The environment in the news thursday, 20 October, 2016 unep and the Executive Director in the News
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- Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ Independent (UK): Record heat recorded for Africas greatest lake
- Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ NY Times(US): Corruption, Mismanagement Strangle Vital Kenyan Watershed
- Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ Ecoticias (Spain):Achim presenta los avances del reporte sobre la Economía Verde
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| Part of the difference is also becauseloss in service and refiningprocessing losses are generally greater in auto catalyst than petroleum catalyst.. So, performance here is not perfect, but 55% is a lot better than we are doing with the specialty metals, and improvement is going to depend on getting more of those used catalytic convertors to the refinery.
In Palladium's electronic applications, the recycling rate drops to 10%, a performance that is still an order of magnitude better than the specialty metals, but this rate says much about our throwaway approach to cell phones. Perhaps customers should pay a "recycling" deposit, like bottles, on purchase of a cell phone. The overall lesson: Get the product manufacturers involved in the metals recovery, with contractual arrangements that mimic Palladium'sfull cycle product sale/refining service. The battery maker who can avoid buying lithium in the open market because it's looking to refining recoveries that are cycled right back into production gets real financial benefits - the kind of benefits that will cause manufacturerstodrive some creative, high performance approaches to getting end users committed to recycling. Side benefit - improved specialty metals and rare earths recycling will reduce sole source reliance on China for many items. Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ Independent (UK): Record heat recorded for Africa's greatest lake 18th May 2010 Africa's deepest lake is warming at an "unprecedented" rate thanks to man-made climate change, scientists have warned. Lake Tanganyika, which stretches from Burundi and DR Congo on its northern shores to southern Tanzania and Zambia, is the second largest lake in the world by volume. The 420-mile-long finger of water in south-central Africa is now warmer than at any point in the last 1,500 years, according to research published in the journal Nature Geoscience, and the consequences could be dire for the 10 million people who live around it and depend on its fisheries. "Our records indicate that changes in the temperature of Lake Tanganyika in the past few decades exceed previous natural variability," the paper found. "We conclude that these unprecedented temperatures and a corresponding decrease in productivity can be attributed to anthropogenic global warming." Geologists from Rhode Island's Brown University and the University of Arizona took samples from the lake floor. By carbon dating these "lake cores", taken from depths of up 4,700 feet, and testing fossilised micro-organisms, they were able to create an accurate picture of temperature changes since AD500. What they found was a gradual warming that accelerated alarmingly in recent decades as heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere have driven global climate change. The scientists were also able for the first time to link the warming to lower productivity in the lake, concluding that higher temperatures were killing life. The study found that the warmer the surface of the lake has become, the harder it is for cold currents to rise from the bottom and penetrate and recharge warmer layers. A less productive lake means fewer fish and therefore less food and income in one of the poorest regions on earth. "The people throughout south-central Africa depend on the fish from Lake Tanganyika as a crucial source of protein," said Andrew Cohen, professor of geological sciences at the University of Arizona. "This resource is likely threatened by the lake's unprecedented warming since the late 19th century and the associated loss of lake productivity." The surface temperature of the lake has risen by slightly less than one degree in the last 90 years to 26C, while the levels of algae that indicate the productivity of the lake have dropped. The vast body of water, which at some points is more than 45 miles across, produces some 200,000 tonnes of fish annually, mainly sardines. It is also the region's main source of freshwater. While scientists have previously focused on the Earth's atmosphere to understand the extent and consequences of climate change, they are increasingly looking to its lakes and seas, which absorb tremendous amounts of heat. Jessica Tierney, from Brown University and the lead scientist on the paper, said: "We're showing that the trend of warming that we've seen is also affecting these remote places in the tropics in a very severe way." The Great Lakes region of Africa – Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika – were formed after Eurasia and Africa collided some 25 million years ago, creating the Great Rift Valley stretching from Syria to Mozambique. Officials from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) in Nairobi, Kenya, have warned that Tanganyika is not alone among Africa's Great Lakes in being threatened by climate change. Lake Victoria, the continent's largest by surface area but shallow in comparison with Tanganyika, has registered record temperature rises since the 1960s, which have added further stress to an ecosystem already under attack from human waste, agricultural run-off and invasive species. With the fastest-growing population of any lake basin in the world, Victoria is offering what some scientists are calling "an accelerated preview of the great environmental challenges" of the coming century. More than 30 million people already live around "Victoria Nyanza", as it is known in Kenya, and that figure is projected to double by 2025, according to UNEP. Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ NY Times(US): Corruption, Mismanagement Strangle Vital Kenyan Watershed 17th May 2010 The wooded ridge rising to the west of this bustling provincial capital is the home of one of Kenya's greatest natural resources and one of Africa's biggest environmental crises. The Mau Forest Complex encompasses almost 1 million acres of wilderness, interspersed with small farms and sprawling tea plantations. The watershed feeds 12 rivers and hydroelectric dams downstream and replenishes some of Africa's most famous lakes and wildlife preserves, including the Serengeti in Tanzania. Kenya can ill afford to lose the Mau, but that is what's happening. A legacy of corruption, cronyism and inept management threatens to derail a fresh government effort to replant the forests and protect the water table. In the nearly 50 years since Kenya won its independence from Great Britain, huge swaths of the Mau have been cleared to expand the tea plantations and make way for new ones on land handed over to a chosen elite. Add to this roughly 600,000 settlers staking their own claims to the Mau, most illegally. They continue to tear down forests for cropland today. Activists warn of illegal logging activities on government lands, carried out under cover of darkness as officials willfully look the other way. It is the same in other forested parts of the country, notably the Aberdare Range and around Mount Kenya. The encroachments have reduced Kenya's forest cover from 12 percent to 1.2 percent today, according to the United Nations. Rivers and lakes have shrunk, and last year's record drought led to a rationing of power and water. Government officials are eager to reverse the trend and rehabilitate the Mau and Kenya's four other highland "water towers." "We cannot let the rivers that feed Lake Victoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Naivasha and Lake Turkana die," Deputy Prime Minister Musalia Mudavadi declared at a recent U.N. water conference here. "Restoring the Mau complex is therefore a matter of protecting humanity." Late last year, Prime Minister Raila Odinga launched a special commission tasked with restoring the Mau. Staffed with public- and private-sector officials, that team must find a way to relocate illegal settlers and replant trees in their wake. Powerful political and economic interests and an inert bureaucratic machine stand in the way. Something must be done, and soon. Land degradation costs Kenya about $390 million annually -- about 3 percent of gross domestic product, according to the government. "It has become one of the top political issues in Kenyan society, the Mau Forest," said United Nations Environmental Programme Executive Director Achim Steiner. BIG AMBITIONS, MAJOR HURDLES The Mau has lost about 490,000 acres during the past 15 years, according to Odinga, including more than 61,000 acres from government-backed excisions in 2001. Satellite data show that the complex's southwestern Maasai Mau area lost about a third of its tree cover between 1986 and 2003; the eastern Mau area has lost almost half of its tree cover since 1973. Kenyan authorities say they aim to plant more than 7.6 billion trees by 2030, mostly in the Mau complex. That would boost Kenya's forest cover to 10 percent, effectively reversing 50 years of forest loss in less than two decades. From July to October of last year, the Kenya Forest Service replanted almost 3,500 acres of the Mau, according to the prime minister's task force, dubbed the Interim Coordinating Secretariat (ICS). In December, KFS officials completed the repossession of about 47,000 acres in the South Western Mau Forest Reserve and removed about 1,700 families who lacked title deeds. By March, the secretariat was wrapping up the repossession of more than 11,000 acres of the eastern Mau complex. Government-led replanting efforts have slowed considerably in recent months, however. At a March meeting of the secretariat in Nairobi, all that was achieved was a doubling of its members. Frederick Oweno, an adviser to the secretariat and managing director at Forest Resources International, said the move was necessary even though it complicates the effort further. "We don't want a situation where some major stakeholders will feel that they have been left out of this," Oweno explained. The Kenya Forest Service (KFS), which manages 70 percent of the Mau, is seen by critics as one of the chief impediments to progress. During the March gathering, KFS asked that all further work be delayed by one year. That proposal was rejected, but little government-led replanting has occurred since. The project's current phase entails the recovery of titled land in the 113,000-acre Maasai Mau section of the forest complex. About 43 percent of the area had been allocated to individuals and companies, mainly through illegal means, during the past decade. KFS and its partners aim to replant and rehabilitate about 12,300 acres during the long rains, which typically continue through the end of this month. Officials are also conducting a census of settlers in the Maasai Mau and demarcating its boundary, but less than 75 acres had been replanted through the first half of May, said Christian Lambrechts, a UNEP analyst and technical adviser to the Mau secretariat. "We can only plant trees once a forest is vacated," Lambrechts explained. MURKY POLITICS John Spears, former Kenya resident and consultant to the World Bank, said the Mau's current problems are rooted in Kenya's suspect political history. "The Mau is politically difficult because some politicians allowed small farmers to encroach into the Mau," Spears explained. "Some of them started farming and got titles. How they got it, God knows." Tree harvesting and tea planting began with the British but continued under the new guard. Family and friends of former Kenyan Presidents Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Arap Moi were given title to government lands to expand tea operations. They brought with them tens of thousands of farmers who were bribed with offers of small plots in exchange for support at election times, making it even more difficult for later administrations to remove tea barons from their illegally gotten land. "People have destroyed the forest for two reasons -- one, for commercial purposes, and two, for individual livelihood," ICS Chairman Hassan Noor Hassan said. "Many Kenyans want to see the forest replanted with trees again." But Kenyans are also wary of political deals cut to get farmers to return their land. Rumors abound that wealthy landowners will simply be bought off to hand in titles. One form of protest is a popular car bumper sticker created by the local office of Transparency International. The sticker's message: "Compensate illegal Mau land tycoons? Not with my money!" At the March ICS meeting, Essau Omello, deputy director for conservation at the Kenya Forest Service, insisted that his agency was committed to restoring the Mau quickly and fairly, despite his request to postpone activity. Omello said his agency was working with the Kenya Tourist Board to organize a replanting drive in the Maasai Mau region. "We want to open up the Mau for tourism," Omello explained. KFS critics charge that agency officials have been skipping subsequent meetings of the secretariat or have otherwise been made unavailable. Of greatest concern, critics say, is a draft memorandum of understanding KFS distributed recently. The MOU must be signed by any parties interested in organizing replanting drives, but the terms are controversial. The forest agency mandates that all money for the effort go through a steering committee it controls. KFS also wants its officials to be consulted for technical advice before any project is approved. Some Mau advocates object, saying that the agency has little to no expertise in forest restoration. They also charge that the structure is ripe for abuse, and as a consequence, private-sector donors have been slow to come forward. "We have advised potential donors not to put any money in until they are satisfied how and by whom it will be used," said Richard Muir, an official active in commercial forestry on private lands and chairman of the group Friends of the Mau Watershed. "That stage has not been reached." Omello and other Kenyan government officials did not return requests for comment regarding charges of delays, absences, unfavorable terms in the MOU and other red tape. HOPES EMERGE Though the larger effort appears troubled, there are smaller signs of momentum. In March, President Mwai Kibaki commissioned a 250-mile electric fence, built around Aberdare National Park at a cost of about $9.6 million. The goal of the fence is to reduce illegal logging, encroachments and wildlife poaching in the forest, which supplies water to 30 percent of Kenya's population. Earlier this month, Prime Minister Odinga announced that foreign aid donors had pledged $10 million to restore the Mau. The U.S. Agency for International Development committed the lion's share -- $7 million to a replanting drive aimed at restoring the Mara River's water catchments. The Kenyan government is seeking a total of $99 million. Private-sector organizations hoping to burnish their green credentials are also getting into the tree-planting business. Equity Bank Ltd., East African Breweries Ltd., Nation Media Group and other partners have committed about $640,000 to plant trees amid the Maasai Mau. They are keen to adopt almost 20,000 acres of the Eburru Forest near Lake Naivasha, Lambrechts said. Separately, private entrepreneurs recently gained KFS permission to move ahead with an experimental biomass project using fast-growing bamboo as the fuel source. The 1,200-acre pilot project also won't be happening in the Mau, but in the Aberdares. Led by a group called the Bamboo Trading Co., the project aims to demonstrate how replanting cleared areas with bamboo could restore watersheds in the Mau and elsewhere while providing valuable fuel wood for generating electricity, to either feed the national grid or to power local agriculture operations. The native bamboo takes three to four months to reach full height and matures into hardwood in only three years, potentially replenishing much of the river catchments in a very short time. Liam O'Meara, an executive with the Bamboo Trading Co., hopes that proving the concept in the Aberdares will encourage private landowners in the Mau to follow suit. "The Bamboo Trading Company intends to share its technical and financial information with the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Forestry & Wildlife so that the government can encourage other private companies to copy the initiative," O'Meara said. RESTORATION INCENTIVES There is a chance others might be persuaded to join the restoration effort. For one, the Kenya Tea Development Agency, which represents 54 tea factories and hundreds of thousands of small-scale farm operations, is constructing power plants as falling water levels at existing hydropower dams make electricity more scarce and expensive. KTDA launched its own power company last year and completed a 1-megawatt run-of-the-river hydroelectric project to supply the Imenti tea factory near Mount Kenya, about 80 miles east of the Mau complex. The organization is mulling 10 more hydropower projects that would generate a total of 22 MW. KTDA is not involved in the Mau reforestation efforts, but the cooperative's need for cheap and reliable electricity could see it following O'Meara's lead. The tea cooperative, which spent a record $19.4 million on electricity last year, is exploring ways to generate power from sugarcane biomass. "Without the Mau, our tea industry cannot be sustainable," underscored KTDA spokesman Fred Gori, who noted that electricity constitutes roughly a third of the cost of producing a kilogram of tea. None of KTDA's farmers have had land repossessed as part of the Mau restoration efforts, Gori said. The Kenyan government continues to insist it is committed to restoring the Mau quickly, despite the delays and charges that bureaucrats are equally committed to protecting vested interests that are largely to blame for the forest's destruction. The ICS is working with a newly formed Ogiek council of elders to develop forest restoration proposals and a registry of families --- many of whom lack title deeds but consider the Mau their ancestral home. Other people who encroached upon the forest illegally will not be compensated for handing back their land, Prime Minister Odinga and his top aides underscore. To date, more than 40 title deeds have been surrendered without demand for compensation, officials claim. "Despite all the noise that you hear," ICS Chairman Hassan said, "there is a lot of commitment from the government at the highest level to restore the Mau, to remove people from the forest and settle them elsewhere." Back to Menu _________________________________________________________________ Ecoticias (Spain):Achim presenta los avances del reporte sobre la Economía Verde 17 May 2010 Revertir la tendencia en la caída de las poblaciones de peces — Iniciativa sobre Economía Verde, liderada por PNUMA, marca la ruta para inversiones sostenibles Avances del reporte el cual también vislumbra oportunidades para transformar los sectores de agua y transporte al momento que los gobiernos se reúnen para el Comité Preparatorio de Río +20 La inversión en la recuperación y enverdecimiento de las pesquerías del mundo por alrededor de 8 mil millones anuales, podrían resultar en el incremento de las capturas a 112 millones de toneladas anuales, a la vez que impulsar beneficios para la industria, los consumidores y la economía global por un monto total de 1,7 trillones de dólares en los próximos 40 años. Estas son algunas de las conclusiones de un nuevo reporte compilado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Ambiente (PNUMA) y los economistas participantes en la iniciativa de la Economía Verde – cuyos avances fueron presentados el día de hoy en Nueva York. Esta inversión, que podría cubrirse a partir de la reducción progresiva o eliminación de los 27 mil millones de dólares dedicados a subsidios a la actividad pesquera, es necesaria para reducir drásticamente el exceso de la capacidad de las flotas pesqueras del mundo y apoyar a los trabajadores para encontrar alternativas para su sustento. El financiamiento también es requerido para reformar y re-orientar el manejo pesquero, incluyendo a través de políticas tales como cuotas mercadeables y el establecimiento de áreas marinas protegidas, con objeto de permitir que las poblaciones de peces agotadas se recuperen y crezcan. Tales medidas, respaldadas por inversiones sólidas y previsoras, no sólo generarían importantes rendimientos económicos y ambientales, sino que apoyarían en el combate a la pobreza al asegurar la fuente primaria de proteína para cerca de mil millones de personas. Achim Steiner, Subsecretario General de la ONU y Director Ejecutivo de PNUMA, dijo hoy: "Pesquerías a través del mundo son saqueadas o explotadas a tasas insostenibles. Es un fracaso de gestión que será de proporciones monumentales a menos que sea atendido". "Las vidas y los sustentos de más de 500 millones de personas, vinculados a la salud de esta industria, dependerán de las elecciones difíciles pero transformacionales que los gobiernos realicen ahora y en los próximos años," agregó. "Los avances sobre el reporte de la Economía Verde presentados hoy, contemplan una manera de maximizar los rendimientos económicos, sociales y ambientales de reconstruir, reformar y sostener las pesquerías para las generaciones presentes y futuras. Los escenarios reconocen que millones de pescadores necesitarán apoyo para reentrenamiento y que las flotas pesqueras deben reducirse. Pero esto debe hacerse teniendo como contraparte un incremento en las capturas, un aumento general en los ingresos de las comunidades costeras y las compañías, la mejora en la salud del medio ambiente marino y finalmente, y en la calidad de vida de cientos de millones de personas cuyos ingresos y sustentos están ligados a la pesca," agregó. El reporte final cubrirá 11 sectores, desde la agricultura y los residuos hasta las ciudades y el turismo, y será publicado hacia fines de 2010. La presentación de hoy, realizada durante la reunión del Comité Preparatorio para Rio + 20 en Brasil en 2012, contempla las pesquerías marinas, el agua y el transporte. Pesca – Hechos y datos • Se estima que actualmente hay 35 millones de pescadores y más de 20 millones de botes activos en la pesca • La pesca, directa e indirectamente, genera 170 millones de empleos y 35 mil millones de dólares en ingresos anuales para las familias de pescadores • Si las actividades post-captura son consideradas, suponiendo que cada pescador tiene tres dependientes, entonces 520 millones de personas u ocho por ciento de la población mundial depende de la pesca El manejo inadecuado, la falta de aplicación de las normas y los subsidios por 27 mil millones de dólares anuales, han provocado que cerca del 30% de las poblaciones de peces se clasifiquen como “colapsadas” – en otras palabras, rindiendo menos del 10 por ciento de su potencial anterior. • Solo cerca del 25 por ciento de las poblaciones comerciales – casi todas especies de bajo precio – se considera que esté en un estado saludable o razonablemente saludable • Bajo las tendencias actuales, algunos investigadores estiman que virtualmente todas las pesquerías comerciales colapsarán a más tardar en 2050, a menos que acciones urgentes sean implementadas para lograr una gestión aún más inteligente de las pesquerías en el norte y en el sur El informe estima que de los 27 mil millones de dólares de subsidios, solamente el equivalente a 8 mil millones podrían calificarse como “buenos”, mientras que el resto serían “malos” y “feos” al contribuir a la sobre-explotación de las poblaciones de peces. Pesca – Una estrategia de Economía Verde Bajo una respuesta de Economía Verde, orientada a reducir el esfuerzo pesquero global a su “rendimiento máximo sostenible”, se estima que se requiere una reducción del exceso de capacidad, debido a que la capacidad actual es entre 1.8 y 2.8 veces de lo que se requiere. Estas reducciones podrían alcanzarse orientándose cuidadosamente al exceso de capacidad ecológicamente más dañina, de tal forma que del estimado de 20 millones de embarcaciones y 35 millones de pescadores en el sector, el sustento de aquellos que son artesanales y pobres son tratados equitativamente. El reporte estima que se requiere de una inversión de entre 220 y 320 mil millones de dólares a nivel mundial equivalente a alrededor de 8 mil millones de dólares anuales. Esta inversión provocaría: • Un incremento en el ingreso total de las familias de pescadores, incluyendo aquellas dedicadas a la pesca artesanal, de 35 a 44 mil millones de dólares al año • Incremento en las utilidades anuales de las compañías pesqueras de 8 a 11 mil millones de dólares anuales • Aumento de las capturas de las pesquerías marinas de 80 a 112 millones de toneladas anuales, con un valor de 119 mil millones anuales contra los actuales 85 mil millones “Descontando este flujo de beneficios a lo largo del tiempo a una tasa de descuento del 3% y del 5% en términos reales, implica un valor presente del beneficio por enverdecer el sector pesquero de 1.05 trillones y 1.76 trillones de dólares, lo que es entre tres y cinco veces mayor al costo estimado de enverdecer la actividad de máximo de 320 mil millones de dólares”, establecen los avances del reporte. AGUA – HECHOS Y DATOS ‘Los inventarios globales de agua se están reduciendo y la demanda por ésta crece. La escasez de agua se está convirtiendo en un fenómeno global que amenaza la seguridad de las naciones. Atender este rezago provee oportunidades para las inversiones y para que el agua se convierta en un sector principal en una Economía Verde”, indica el avance del reporte. Se espera que la oferta de agua sea 40 por ciento menos que la requerida en términos de demanda para 2030 si no existen mejoras en la eficiencia en el uso del agua. Argumenta que el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio relativos a agua y saneamiento, resultarán en ganancias económicas a nivel mundial, de cerca de 750 millones de dólares anuales, como resultado de menos días de trabajo perdidos por enfermedad entre los adultos. El acceso mejorado al agua y al saneamiento también resultará en ganancias globales por 64 mil millones de dólares vinculados a menor tiempo dedicado a acceder a dichos servicios. Las inversiones son necesarias no solo para incrementar la oferta a través de medidas de bajo costo como la recolección de agua de lluvia, sino también mediante reformas del sector ye inversiones en infraestructura ecológica incluyendo los bosques y los humedales que desempeñan importantes funciones hidrológicas. • El informe cita una política innovadora y un desarrollo de “micro-infraestructura” en Yakarta Occidental, Indonesia. Aquí, una instalación privada llamada Palyja provee agua a casas informales a través de organizaciones basadas en la comunidad, con el apoyo para la conexión al agua por parte de la ONG MercyCorps y el Programa de Servicio Ambiental de la USAID. La comunidad firma un contrato de oferta con la compañía de agua que a cambio provee de agua a múltiples casas a través de un solo medidor comunitario a precios descontados. “La comunidad tiene acceso confiable a agua accesible, mientras que Palyja provee a un gran número de casas con agua con una menor comisión y costos administrativos”, se indica en el avance del reporte. Economía Verde -Transporte Los impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos del transporte pueden alcanzar alrededor del 10% del PIB, de acuerdo al avance del reporte. • El transporte actualmente consume más de la mitad de los combustibles fósiles líquidos a nivel mundial • El transporte emite cerca de la cuarta parte de dióxido de carbono generado por la energía en el mundo y genera más del 80 por ciento de los contaminantes locales en las ciudades de países en desarrollo • Más de 127 millones de accidentes de tránsito fatales están vinculados con el transporte, principalmente en los países en desarrollo • La congestión crónica resulta en pérdidas de tiempo y productividad A menos que acciones urgentes se lleven a cabo para adoptar un modelo diferente de desarrollo e inversión, estos costos crecerán conforme la flota global pasa de cerca de 800 millones a entre 2 y 3 mil millones en 2050. El avance del reporte cita múltiples opciones que los países y ciudades pueden implementar, incluyendo inversiones en transporte público y no motorizado; combustibles alternativos y sustitución del transporte físico con tecnologías de telecomunicaciones. El avance del informe de Economía Verde indica que paquetes de estímulos, aplicados a partir de la crisis 2008-2009, han comenzado a promover transporte verde. • El transporte es uno de los principales receptores de este gasto adicional en cerca del 12 por ciento de casi 3.2 trillones de dólares gastados por los gobiernos encuestados • De esto, el transporte ferroviario y público representa el 45 por ciento; vehículos bajos en carbono, 5 por ciento; caminos, 33 por ciento, y aeropuertos, 14 por ciento – en otras palabras 50 por ciento del estimulo global para el gasto en transporte puede denominarse como “verde”. “Financiar el transporte no motorizado tales como senderos y ciclovías, está explícitamente mencionado en los paquetes de estímulos de la República de Corea y Noruega”, dice el reporte de avance. 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