The Energetic Basis of Colonial Living in Social Insects Supporting Information

2. Schultz-Motel P (1991) Heat loss and thermoregulation in a nest of the bumblebee bombus lapidarus (Hymenoptera, apidae). Thermochimica acta 193:57-66.

3. Lighton JRB (1989) Individual and whole colony respiration in an African Formicine ant Functional Ecology 3(5):523-530.

4. Jaffé K & Fonck C (1994) Energetics of social phenomena: Physics applied to evolutionary biology Il Nuovo Cimento D 16(6):543-553.

5. Peakin GJ & Josens G (1978) Respiration and energy flow. Production ecology of ants and termites, ed Brian MV (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

6. Martin PJ (1991) Respiration of the ant Leptothorax unifasciatus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) at individual and society levels. Journal of insect physiology 37(4):311-318.

7. Muradian R, Issa S, & Jaffe K (1999) Energy consumption of termite colonies of Nasutitermes ephratae (Isoptera: Termitidae). Physiology & Behavior 66(5):731-735

8. Gibo DL, Dew HE, & Hajduk AS (1974) Thermoregulation in Colonies of Vespula-Arenaria and Vespula-Maculata (Hymenoptera-Vespidae) .2. Relation between Colony Biomass and Calorie Production. Canadian Entomologist 106(8):873-879.

9. Schmolz E, Lamprecht I, & Schricker B (1995) A Method for Continuous Direct Calorimetric Measurements of Energy-Metabolism in Intact Hornet (Vespa Crabro) and Honeybee (Apis-Mellifera) Colonies. Thermochimica Acta 251:293-301.

10. Southwick EE, Roubik DW, & Williams JM (1990) Comparative energy balance in groups of Africanized and European honeybees: Ecological implications. Comparative Biochemical Physiology 97A:1-7.

11. Southwick EE (1987) Cooperative metabolism in honey bees: an alternative to antifreeze and hibernation. Journal of Thermal Biology 12(2):155-158.

12. Kronenberg F & Heller HC (1982) Colonial thermoregulation in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Physiology 148(1):65-76.

13. Southwick EE (1985) Allometric Relations, Metabolism and Heat Conductance in Clusters of Honey Bees at Cool Temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 156(1):143-149.

14. Southwick EE & Mugaas JN (1971) A hypothetical homeotherm: The Honeybee hive. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40A:935-944.

15. Gobin B & Ito F (2000) Queens and major workers of Acanthomyrmex ferox redistribute nutrients with trophic eggs. Naturwissenschaften 87(7):323-326.

16. Brian MV (1965) Social Insect Populations (Academic Press Inc., London).

17. Page RE & Peng CYS (2001) Aging and development in social insects with emphasis on the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Experimental Gerontology 36(4-6):695-711.

18. Rojas MG & Morales-Ramos JA (2004) Disruption of reproductive activity of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) primary reproductives by three chitin synthesis inhibitors. Journal of Economic Entomology 97(6):2015-2020.

19. Nakashima K, Watanabe H, Saitoh H, Tokuda G, & Azuma JI (2002) Dual cellulose-digesting system of the wood-feeding termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32(7):777-784.

20. Beckers R, Goss S, Deneubourg JL, & Pasteels JM (1989) Colony size, communication, and ant foraging strategy. Psyche A Journal of Entomology 96:239-256.

21. Rosengren R, Sundstrom L, & Fortelius W (1993) Monogyny and polygyny in Formica ants: The result of alternative dispersal tactics. Queen number and sociality in insects:308-333.

22. Hölldobler B & Wilson EO (1990) The Ants (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. (USA)).

23. Elton C (1932) Territory among wood ants (Formica rufa L.) at picket hill. Journal of Animal Ecology 1:69-76.

24. Espadaler X, Rey S, & Bernal V (2004) Queen number in a supercolony of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus. Insectes Sociaux 51(3):232-238.

25. Cremer S, UGELVIG LV, LOMMEN STE, PETERSEN KS, & PEDERSEN JS (2006) Attack of the invasive garden ant: aggression behaviour of Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) against native Lasius species in Spain. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9:13-19.

26. Espadaler X & Rey S (2001) Biological constraints and colony founding in the polygynous invasive ant Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). (Translated from English) Insectes Sociaux 48(2):159-164 (in English).

27. Bourke AFG (1991) Queen Behavior, Reproduction and Egg Cannibalism in Multiple-Queen Colonies of the Ant Leptothorax-Acervorum. Animal Behaviour 42:295-310.

28. Collingwood CA (1979) The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. (Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg, Denmark).

29. Abril S, Oliveras J, & Gomez C (2008) Effect of temperature on the oviposition rate of Argentine ant queens (Linepithema humile Mayr) under monogynous and polygynous experimental conditions. Journal of Insect Physiology 54(1):265-272.

30. Kerr WE (1969) Some Aspects of the evolution of social bees (Apidae). Evolutionary Biology, eds Dobzhansky T, Hecht MK, & Steere WC (Meredith Corporation, New York), Vol 3, pp 119-176.

31. Roubik DW & Buchmann SL (1984) Nectar Selection by Melipona and Apis-Mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and the Ecology of Nectar Intake by Bee Colonies in a Tropical Forest. Oecologia 61(1):1-10.

32. Nielsen MG & Josens G (1978) Producion by ants and termites. Production Ecology of Ants and Termites, ed Brian MV (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne).

33. Jeanson R, Ratnieks FLW, & Deneubourg JL (2003) Pheromone trail decay rates on different substrates in the Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis. Physiological Entomology 28(3):192-198.

34. Arcila AM, Ulloa-Chacon P, & Gomez LA (2002) Factors that influence individual fecundity of queens and queen production in crazy ant Paratrechina fulva (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Sociobiology 39(2):323-334.

35. Grube S & Forschler BT (2004) Census of monogyne and polygyne laboratory colonies illuminates dynamics of population growth in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97(3):466-475.

36. Lepage M & Darlington JPEC (2000) Population Dynamics of termites. Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology, eds Abe T, Bignell DE, & Higashi M (Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, Netherlands).

37. Matsuura M & Yamane S (1990) Biology of the vespine wasps. (Springer-Verlag., Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris).

38. Kaspari M & Weiser MD (1999) The size-grain hypothesis and interspecific scaling in ants. Functional Ecology 13(4):530-538.

39. Sample BE, Cooper RJ, Greer RD, & Whitmore RC (1993) Estimation of insect biomass by length and width. Am. Midl. Nat. 129(2):234-240.

40. Pyron M (2000) Testes mass and reproductive mode of minnows. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48(2):132-136.

41. Warner RR & Robertson DR (1978) Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the western Caribbean, I: The wrasses (Labridae) (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington) p 27 p.

42. Kvarnemo C & Simmons LW (2004) Testes investment and spawning mode in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 83(3):369-376.

43. Harrod C & Griffiths D (2004) Reproduction and fecundity of the Irish pollan (Coregonus autumnalis Pallas, 1776), a threatened lake coregonid. Annales Zoologici Fennici 41:117-124.

44. Robertson DR & Warner RR (1978) Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean, II: The parrotfishes (Scaridae) (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington) p 26 p.

45. Rubenstein DI (1981) Individual variation and competition in the Everglades pygmy sunfish. The Journal of Animal Ecology 50(2):337-350.

46. Sadovy Y, Rosario A, & Román A (1994) Reproduction in an aggregating grouper, the red hind, Epinephelus guttatus. Environmental Biology of Fishes

41(269-286).

47. Taber CA, Taber BA, & Topping MS (1986) Population structure, growth and reproduction of the Arkansas darter, Etheostoma cragini (Percidae). Southw. Natural. 31(2):207-214.

48. Teixeira RL & Musick JA (2001) Reproduction and food habits of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 61(1):79-90.

49. Love JW (2004) Age, growth, and reproduction of spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus (Lepisosteidae), from the Lake Pontchartrain Estuary, Louisiana. Southw. Natural. 49(1):18-23.

50. Fukada H, Hiramatsu N, Kitamura M, Shimizu M, & Hara A (2000) Changes of serum growth hormone and virellogenin levels during vitellogenesis in female masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Fish. Sci. 66(4):789-791.

51. Tyler CR, Sumpter JP, & Witthames PR (1990) The dynamics of oocyte growth during vitellogenesis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biology of Reproduction 43(2):202-209.

52. Asahina K & Hanyu I (1983) Studies on the reproductive rhythms of fishes. 4. Role of temperature and photoperiod in annual reproductive cycle of the rose bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49(1):61-67.

53. Acuña A, Viana F, Vizziano D, & Danulat E (2000) Reproductive cycle of female Brazilian codling, Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup 1858), caught off the Uruguayan coast. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 16(2):48-55.

54. Jennions MD & Passmore NI (1993) Sperm competition in frogs: Testis size and a sterile male experiment on Chiromantis xerampelina (Rhacophoridae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 50(3):211-220.

55. Koul O & Duda PL (1977) Ovarian cycle in high altitude lizards from Kashmir. Copeia 1977(4):751-754.

56. Cogalniceanu D & Miaud C (2004) Variation in life history traits in Bombina bombina from the lower Danube floodplain. Amphib. Reptil. 25(1):115-119.

57. Kusano T, Toda M, & Fukuyama K (1991) Testes size and breeding systems in Japanese anurans with special reference to large testes in the treefrog, Rhacophorus arboreus (Amphibia, Rhacophoridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29(1):27-31.

58. Medina MF, Ramos L, Crespo CA, Gonzalez-Calvar S, & Fernandez SN (2004) Changes in serum sex steroid levels throughout the reproductive cycle of Bufo arenarum females. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 136(2):143-151.

59. Byrne PG, Roberts JD, & Simmons LW (2002) Sperm competition selects for increased testes mass in Australian frogs. J. Evol. Biol. 15(3):347-355.

60. Prado CPA & Haddad CFB (2005) Size-fecundity relationships and reproductive investment in female frogs in the Pantanal, south-western Brazil. Herpetolog. J. 15(3):181-189.

61. Prado CPA, Uetanabaro M, & Lopes FS (2000) Reproductive strategies of Leptodactylus chaquensis and L. podicipinus in the Pantanal, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 34(1):135-139.

62. Kaefer IL, Boelter RA, & Cechin SZ (2007) Reproductive biology of the invasive bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus in southern Brazil. Annales Zoologici Fennici 44(6):435-444.

63. Shilton CM, et al. (2001) Corneal lipid deposition in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and its relationship to serum lipids: An experimental study. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 32(3):305-319.

64. Horseman ND, Smith CA, & Culley DD (1978) Effects of age and photoperiod on ovary size and condition in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae). Journal of Herpetology 12(3):287-290.

65. Zhou W, Li X, Wu J-P, Li F-L, & Li M-H (2008) Annual changes in reproductive and accompanying organs of Rana chaochiaoensis in Kunming area. Zoological Research 29(1):89-94.

66. Pawar VG & Pancharatna K (1999) Annual oviduct cycle in the Indian skipper frog, Rana cyanophlyctis (Schneider 1799): A morphological study. Tropical Zoology 12(1):79-88.

67. Tsiora A & Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou P (2002) Female reproductive cycle of the water frog Rana epeirotica in northwestern Greece. Amphib. Reptil. 23(3):269-280.

68. Elmberg J (1991) Ovarian cyclicity and fecundity in boreal common frogs Rana temporaria L. along a climatic gradient. Functional Ecology 5(3):340-350.

69. Sharon R, Degani G, & Warburg MR (1997) Oogenesis and the ovarian cycle in Salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata Mertens (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) in fringe areas of the taxon's distribution. Journal of Morphology 231(2):149-160.

70. Tocque K (1993) The relationship between parasite burden and host resources in the desert toad (Sacphiopus couchii) under natural environment conditions. The Journal of Animal Ecology 62(4):683-693.

71. Garamszegi LZ, Eens M, Hurtrez-Bousses S, & Moller AP (2005) Testosterone, testes size, and mating success in birds: A comparative study. Horm. Behav. 47(4):389-409.

72. Krapu GL (1974) Feeding ecology of pintail hens during reproduction. Auk 91(2):278-290.

73. Krapu GL (1981) The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction. Auk 98(1):29-38.

74. Noyes JH & Jarvis RL (1985) Diet and nutrition of breeding female redhead and canvasback ducks in Nevada. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(1):203-211.

75. Hohman WL (1986) Body condition, immunocompetent organs, and blood parameters in the hooded crow. Israel Journal of Zoology.

76. Vanglider LD, Smith LM, & Lawrence RK (1978) Reserves of premigratory brant during spring. The Auk 103(1):237-241.

77. Nakamura M & Murayama S (2004) Are carrion crows that congregate in spring roosts juveniles or adults. Ornithological Science 3:69-73.

78. Acquarone C, Cucco M, & Malacarne G (2001) Body condition, immunocompetent organs, and blood parameters in the hooded crow. Israel Journal of Zoology 47(3):287-294.

79. Bucher EH, Bertin MA, & Santamaria AB (1987) Reproduction and molt in the burrowing parrot. Wilson Bull. 99(1):107-109.

80. Briskie JV, Montgomerie R, & Birkhead TR (1997) The evolution of sperm size in birds. Evolution 51(3):937-945.

81. Dixon A & Birkhead TR (1997) Reproductive anatomy of the Reed Bunting: A species which exhibits a high degree of sperm competition through extra-pair copulations. Condor 99(4):966-969.

82. Sheldon BC & Birkhead TR (1994) Reproductive anatomy of the chaffinch in relation to sperm competition. Condor 96(4):1099-1103.

83. Payne RB (1973) Breeding season of a parasitic bird, the brown-headed cowbird, in Central California. Condor 75(1):80-99.

84. Marion WR & Fleetwood RJ (1978) Nesting ecology of the plain chachalaca in south Texas. Wilson Bull. 90(3):386-395.

85. Williams TD & Martyniuk CJ (2000) Tissue mass dynamics during egg-production in female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata: Dietary and hormonal manipulations. J. Avian Biol. 31(1):87-95.

86. King JR (1972) Postnuptial and postjuvenal molt in rufous-collared sparrows in Northwestern Argentina. Condor 74(1):5-17.

87. Pitnick S (1996) Investment in testes and the cost of making long sperm in Drosophila. Am. Nat. 148(1):57-80.

88. Droney DC (1998) The influence of the nutritional content of the adult male diet on testis mass, body condition and courtship vigour in a Hawaiian Drosophila. Functional Ecology 12(6):920-928.

89. Polak M (1998) Effects of ectoparasitism on host condition in the Drosophila-Macrocheles system. Ecology 79(5):1807-1817.

90. Crnokrak P & Roff DA (2002) Trade-offs to flight capability in Gryllus firmus: The influence of whole-organism respiration rate on fitness. J. Evol. Biol. 15(3):388-398.

91. Bonduriansky R & Brooks RJ (1999) Reproductive allocation and reproductive ecology of seven species of Diptera. Ecol. Entomol. 24(4):389-395.

92. Botto-Mahan C & Medel R (2007) What does determine gonad weight in the wild kissing bug Mepraia spinolai? Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 102(2):233-235.

93. Kenagy GJ & Trombulak SC (1986) Size and function of mammalian testes in relation to body size. J. Mammal. 67(1):1-22.

94. Breed WG & Taylor J (2000) Body mass, testes mass, and sperm size in murine rodents. J. Mammal. 81(3):758-768.

95. Engle ET (1927) Notes on the sexual cycle of the Pacific Cetacea of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera. J. Mammal. 8(1):48-51.

96. Bierla JB, et al. (2007) Sperm morphology of the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber: An example of a species of rodent with highly derived and pleiomorphic sperm populations. J Morphol 268(8):683-689.

97. Zenuto RR, Vitullo AD, & Busch C (2003) Sperm characteristics in two populations of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Octodontidae). (Translated from English) J. Mammal. 84(3):877-885.

98. Weil ZM, Martin LB, & Nelson RJ (2006) Photoperiod differentially affects immune function and reproduction in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). J. Biol. Rhythms 21(5):384-393.

99. Harrison RJ & Brownell RL (1971) Gonads of South American dolphins, Inia goeffrensis, Pontoporia blainvillei, and Sotalia fluviatilis. J. Mammal. 52(2):413-419.

100. Gage MJ (1998) Mammalian sperm morphometry. Proc Biol Sci 265(1391):97-103.

101. Taggart DA, Leigh CM, & Breed WG (1995) Ultrastructure and motility of spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract of perameloid marsupials. Reprod Fertil Dev 7(5):1141-1156.

102. Moffatt-Blue CS, Sury JJ, & Young KA (2006) Short photoperiod-induced ovarian regression is mediated by apoptosis in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Reproduction 131(4):771-782.

103. Arai H (1920) On the postnatal development of the ovary (albino rat), with especial reference to the number of ova. American Journal of Anatomy 27(4):404-462.

104. Rosas FCW & Monteiro ELA (2002) Reproduction of the estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) on the coast of Parana, southern Brazil. J. Mammal. 83(2):507-515.

105. Nesis KN, Nigmatullin CM, & Nikitina IV (1998) Spent females of deepwater squid Galiteuthis glacialis under the ice at the surface of the Weddell sea (Antarctic). J. Zool. 244:185-200.

106. Jackson GD, Semmens JM, Phillips KL, & Jackson CH (2004) Reproduction in the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens, what does it cost? Mar. Biol. 145(5):905-916.

107. Rodriguez-Rua A, Pozuelo I, Prado MA, Gomez MJ, & Bruzon MA (2005) The gametogenic cycle of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) as observed on the Atlantic coast of Andalusia (south of Spain). Mar. Biol. 147(4):927-933.

108. Lordan C, Collins MA, Key LN, & Browne ED (2001) The biology of the ommastrephid squid, Todarodes sagittatus, in the north-east Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 81(2):299-306.

109. Guerrero SM, Calderon ML, de Perez GR, & Ramirez-Pinilla MP (2003) Annual reproductive activity of Caiman crocodilus fuscus in captivity. Zoo Biol. 22(2):121-133.

110. Ortega A & Barbault R (1986) Reproduction in the high elevation Mexican lizard Sceloporus scalaris Journal of Herpetology 20(1):111-114.

111. Veron JEN (1969) The reproductive cycle of the water skink, Sphenomorphus quoyii. Journal of Herpetology 3(1-2):55-63.

112. Mendonça MT (1987) Photothermal effects on the ovarian cycle of the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. Herpetologica 43(1):82-90.

113. Keller L (1998) Queen lifespan and colony characteristics in ants and termites. Insectes Sociaux 45(3):235-246.

114. Shik JZ (2008) Ant colony size and the scaling of reproductive effort. Functional Ecology 22(4):674-681.

115. Collingwood CA (1979) The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark (Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg, Denmark) p 174 p.

116. Cole ACJ (1940) A guide to the ants of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. Am. Midl. Nat. 24(1):1-88.

117. Bradley GA (1972) Transplanting Formica obscuripes and Dolichoderus taschenbergi (Hymenoptera-Formicidae) colonies in jack pine stands of southeastern Manitoba Canadian Entomologist 104(2):245-&.

118. Sundstrom L (1995) Sex allocation and colony maintenance in monogyne and polygyne colonies of Formica truncorum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): The impact of kinship and mating structure. Am. Nat. 146(2):182-201.

119. Kaspari M & Vargo EL (1995) Colony size as a buffer against seasonality: Bergmann's Rule in social insects. Am. Nat. 145(4):610-632.

120. Geraghty MJ, Dunn RR, & Sanders NJ (2007) Body size, colony size, and range size in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Are patterns along elevational and latitudinal gradients consistent with Bergmann's Rule? Myrmecological News 10:51-58.

121. Keller L & Passera L (1989) Size and fat content of gynes in relation to the mode of colony founding in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Oecologia 80(2):236-240.

122. Boomsma JJ, Vanderlee GA, & Vanderhave TM (1982) On the production ecology of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in successive coastal dune valleys. Journal of Animal Ecology 51(3):975-991.

123. Ruppell O, Heinze J, & Holldobler B (2002) Sex ratio variation in a facultatively polygynous ant with size-dimorphic queens. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 14(1):53-67.

124. Kikuchi T, Tomizuka F, & Higashi S (2000) Reproductive strategy in orphaned colonies of Myrmica kotokui Forel, the Japanese species of the M. ruginodis complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insect. Soc. 47(4):343-347.

125. Elmes GW & Keller L (1993) Distribution and ecology of queen number in ants of the genus Myrmicai. Queen Number and Sociality in Insects, ed Keller L (Oxford University Press, New York), pp 294-307.

126. Elmes GW (1974) Colony populations of Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl (Hym-Formicidae). Oecologia 15(4):337-343.

127. Leibig J, Heinze J, & Hölldobler B (1995) Queen size variation in the ponerine ant Ponera coarctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 102(1-2):1-12.

128. Tschinkel WR (1988) Colony growth and the ontogeny of worker polymorphism in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22(2):103-115.

129. Goodisman MAD & Ross KG (1996) Relationship of queen number and worker size in polygyne colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Insect. Soc. 43(3):303-307.

130. Nonacs P (1986) Ant reproductive strategies and sex allocation theory. Q. Rev. Biol. 61(1):1-21.

131. Trivers RL & Hare H (1976) Haploidploidy and the evolution of the social insect. Science 191(4224):249-263.

132. Brian MV & Elmes GW (1974) Production by ant Tetramorium caespitum in a Southern English Heath. (Translated from English) Journal of Animal Ecology 43(3):889-903 (in English).

133. Baroni-Urbani C, Josens G, & Peakin GJ (1978) Emperical data and demographic parameters. Production ecology of ants and termites, ed Brian MV (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp 5-45.

134. Batra SWT (1987) Ethology of the vernal eusocial bee, Dialictus laevissimus (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). (Translated from English) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 60(1):100-108 (in English).

135. Richards MH & Packer L (1994) Trophic aspects of caste determination in Halictus ligatus, a primitively eusocial sweat bee. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34(6):385-391.

136. Boomsma JJ & Eickwort GC (1993) Colony structure, provisioning and sex allocation in the sweat bee Halictus ligatus (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 48(4):355-377.

137. Miyanaga R, Maeta Y, & Sakagami SF (1999) Geographical variation of sociality and size-linked color patterns in Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) apristum (Vachal) in Japan (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Insect. Soc. 46(3):224-232.

138. Strohm E & Bordon-Hauser A (2003) Advantages and disadvantages of large colony size in a halictid bee: The queen's perspective. Behav. Ecol. 14(4):546-553.

139. Long CE, Thorne BL, & Breisch NL (2007) Termite colony ontogeny: Supplemental data in the long-term assessment of reproductive lifespan, female neotenic production and colony size in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 97(3):321-325.

140. Matsuura M & Yamane S (1984) Biology of the Vespine Wasps (Springer Verlag, Berlin) p 167.

141. Maeta Y, Takahashi K, & Shimada N (1998) Host body size as a factor determining the egg complement of Strepsiptera, an insect parasite. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 27(1):27-37.

142. Wilson EO (1971) The Insect Societies (Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.).

143. Evans JD & Pierce NE (1995) Effects of diet quality and queen number on growth in leptothoracine ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 103(1):91-99.

144. Collins NM (1981) Populations, Age Structure and Survivorship of Colonies of Macrotermes-Bellicosus (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae). Journal of Animal Ecology 50(1):293-311.

145. Gordon DM (1992) How Colony Growth Affects Forager Intrusion between Neighboring Harvester Ant Colonies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31(6):417-427.

146. Macevicz S & Oster G (1976) Modeling Social Insect Populations II: Optimal Reproductive Strategies in Annual Eusocial Insect Colonies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1(3):265-282.

147. Thomas ML (2003) Seasonality and colony-size effects on the life-history characteristics of Rhytidoponera metallica in temperate south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 51(6):551-567.

148. Tschinkel WR (1988) Colony Growth and the Ontogeny of Worker Polymorphism in the Fire Ant, Solenopsis-Invicta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22(2):103-115.

149. Morehead SA & Feener DH (1998) Foraging behavior and morphology: seed selection in the harvester ant genus, Pogonomyrmex. Oecologia 114(4):548-555.

150. Volynchik S, Plotkin M, Bergman DJ, & Ishay JS (2009) Polyethism in an Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis) Colony. Scholarly Research Exchange 2009:1-8.

151. West-Eberhard MJ (1969) The social biology of polistine wasps.

152. Cole AC, Jr. (1940) A Guide to the Ants of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. American Midland Naturalist 24(1):1-88.

153. King JR & Porter SD (2007) Body size, colony size, abundance, and ecological impact of exotic ants in Florida's upland ecosystems. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9(5):757-774.

154. Coenenstass D, Schaarschmidt B, & Lamprecht I (1980) Temperature Distribution and Calorimetric Determination of Heat-Production in the Nest of the Wood Ant, Formica-Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ecology 61(2):238-244.

155. Rosset H & Chapuisat M (2007) Alternative life-histories in a socially polymorphic ant. Evolutionary Ecology 21(5):577-588.

156. Schwander T, Rosset H, & Chapuisat M (2005) Division of labour and worker size polymorphism in ant colonies: the impact of social and genetic factors. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59(2):215-221.

157. Peeters C, Liebig J, & Holldobler B (2000) Sexual reproduction by both queens and workers in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator. Insectes Sociaux 47(4):325-332.

158. Fischer-Blass B, Heinze J, & Foitzik S (2006) Microsatellite analysis reveals strong but differential impact of a social parasite on its two host species. Molecular Ecology 15(3):863-872.

159. Geraghty MJ, Dunn RR, & Sanders NJ (2007) Body size, colony size, and range size in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): are patterns along elevational and latitudinal gradients consistent with Bergmann's Rule? . Myrmecological News. 10:51-58.

160. Ness JH, Bronstein JL, Andersen AN, & Holland JN (2004) Ant body size predicts dispersal distance of ant-adapted seeds: Implications of small-ant invasions. Ecology 85(5):1244-1250.

161. Waloff N & Blackith RE (1962) The Growth and Distribution of the Mounds of Lasius-Flavus (Fabricius) (Hym, Formiciade) in Silwood Park, Berkshire. Journal of Animal Ecology 31(3):421-437.

162. Kaspari M & Vargo EL (1995) Colony Size as a Buffer against Seasonality - Bergmanns Rule in Social Insects. American Naturalist 145(4):610-632.

163. Angus CJ, Jones MK, & Beattie AJ (1993) A Possible Explanation for Size Differences in the Metapleural Glands of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32:73-77.

164. Ogata K (1991) Ants of the Genus Myrmecia Fabricius - a Review of the Species Groups and Their Phylogenetic-Relationships (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmeciinae). Systematic Entomology 16(3):353-381.

165. Seppa P (1994) Sociogenetic Organization of the Ants Myrmica-Ruginodis and Myrmica-Lobicornis - Number, Relatedness and Longevity of Reproducing Individuals. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 7(1):71-95.

166. Seifert B (2005) Rank elevation in two European ant species: Myrmica lobulicornis NYLANDER, 1857, stat.n. and Myrmica spinosior SANTSCHI, 1931, stat.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 7:1-7.

167. Bonser R, Wright PJ, Bament S, & Chukwu UO (1998) Optimal patch use by foraging workers of Lasius fuliginosus, L. niger and Myrmica ruginodis. Ecological Entomology 23(1):15-21.

168. Elmes GW & Wardlaw JC (1982) A Population Study of the Ants Myrmica-Sabuleti and Myrmica-Scabrinodis, Living at 2 Sites in the South of England .1. a Comparison of Colony Populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 51(2):651-664.

169. Elmes GW (1974) Colony Populations of Myrmica-Sulcinodis Nyl (Hym-Formicidae). Oecologia 15(4):337-343.

170. Evans JD (1996) Queen longevity, queen adoption, and posthumous indirect fitness in the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmica tahoensis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 39(4):275-284.

171. Smith MR (1939) A Study of the Subspecies of Odontomachus heamatoda (L.) of the United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidæ). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 47(2):125-130.

172. Holway DA, Lach L, Suarez AV, Tsutsui ND, & Case TJ (2002) The causes and consequences of ant invasions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:181-233.

173. Gosterit A & Gurel F (2005) Comparison of development patterns of imported and native Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) colonies in the Mediterranean coastal region. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 29(2):393-398.

174. Amin MR, Kwon YJ, & Suh SJ (2007) Photoperiodic influence on the body mass of bumblebee, Bombus terrestris and its copulation duration. Journal of Applied Entomology 131(8):537-541.

175. Plateaux-Quénu C (1962) Biology of Halictus marginatus Brullé. Journal of Apicultural Research 1:41-51.

176. Wyman LM & Richards MH (2003) Colony social organization of Lasioglossum malachurum Kirby (Hymenoptera,Halictidae) in southern Greece. Insectes Sociaux 50(3):201-211.

177. Aguilar I, Fonseca A, & Biesmeijer JC (2005) Recruitment and communication of food source location in three species of stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini). Apidologie 36(3):313-324.

178. Torres A, Hoffmann W, & Lamprecht I (2007) Thermal investigations of a nest of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Illiger in Colombia. Thermochimica Acta 458(1-2):118-123.

179. Slaa EJ (2006) Population dynamics of a stingless bee community in the seasonal dry lowlands of Costa Rica. Insectes Sociaux 53(1):70-79.

180. Miyano S (1980) Life-Tables of Colonies and Workers in a Paper Wasp, Polistes-Chinensis Antennalis, in Central Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Researches on Population Ecology 22(1):69-88.

181. Giannotti E (1997) Biology of the wasp Polistes (Epicnemius) cinerascens Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 26:61-67.

182. Hack MA (1997) The effects of mass and age on standard metabolic rate in house crickets. Physiological Entomology 22(4):325-331.

183. Ridley M (1988) Mating Frequency and Fecundity in Insects. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 63(4):509-549.

184. McCoy MW & Gillooly JF (2008) Predicting natural mortality rates of plants and animals. Ecology Letters 11(7):710-716.

185. Stephenson R, Chu KM, & Lee J (2007) Prolonged deprivation of sleep-like rest raises metabolic rate in the Pacific beetle cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz). Journal of Experimental Biology 210(14):2540-2547.

186. Hulbert AJ, et al. (2004) Metabolic rate is not reduced by dietary-restriction or by lowered insulin/IGF-1 signalling and is not correlated with individual lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental Gerontology 39(8):1137-1143.

187. Chown SL, et al. (2007) Scaling of insect metabolic rate is inconsistent with the nutrient supply network model. Functional Ecology 21(2):282-290.

188. Rantala MJ & Roff DA (2005) An analysis of trade-offs in immune function, body size and development time in the Mediterranean Field Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Functional Ecology 19(2):323-330.

189. Dmitriew C & Rowe L (2005) Resource limitation, predation risk and compensatory growth in a damselfly. Oecologia 142(1):150-154.

190. Pramuk JB & Fox LR (1998) Demography and larval development of the endoparasitoid Patricloides montanus Cresson (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 71(1):44-50.

191. Machin J, Odonnell MJ, & Kestler P (1986) Evidence against Hormonal-Control of Integumentary Water-Loss in Periplaneta-Americana. Journal of Experimental Biology 121:339-348.

192. Strohm E & Lechner K (2000) Male size does not affect territorial behaviour and life history traits in a sphecid wasp. Animal Behaviour 59:183-191.

193. Moan EK & Tramer EJ (2008) Ecological Observations on Tachysphex pechumani (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). Northeastern Naturalist 15:67-76.

194. Jennions MD, Drayton JM, Brooks R, & Hunt J (2007) Do female black field crickets Teleogryllus commodus benefit from polyandry? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20(4):1469-1477.

195. Baldwin R & Fasulo TR (2003) Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). University of Florida IFAS Extension EENY-289 (IN566).