Descending: going down Steps: a step is an interval of a 2nd (a tone or semitone) Leaps: a leap is an interval of a 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th etc. Riff: solo in electric guitars. Register: vocal range. DYNAMICS & EXPRESSIVE TECHNIQUES Crescendo: gradually getting louder Diminuendo: gradually getting softer Loud (forte): (f) volume level Soft (piano): (p) volume level Moderately loud (mezzoforte): (mf) volume level Staccato: refers to a melody or chords that are shorter than their note value. E.g. short and detached. Vibrato: is a shaking sound, creating a tiny variation in pitch. This is also performed on instruments and vocals. Tremolo: is a quick repetition of the same note. E.g. on the piano, you press the same key as quickly as possible, alternating fingers to increase the speed. Glissando: a rapid scale played a sliding motion. On the piano, a glissando is created by running the thumb nail over the keys. Pizzicato: plucked with the fingers. E.g. guitars Arco: played with a bow. E.g. the violin sticks. Legato: smoothly and well connected. Refers to a melody or chords that are played by moving immediately from one note to another, without a gap. Scat: is a style of singing made popular by the jazz singer. Falsetto: is a method of singing used by males. STRUCTURE Form: also known as structure refers to how the composition is constructed and how it is divided into sections or parts. Introduction: is the beginning part of the piece before the main musical events are introduced. Binary form: refers to a composition with two main sections, called Section A and Section B. Ternary form: Has three sections, Section A, Section B, then a return to Section A. Rondo form: has many sections. The form is A B A C A D etc. Theme and Variation: is similar to rondo form. This is different to rondo form because Section A need not return exactly as it appeared at the beginning. Coda: means “tail” in Italian. It is the ending of a piece. In popular music, this is called an outro. Verse: is the part of the song that tells the story. Chorus: the chorus contains the main ideas, riffs and melodies. This repeats several times during the song. Bridge: a contrasting section, similar to a verse that has new melodic material, new words (if sung) and often new chords. Solo: sometimes the electric guitar, piano or saxophone will take over, playing new melodic material. Outro: some songs have a coda, or concluding section of 4-8 bars, it’s the ending of the piece. 12 bar blues form: same pattern of chords us used for each section of the song. A A B Strophic: is a form where there are several verses, each with different words but the same basic musical accompaniment. Hymns and blues pieces follow strophic form. TEXTURE Thick: when several instruments or melodic lines play. Thin: when one instrument or melodic line plays. Graphic notation: it’s a graphical drawing of each instruments/vocal playing from where it starts and when it stops. Monophonic: a single layer, one melodic line. (Mono – “alone”) Homophonic: a melody line with a chordal accompaniment. (Homo – “Same”) Polyphonic: many melodic lines playing at the same time, complex melodies and counter melodies. (Poly – “Many”) Unison: means when two or more instruments play the same note at the same pitch. Doubling: occurs when the same melody is played by more than one instrument an octave apart. E.g. high C and low C Imitation: Occurs when a melody or melodic fragment is copied by another instrument. Call and response: texture occurs when a solo instrument makes a melodic statement or “call” and a larger group replies with a different statement. Similar motion: occurs when the melodic contour of two melodies is the same. If one ascends, they both ascend, and if one descends, they both do. Contrary motion: means that melodies move in opposite directions. If one ascends, the other descends. TONE COLOUR Timbre: means the quality of the sound. Chordophones: Stringed instruments. Idiophones: Percussion Membranophones: drums covered by a membrane Aerophones: wind instruments Electric sounds: this is added to the group idiophones. Strings: violin, viola, cello, double bass, guitar, harp and piano Woodwind: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, cor anglais, saxophone Brass: trumpet, trombone, tuba, French horn. Percussion: woodblock, triangle, bells, timpani, drums, gong, xylophone, marimba etc. Performing media: means the sound source, or the instrument, voice or object that create the sound. 
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