The historical books 1st & 2nd samuel lesson five
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Verse 28, 29. David then briefly sums up the two parts of his prayer of thanksgiving in the two clauses commencing with [wª`ataah (OT 6258)], "and now."-- In v. 28 he sums up the contents of vv. 18b-24 by celebrating the greatness of the Lord and His promise; and in v. 29 the substance of the prayer in vv. 25-27, may it please Thee to bless; see at <Deut. 1:5>). "And from (out of) Thy blessing may the house of Thy servant be blessed for ever." (From Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament) CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 8:1-14 DAVID’S MIGHTY ACTS A 8:1-5 Conquests B 8:6- Garrisons in Syria C 8:-6- Subjection of Syrians D 8:-6 Preservation of David A 8:7-13 Conquests B 8:14- Garrisons in Syria C 8:-14- Subjection of Edomites D -14 Preservation of David
(1 Chron 18:1-13) After this it came to pass that David attacked the Philistines and subdued them. And David took Metheg Ammah from the hand of the Philistines. 2 Then he defeated Moab. Forcing them down to the ground, he measured them off with a line. With two lines he measured off those to be put to death, and with one full line those to be kept alive. So the Moabites became David's servants, and brought tribute. 3 David also defeated Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to recover his territory at the River Euphrates. 4 David took from him one thousand chariots, seven hundred horsemen, and twenty thousand foot soldiers. Also David hamstrung all the chariot horses, except that he spared enough of them for one hundred chariots. 5 When the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadadezer king of Zobah, David killed twenty-two thousand of the Syrians. 6 Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus; and the Syrians became David's servants, and brought tribute. So the LORD preserved David wherever he went. 7 And David took the shields of gold that had belonged to the servants of Hadadezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. 8 Also from Betah and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, King David took a large amount of bronze. 9 When Toi king of Hamath heard that David had defeated all the army of Hadadezer, 10 then Toi sent Joram his son to King David, to greet him and bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer and defeated him (for Hadadezer had been at war with Toi); and Joram brought with him articles of silver, articles of gold, and articles of bronze. 11 King David also dedicated these to the LORD, along with the silver and gold that he had dedicated from all the nations, which he had subdued — 12 from Syria, from Moab, from the people of Ammon, from the Philistines, from Amalek, and from the spoil of Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah. 13 And David made himself a name when he returned from killing eighteen thousand Syrians in the Valley of Salt. 14 He also put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom he put garrisons, and all the Edomites became David's servants. And the LORD preserved David wherever he went. NKJV 8:1-18 David's Kingdom 8:1 Metheg Ammah. Many doubt that this is a place name, and a number of creative alternatives have been proposed. If it is a place name, the location has not been identified. (IVP Commentary) 8:2-3 selective, proportional execution. The described means of choosing those who would be executed is unparalleled in both the Bible and the ancient Near Eastern records available to us. (IVP ) CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 8:2 tributes.
8:3 Hadadezer. Hadadezer is identified as the son of Rehob, which may indicate his association with the important town of Beth Rehob (see 10:6). The Assyrian king who was contemporary to David, Ashurrabi II, reports significant trouble from an Aramean king who is seeking to expand into Assyrian territory. There is no mention of this king's name, but Hadadezer is the most likely candidate. The name itself is familiar since it is also the name of the Aramean king who opposed the Assyrians in the ninth century (Adad-Idri is the Assyrian form). (IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament) 8:3 Zobah. This important Aramean kingdom was situated in the vicinity of the Anti-Lebanon Range and the northern section of the Beqa Valley (southern section of the Orontes) and extended east to the plain of Homs. It is mentioned in Neo-Assyrian records of the eighth and seventh centuries. (IVP Commentary) 8:3 Euphrates River. The bend of the Euphrates at Emar is most likely the area intended here. According to 1 Chronicles 18 this battle took place at Hamath on the Orontes River. NIV's "control" is the Hebrew word for "hand," which elsewhere refers to a stele or monument with a royal inscription (1 Sam 15:12; 2 Sam 18:18) being set up here by David. Verse 13 speaks of a "name" David makes (NIV "became famous"), which is another way that Hebrew speaks of a monument. Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III (fifteenth century) boasted of the steles they erected on the banks of the Euphrates. (IVP Commentary) 8:4 chariots. The chariots of Syria during this period are similar to the Assyrian models depicted in reliefs of the ninth century. They featured two yoked horses with one or two others harnessed beside. Two spooked wooden wheels on a rear axle supported a small platform occupied by a driver and rider equipped with bow and spear. The sides only went up to mid-thigh on the standing occupants. (IVP) 8:4 hamstringing. Horses could not be mercifully shot as they are today, and the Israelites had no use for them and no means to care for them; they certainly did not want their enemies to have continued use of them. Hamstringing involves cutting through the rear tarsal tendon in the hock joint (equivalent of human Achilles tendon), leaving the horses unable to walk. CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 8:5 Arameans of Damascus. The movement of Arameans into the Levant took place in the eleventh century. Based on other examples from cuneiform literature, the name Aram may in fact have originally been that of a region (cf., Sippar-Amnantum of the Old Babylonian period) that was later applied to people living there. Current evidence suggests that the Arameans inhabited the upper Euphrates throughout the second millennium, first as villagers and pastoralists, then as a political, national coalition. In this text there is no mention of a king of Damascus, suggesting that Damascus has not yet emerged as a major power in the region. (IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament) 8:5 Damascus. Damascus is located in an oasis watered by the Barada River in the shadow of the Anti-Lebanon Range to the west and with the Syrian Desert stretching out to its east. It is first mentioned in the lists of Thutmose III in the fifteenth century and is named, though not in a major role, in the Amarna texts. Its major prominence comes in the conflicts with Assyria in the ninth and eighth centuries. The continuing occupation of the site has offered few opportunities for excavation, resulting in no information to illuminate the biblical period. (From IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament, Copyright © 2000 by John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews and Mark W. Chavalas. Published by InterVarsity Press. All rights reserved.) [General Information - 8:1-14: Expansion]. The summary of David’s conquests shows him at the height of his power, ruling over a vast territory, from the Euphrates in the northeast to the Egyptian border in the southwest. His success is attributed to Divine help, in recognition of which David consecrates to God the spoils from his wars. This chapter is the only one in the book that contains no dialogue. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:1: In 5:25 it was told that David expelled the Philistines from Israelite territory; here it is reported that he subjugated them. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:2: In order to explain David’s cruel act the Midrash (Tanhuma, Buber recension, Vayera’ 25) asserts that the king of Moab had killed David’s parents, who had been entrusted to his care (1 Samuel 22:4). [Jewish Study Bible] 8:3: Hadadezer was David’s chief opponent. He not only ruled over the Aramean kingdom of Zobah, but also dominated other Aramean territories (see 10:19). The circumstances of Hadadezer’s restoring his monument are unclear (1 Chronicles 18:3 reads “set up his monument”). But the Hebrew may also be translated “turn his hand” (the same expression in Isaiah 1:25; Ezekiel 38:12; Amos 1:8), though it is not said against whom. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:4: The word-translated horsemen may also mean “horses” (as regards the numbers, cf. 1 Chronicles 18:4). David hamstrung the horses, making them unfit for military use because Israel did not yet employ chariots in its army. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:6: Garrisons, rather “prefects,” as the Hebrew word is translated in (1 Samuel 10:5; 13:3-4). [JSB] 2 Samuel 8:7 8:7 gold "shields." The Hebrew term here was long obscure but is now recognized as a technical term borrowed from Aramaic referring to a bow case. Ceremonial bow cases are pictured in later Persian reliefs. (IVP Bible Background Commentary) CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 8:8. Tebah and Berothai. Tubikhu is mentioned in the Amarna texts as a city south of Homs and may be the Tebah mentioned here. It is also known from Egyptian itineraries. Berothai is Bereitan in the Beqa Valley south of Baalbek. 1 Chronicles 18:8 ads Cun (Kunu) to the list, which was the ancient name of Baalbek (almost fifty miles north of Damascus). (IVP Bible Background Commentary) 8:8: Copper was of high value for the production of bronze tools and weapons. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:1 subdued. While David was victorious over enemies without, enemies within defeated him. See Chapters 11, 12. Metheg-ammah. I Chronicles 18:1 gives us the meaning and shows that Metheg = bridle or reins, is put by the Figure of Speech Metonymy (of Cause). For power or government, and Ammah = mother-city: i.e., “Gath and her daughters (i.e. towns)” (I Chronicles 18:1). The Companion Bible 2 Samuel 8:1 [David took Metheg-ammah] This is variously translated. The Vulgate has, David removed the bondage of the tribute, which the Israelites paid to the Philistines. Some think it means a fortress city, or strong town; but no such place, as Metheg-ammah is known. The Vulgate is probably the nearest to the truth. The versions are all different. See the following comparison of the principal passages here collated with the parallel place in 1 Chronicles: Adam Clarke Commentary 2 Samuel 8:2 [And measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground; even with two lines] It has been generally conjectured that David, after he had conquered Moab, consigned two-thirds of the inhabitants to the sword; but I think the text will bear a meaning much more reputable to that king. The first clause of the verse seems to determine the sense; he measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground-- to put to death, and with one line to keep alive. Death seems here to be referred to the cities by way of metaphor; and, from this view of the subject we may conclude that two-thirds of the cities, that is, the strong places of Moab, were erased; and not having strong places to trust to, the text adds, so the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts, i. e., were obliged to pay tribute. The word line may mean the same here as our rod, i. e., and the instrument by which land is measured. There are various opinions on this verse, with which I shall not trouble the reader. Adam Clarke 8:2 smote Moab. Thus fulfilling Numbers 24:17 Numbers 24:17 17 I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Scepter shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. (KJV) Note: So now you have to opinions:
Paul the Learner CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 2 Samuel 8:3 [David smote also Hadadezer] He is supposed to have been king of all Syria, except Phoenicia; and, wishing to extend his dominions to the Euphrates, invaded a part of David's dominions, which lay contiguous to it; but being attacked by David, he was totally routed. Adam Clarke 2 Samuel 8:4 [A thousand chariots] It is strange that there were a thousand chariots, and only seven hundred horsemen taken, and twenty thousand-foot. But as the discomfiture appears complete, we may suppose that the chariots; being less manageable, might be more easily taken, while the horsemen might, in general, make their escape. The infantry also seem to have been surrounded, when twenty thousand of them were taken prisoners. [David houghed the entire chariot horses]
The Septuagint renders the words nearly as I have done: ‘David destroyed all the chariots, except one hundred which he reserved for himself.’ He kept however one hundred horses; probably as a sort of baggage or forage wagons. Adam Clarke Commentary Note: ‘David captured 1,700 horsemen and 20,000 soldiers of his force; and David hamstrung all the chariot horses, except for 100 which he retained.’ 8:4 Tanakh Hebrew Text 2 Samuel 8:6 [Brought gifts] Paid tribute. Adam Clarke 2 Samuel 8:7 [David took the shields of gold] We do not know what these were; some translate as "arms", others as "quivers", and others as "bracelets", others as "collars", and others as "shields". They were probably costly ornaments by which the Syrian soldiers were decked and distinguished. And those who are called servants here were probably the choice troops or bodyguard of Hadadezer, as the argyraspides were of Alexander the Great. Adam Clarke CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 2 Samuel 8:9 8:9 Tou of Hamath. Tou of Hamath controlled the region north of Zobah and was apparently pleased to see the influence of the kingdom of Zobah checked by the Israelites. While Hamath (modern Hama, about 130 miles north of Damascus) is the name of a city on the Orontes, it also identifies a nation in Neo-Assyrian records. Tou is unknown outside the Bible, but the name is common in the Hurrian language. This suggests that Hamath was not at this time an Aramean state. (IVP Bible Commentary) 2 Samuel 8:10-11 8:10-11 dedicating precious metals to the Lord. Dedication of the precious metals to the Lord means that they were donated to the sanctuary's treasury and became part of the assets administered by the priests rather than going into the royal treasuries. Specially selected objects such as ceremonial weapons or important cultic objects would have been kept, while many of the smaller items would be melted down. (IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament) 8:12 extent of David's control. David's kingdom included Transjordan at least as far south as the Arnon. Territory of Edom focused on the region southwest of the Dead Sea. David's conquests targeted the two major trade routes through the region. (IVP Commentary) 8:13 Valley of Salt. Wadi el-Milh is one possibility, halfway between Beersheba and the Dead Sea, though only the name supports the identification. (IVP Commentary) 8:14 building garrisons. Placing garrisons in annexed territories or in vassal countries allowed a country to extend its supply line and to monitor activities and maintain control. Food supplies and arms could be stored there, and the military personnel could be ready to deal with any deviation from treaty stipulations or to put down any uprisings. Likewise tribute could be collected and merchant activity controlled. (IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament) 8:9: Hamath was the capital of a Hittite-Canaanite (i.e. non-Aramean) country, adjacent to Zobah. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:10: By sending his son with precious presents King Toi acknowledges David’s supremacy. Instead of Joram, the Hebrew form of the name, 1 Chronicles 18:10 reads “Hadoram,” which is the Canaanite form. [Jewish Study Bible] 8:11: The silver and gold were later deposited in the Temple (1 Kings 7:51). [Jewish Study Bible] 8:14: Garrisons, see verse 6. [Jewish Study Bible] 2 Samuel 8:9 [Toi king of Hamath] Hamath is supposed to be the famous city of Emesa, situated on the Orontes, in Syria. This was contiguous to Hadadezer; and led him to wage war with Toi, that he might get possession of his territories. For a comparison of <2 Sam. 8:10>, see <1 Chr. 18:9> Adam Clarke CHAPTER EIGHT SECOND SAMUEL 2 Samuel 8:9-10
Remember David who was a man of war, established his kingdom with wars. And Solomon his son established his kingdom with marriage of the different daughters of the kings around him. That’s how Solomon became a man of peace and not war. Paul the Learner 2 Samuel 8:13 [David gat him a name] Became a very celebrated and eminent man. The Targum has it, David collected troops; namely, to recruit his army when he returned from smiting the Syrians. His many battles had no doubt greatly thinned his army. [The valley of salt] Supposed to be a large plain abounding in this mineral, about a league from the city of Palmyra or Tadmor in the wilderness. Adam Clarke
[He put garrisons in Edom] He repaired the strong cities, which he had taken, and put garrisons in them to keep the country in awe. Adam Clarke 8:15-18 DAVID’S OFFICERS E 8:15 David King F 8:16- Chief Captain Download 268.5 Kb. Share with your friends:
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