The Gradient of Governance: Distance and Disengagement in Indian Villages


Table 1: Five Dimensions of Governance: Survey Questions



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Table 1: Five Dimensions of Governance: Survey Questions



Issue Area

Questions

  1. Voice and Accountability

* Suppose, if you were to make contact with a government official or political leader, do you think you would get a response or will you be ignored?

* How much of the time do you think you can trust the government to do what is right?

*If you needed to obtain information about a particular government program, for example [ ], then how easy or how hard do you feel it would be to get this information?


  1. Absence of Violence

*In the last three years, how many times has public violence -- such as fights in public places, stone-throwing, loud abusive behavior, etc. -- taken place in this village/neighborhood? (Numbers)

*Are elections generally conducted peacefully or are there violence or intimidation of voters?



  1. Trust in Government Institutions

*To what extent do you trust in the following agencies: the courts, the local Panchayat, and the police? Is it no trust at all, a little but not much trust, quite a lot of trust, or complete trust?

  1. Government Effectiveness (Service Delivery)

*Satisfaction with quality of primary education, health services, road link— very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, or completely dissatisfied.

  1. Absence of Corruption




*Do you feel that almost all of the people running the government are crooked, not very many are, or do you think hardly any of them are crooked?

*Over the past two years, how many times did you personally have to pay a bribe? (Numbers)

*What percentage of (elected leaders/judges and magistrates/government officials) do you think are involved in corruption? (Percentage)



Table 2: Mean Village Scores on Five Dimensions of Governance (Karnataka)



Village

Distance to Taluka HQ

(kms)


Voice and Accountability

Absence of Violence

Trust in Government Institutions

Service Delivery

Absence of Corruption

Telakuni

2.0

63.0

80.8

62.7

48.3

71.3

Amarapur

2.0

48.8

96.2

42.1

66.6

65.6

Karadigudda

2.0

48.2

95.6

52.7

56.7

67.3

Mallapur

4.0

31.6

97.2

17.2

64.3

58.3

Honnalli

5.0

11.6

91.0

21.4

56.7

49.3

Margol

5.0

53.1

92.4

44.1

47.2

69.3

Bettadur

13.0

24.7

96.1

20.3

58.0

54.7

Alabanur

15.0

39.8

98.6

33.3

46.5

61.9

Arejambga

21.0

19.7

81.8

23.0

46.3

52.1

Rajoli

31.0

36.9

84.8

24.9

55.3

61.0

Sugur K

38.0

23.6

87.1

22.7

43.5

42.5

Javalga B

52.0

12.0

82.2

17.5

25.6

43.9

AVERAGE




35.2

90.3

30.8

51.3

57.8


Table 3: Results of OLS Regressions with Five Separate Governance Indicators (Karnataka)


 

Dependent Variables

 

Voice and Accountability

Absence of Violence

Trust in Government Institutions

Service Delivery

Absence of Corruption

 

B

SE

B

SE

B

SE

B

SE

B

SE

Individual Variables

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asset Index

2.731**

1.375

-0.157

0.752

-0.797

1.083

1.599

1.036

1.080

0.760

Asset Change

-1.967

2.883

-0.660

1.521

6.520***

2.220

-2.149

2.103

-0.803

1.573

Education

0.501

1.069

0.465

0.583

-0.162

0.845

0.346

0.809

-0.351

0.608

Caste Lingayat

6.272*

3.742

-1.394

2.063

-1.100

2.915

-2.789

2.849

2.242

2.135

Caste Kuruba

6.323

4.931

2.115

2.724

-0.409

3.843

-0.728

3.772

3.230

2.823

SC

-4.992

3.980

-2.597

2.186

-5.465*

3.108

0.357

3.009

-1.711

2.280

ST

-3.657

4.450

3.798

2.481

-13.564***

3.586

2.847

3.425

0.086

2.559

Muslim

7.994

5.180

-6.045**

2.882

0.547

4.031

-4.066

3.937

2.415

2.966

Female

1.267

2.520

1.214

1.401

-2.965

2.010

-2.834

1.936

-0.547

1.440

Access to Information

2.759***

0.902

-0.474

0.500

2.055***

0.713

-0.620

0.696

1.367***

0.518

Panchayat/political party

-4.837***

1.051

-1.456**

0.577

-0.028

0.816

-3.057***

0.798

-0.583

0.587

Village Variables

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Distance to Road

-1.643***

0.460

-0.441*

0.249

-1.480***

0.355

-0.195

0.342

-0.352

0.258

Distance to Taluka HQ

-0.646***

0.108

-0.070

0.059

-0.751***

0.085

-0.547***

0.082

-0.478***

0.063

Distance to District HQ

-0.092

0.061

0.213***

0.034

-0.216***

0.048

0.055

0.047

-0.046

0.034

Population

0.015***

0.002

0.001

0.001

0.014***

0.002

0.000

0.002

0.007***

0.001

Constant

20.611**

10.134

82.913***

5.483

19.471**

7.940

67.454***

7.592

53.450***

5.652

N

471

 

499

 

476

 

506

 

449

 

R-squared

0.254

 

0.184

 

0.253

 

0.237

 

0.241

 

F-stat

10.320

 

7.281

 

10.367

 

10.169

 

9.166

 

F-prob

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

legend: * p<.10; ** p<.05; *** p<.01


Table 4: Mean Governance Values by Distance of Village to PHC (Andhra Pradesh)



Distance to PHC

Voice and Accountability

Absence of Violence

Trust in Government Institutions

Service Delivery

Absence of Corruption

0-4 km

32

76

43

38

45

5-9 km

32

79

43

36

39

10-14 km

26

68

40

29

37


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