The Rate Debate Slowing
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- Warming Solves Itself - Algae
- Climate =/= Weather
Aerosols = CoolingAerosols lead to long term cooling Tian et. al 10 (Feng, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at U Colorado, Mark Cliare, Virtual Planetary Laboratory and Astrobiology @ U Washington, Jacob Haqq-Misra, Meteorology @ Penn State, Megan Smith, Meteorology @ Penn State, David Crisp, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, David Catling, Earth and Space Sciences at U Washington, Kevin Zahnle, NASA Ames Research Center, James F. Kastin, Geosciences @ Penn State, 2010, "Photochemical and climate consequences of sulfur outgassing on early Mars," Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 250) On modern Earth, SO2 produced by volcanic eruptions cools the surface by creating highly reflective sulfate aerosols that persist for months to years in the stratosphere (Turco et al., 1982; Robock, 2000). Models for the anoxic early Earth atmosphere also predict that a significant fraction of outgassed SO2 would still have been converted to sulfate aerosols (Pavlov and Kasting, 2002; Zahnle et al., 2006). Plescia (1993) estimated the volatile release from Elysium volcanism on Mars and suggested that the short-term effect of SO2 volcanic outgassing would have been to warm the climate but the long term effect would have been surface cooling, because of the formation of sulfate aerosols. As the sulfate aerosols settled from the atmosphere, the climate could have returned to its pre-eruption equilibrium. Warming Solves Itself - AlgaeWarming causes increased algal blooms Moore et al 08 Stephanie K. Moore et al, associate scientist for the NOAA, November 7 2008, Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586717/ Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae. Warming causes algae growth that will solve warming Williams 9 — Andrew Williams, writer for clean technical a website dedicated to environmental news, JANUARY 4, 2009, Clean technical, Green Algae Bloom Process Could Stop Global Warming, http://cleantechnica.com/2009/01/04/green-algae-bloom-process-could-stop-global-warming/ The researchers, aboard the Royal Navy’s HMS Endurance, have found that melting icebergs off the coast of Antarctica are releasing millions of tiny particles of iron into the southern Ocean, helping to create huge ‘blooms’ of algae that absorb carbon emissions. The algae then sinks to the icy depths, effectively removing CO2 from the atmosphere for hundreds of years. According to lead researcher, Prof. Rob Raiswell of Leeds University, “The Earth itself seems to want to save us.” Scientists have known for some time that artificially created algal blooms could be used to absorb greenhouse gases, but the technique has been banned for fear of causing unforeseen side effects in fragile ecosystems. However, based on the UK team’s evidence that the process has been occurring naturally for millions of years, and on a wide scale, the UN has given the green light for a ground-breaking experiment later this month. The team will seek to create a massive algae bloom by releasing several tons of iron sulphate into the sea off the coast of the British island of South Georgia. The patch will apparently be large enough to be visible from space. If successful, the technique could be rolled out across vast swathes of the Great Southern Ocean. Scientists calculate that if the whole 20 million square miles was treated, it could remove up to three and a half Gigatons of C02, equivalent to one eighth of all global annual emissions from fossil fuels. It would be a huge irony if melting icebergs, until now a powerful symbol of the damage caused by global warming, reveal a process that may enable scientists to take steps that might drastically reduce, and potentially even halt, the threat of environmental catastrophe. Climate =/= WeatherNo warming - evidence conflates weather with climate Keating 12 (Joshua Keating, associate editor of Foreign Policy, 7/5/12, "Atmosphere of Distortion," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/05/atmosphere_of_distortion?page=0,1) But while the planet is undoubtedly getting warmer, attributing a particular weather phenomenon to this shift is a bit problematic. Although the science may be on the side of climate change, blaming one particular weather incident on global warming is just as misleading as saying that a cold winter disproves it. "I don't think anybody in the climate change community had even heard the word 'derecho' before last week," says Gavin Schmidt, a climate modeler at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. "If you really want the nation to be aware of climate change, severe weather outbreaks are certainly a way to get people's attention. But to attribute a specific one to climate change is, at this stage of the game, impossible," says Otis Brown of NOAA's National Climatic Data Center. According to Brown, by 2100 Chicago is projected to have the kind of temperatures we now associate with Dallas, but the change will be gradual and far more difficult for the public to comprehend than a two-week spell of 100-degree days that may or may not have anything to do with global warming. As the late science fiction author Robert Heinlein famously put it, "climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." But that's often unsatisfying for a public that wants tangible evidence of climate change before they're willing to fully buy into the concept or support policies aimed at mitigating it. "Most people don't assimilate global statistics or long-term trends -- you feel what's going on by the weather," says NASA's Schmidt. "When weird weather happens, a lot of people just instinctively think its climate change." Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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