The United States federal government should cease its surveillance of foreign diplomats in the United States and at United States embassies
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- “Five eyes” spying solves, and doesn’t trigger disads
- Link non-unique – relevant countries aren’t even on the surveillance list anymore
- If we don’t leave, we’ll get kicked out anyway
- Sanctions can’t touch the economy
- Prolif inevitable – seawater mining
- Obama’s already committed publicly to the plan – statements prove
at: iran dano linkNo link – none of their evidence assumes post-exposure – Snowden provoked international coutermeasures which make embassy spying uselessPaterson 14 (Tony. Chisholm Institute, SOHK, Assumption College Kilmore. “Surveillance revelations: Angela Merkel proposes European network to beat NSA and GCHQ spying”. 16 February 2014. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/angela-merkel-proposes-european-network-to-beat-nsa-spying-9132388.html)//JuneC// Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany has announced plans to set up a European communications network as part of a broad counter-espionage offensive designed to curb mass surveillance conducted by the US National Security Agency and its British counterpart, GCHQ. The move is her government’s first tangible response to public and political indignation over NSA and GCHQ spying in Europe, which was exposed last October with revelations that the US had bugged Ms Merkel’s mobile phone and that MI6 operated a listening post from the British Embassy in Berlin. Announcing the project in her weekly podcast, Ms Merkel said she envisaged setting up a European communications network which would offer protection from NSA surveillance by side-stepping the current arrangement whereby emails and other internet data automatically pass through the United States. The NSA’s German phone and internet surveillance operation is reported to be one of the biggest in the EU. In co-operation with GCHQ it has direct access to undersea cables carrying transatlantic communications between Europe and the US. Ms Merkel said she planned to discuss the project with the French President, François Hollande, when she meets him in Paris on Wednesday. “Above all we’ll talk about European providers that offer security to our citizens, so that one shouldn’t have to send emails and other information across the Atlantic,” she said. “Rather one could build up a communications network inside Europe.” French government officials responded by saying Paris intended to “take up” the German initiative. Ms Merkel’s proposals appear to be part of a wider German counter-espionage offensive, reported to be under way in several of Germany’s intelligence agencies, against NSA and GCHQ surveillance. Der Spiegel magazine said on Sunday that it had obtained information about plans by Germany’s main domestic intelligence agency, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, for a “massive” increase in counter-espionage measures. The magazine said there were plans to subject both the American and British Embassies in Berlin to surveillance. It said the measures would include obtaining exact details about intelligence agents who were accredited as diplomats, and information about the technology being used within the embassies. Last year information provided by the whistleblower Edward Snowden revealed that US intelligence agents were able to bug Ms Merkel’s mobile phone from a listening post on the US Embassy roof. Investigations by The Independent subsequently revealed that GCHQ ran a similar listening post from the roof of the British Embassy in Berlin. Intelligence experts say it is difficult if not impossible to control spying activities conducted from foreign embassies, not least because their diplomatic status means they are protected from the domestic legislation of the host country. Der Spiegel said Germany’s military intelligence service, (MAD) was also considering stepping up surveillance of US and British spying activities. It said such a move would mark a significant break with previous counter-espionage practice which had focused on countries such as China, North Korea and Russia. Germany’s counter-espionage drive comes after months of repeated and abortive attempts by its officials to reach a friendly “no spy” agreement with the US. Phillip Missfelder, a spokesman for Ms Merkel’s government, admitted recently that revelations about NSA spying had brought relations with Washington to their worst level since the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Der Spiegel claimed that on a single day last year, January 7, the NSA tapped into some 60 million German phone calls. The magazine said that Canada, Australia, Britain and New Zealand were exempt from NSA surveillance but Germany was regarded as a country open to “spy attacks”. “Five eyes” spying solves, and doesn’t trigger disadsCape Times 13 – Guardian Newspapers Limited (Cape Times, 11/6/13, “UK 'has secret spy post in Berlin',” Cape Times, Lexis)//twemchen Berlin: Concerns have been raised that Britain operates a top-secret listening post from its Berlin embassy to eavesdrop on the seat of German power. Documents leaked by the US National Security Agency (NSA) whistle-blower Edward Snowden show that the UK's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is, together with the US and other key partners, operating a network of electronic spy posts from diplomatic buildings around the world, which intercept data in host nations. A US intercept "nest" on top of its embassy in Berlin - less than 150m from Britain's own diplomatic mission - is believed to have been shut down last week as the US scrambled to limit the damage from revelations that it listened to cellphone calls made by Chancellor Angela Merkel. But the NSA documents, in conjunction with aerial photographs and information about past spying activities in Germany, suggest that Britain is operating its own covert listening station within a stone's throw of the Bundestag, Germany's parliament, and Merkel's offices in the Chancellery, using hi-tech equipment housed on the embassy roof. The potentially toxic allegation that Britain has a listening station in the capital of a close EU ally will test relations between London and Berlin only days after the row between Germany and the US about the US's clandestine activities. Asked to respond to the concerns, Cameron's official spokesman said: "We don't comment on intelligence questions." Infrared images taken by a German television station, ARD, appear to show that the US embassy spying facility, housed in an anonymous rooftop building, has now been shut down after an incendiary clash in which Merkel told President Barack Obama it was "just not done" for friendly nations to spy on each other. The heat signature from the structure dropped dramatically last week in the immediate aftermath of the conversation, and equipment inside has not been detected as having been turned on since. The eavesdropping base, concealed in a box-like structure with special windows made of fibreglass which are opaque to light but allow radio signals to pass unhindered, was run jointly by CIA and NSA agents in a top-secret unit called the Special Collection Service (SCS). Despite the row, the German authorities appear not to have noticed - or protested about - a potential parallel and linked surveillance unit on top of the British embassy. According to one NSA document, Washington recently closed some of the 100 SCS locations it operates in embassies around the world and transferred some of the work to GCHQ, which is based in Cheltenham. In 2010, the SCS was known to operate 19 facilities in Europe, including stations in Berlin and Frankfurt. Aerial photographs of the British embassy in Berlin show a potential eavesdropping base enclosed inside a white, cylindrical tent-like structure which cannot be easily seen from the streets. The structure has been in place since the embassy, which was built following the reunification of Germany, opened in 2000. The structure bears a striking resemblance to spying equipment used in GCHQ's Cold War listening post in West Berlin at the now-abandoned Teufelsberg or "Devil's Mountain" site, which was used to intercept East German and Soviet communications. Equipment within the embassy unit would be capable of intercepting cellphone calls, wi-fi data and long-distance communications across the German capital, including the adjacent government buildings such as the Reichstag and the Chancellery clustered around the Brandenburg Gate. On Monday night GCHQ officials refused to discuss ongoing security matters. Such is the critical importance of the network of embassy spying bases - the US version of which the NSA has codenamed "Stateroom" - that the NSA and the CIA have built a mock embassy-style site in woodland outside Washington DC to test their technology and train operatives. Satellite images of the site in Maryland also show a white cylindrical structure in the grounds of the facility similar to the one on the roof of Britain's Berlin embassy. The NSA documents provided by Snowden state that Stateroom-type operations are run by the US, Britain, Canada and Australia. Together with New Zealand, the countries form the "Five Eyes" at the core of an international eavesdropping coalition. The NSA document outlining Stateroom describes it as "covert Sigint (signals intelligence) collection sites located in diplomatic facilities abroad... (including) SCS (at US diplomatic facilities) and government communications headquarters (at British diplomatic facilities)". link non-uniqueLink non-unique – relevant countries aren’t even on the surveillance list anymoreLanday 6/24 – staff writer @ McClatchy Washington Bureau (Jonathan Landay, 6/24/15, “Revelations NSA spied on French presidents called more smoke than fire,” McClatchy Washington Bureau,” Lexis)//twemchen Yet it’s unlikely that the latest revelations of U.S. spying on foreign leaders will damage U.S.-French relations as badly as U.S.-German ties were buffeted in October 2013 when documents leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden showed that the agency was monitoring the cellphone of German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The United States and France are working closely on numerous fronts, from the international negotiations to limit Iran’s nuclear program to fighting the Islamic State and other terrorist groups, and both governments almost certainly want to avoid jeopardizing that cooperation. Moreover, Obama had already told Hollande about the monitoring and assured him that it had stopped. “This does not hugely impact bilateral relations (with France),” said Heather Conley, a former State Department official who directs the Europe Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a policy institute. “After the Snowden revelations, they (NSA) carefully updated their targeting list and Merkel and Hollande were taken off. If we don’t leave, we’ll get kicked out anywaySmale 14 – staff writer at the NYT (Alison Smale, 7/11/14, “Berlin expels American spy chief as strains grow; German government says Washington hasn't cooperated with inquiry,” Lexis)//twemchen Reacting to the latest allegations of spying by an ally, the German government demanded on Thursday that the chief American intelligence official stationed here leave the country because, it said, Washington had refused to cooperate with German inquiries into United States intelligence activities. ''The representative of the U.S. intelligence services at the United States Embassy has been asked to leave Germany,'' a government spokesman, Steffen Seibert, said in a statement, adding that the government takes the matter ''very seriously.'' The Central Intelligence Agency's station chief in Berlin, who has not been identified, is based in the U.S. Embassy. C.I.A. officials in Washington had no comment on the matter. While both sides seemed eager to contain undue diplomatic spillover from the move, it was still a highly unusual step between two close allies who cooperate on a vast range of subjects, from working on a broad, new trans-Atlantic trade pact to dealing with the Iranian nuclear program to coordinating a departure of combat troops from Afghanistan. Former American intelligence officials described the German government decision as a major blow to the C.I.A., which for decades has been able to operate in the country with relative freedom and impunity. ''It's one thing to kick lower-level officers out; it's another thing to kick the chief of station out,'' said one former C.I.A. officer with extensive experience working on European operations. The official said that the move could be just the first signal that the Germans might step up harassment of C.I.A. operatives in the country - escalating surveillance activities like phone tapping and tailing them in cars. The closest precedent may be an episode in 1995, when the C.I.A. station chief in Paris, his deputy and two other C.I.A. officers were expelled for trying to pay French officials for intelligence on France's negotiating position in trade talks, including on farm issues and the importation of American movies. One officer was said to have bribed an engineer with the state-run France Telecom for information to make it easier to bug French telecommunications. Still, one former intelligence official said that Germany's action on Thursday was even more significant, since the C.I.A. historically has far closer ties to German spy agencies than it does to those in France. Cooperation in the fight against terrorism has been particularly close since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. But German officials have been deeply frustrated in their efforts to receive clarification from Washington over allegations of spying raised last year when it was revealed that the National Security Agency had been monitoring a range of communications in Germany - including Chancellor Angela Merkel's cellphone. Although President Obama has offered assurances to Ms. Merkel - and the C.I.A. director, John O. Brennan, has made calls in recent days meant to reassure officials in Berlin - two recently revealed cases of suspected espionage by the United States have sparked fresh outrage. While some German media reports identified the American station chief as the person who had ''run,'' or managed, the two alleged spies, German officials made clear on Thursday that their dissatisfaction ran deeper. ''The request occurred against the backdrop of the ongoing investigation by federal prosecutors as well as the questions that were posed months ago about the activities of U.S. intelligence agencies in Germany,'' said Mr. Seibert, the government spokesman. ''The government takes the matter very seriously.'' He said Germany continued to seek ''close and trusting'' cooperation with its Western partners, ''especially the United States.'' The United States Embassy had no comment on the request for the official's departure. But in a statement, the embassy said it was essential to maintain close cooperation with Germany ''in all areas.'' ''Our security relationship with Germany remains very important,'' the embassy statement said. ''It keeps Germans and Americans safe.'' Despite the apparent effort to keep relations on an even keel, the development marked a low point between two allies just as they needed strong cooperation not just to combat terrorism and strengthen security measures in the digital age but to reach a broad trans-Atlantic trade agreement. As Ms. Merkel put it on Thursday, the two countries have better things to do than ''waste energy spying'' on each other. Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble, a close ally of Ms. Merkel, said the Americans had simply proved to be stupid. ''With so much stupidity, you can only weep,'' he said. ''And that is why the chancellor is 'not amused.''' Mr. Schäuble and Thomas de Maizière, the interior minister, both suggested that the material handed to the Americans from the midlevel intelligence employee was nothing important. Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, whose office is investigating the spying accusation against its employee, said common sense would suggest that there could not possibly be as much benefit from paying spies for information as there was damage to a valuable alliance. Reluctant as German leaders may have been to act, and however conscious they are that America holds most of the cards in their alliance, pressure built so sharply this week that they apparently felt they had to do something. This leaves Ms. Merkel, and her government, in the unusual position for Germans of not knowing clearly what the next step is. When spying revelations emerged last year, German officials suggested that they wanted a ''no spy'' agreement similar to the one the United States has with the English-speaking victors of World War II: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The way German officials tell the story, they were promised those negotiations by Susan E. Rice, Mr. Obama's national security adviser, and other American intelligence officials. But the American officials say there was no such promise, and that German officials blanched when they heard what kind of responsibilities they would have, for intelligence collection and cyberoperations around the world, if they ever joined that elite club. ''This conversation went nowhere,'' one senior administration official said in April. ''Their politics simply wouldn't allow the kind of relationship we have with, say, the British.'' But the public collapse of those talks left bitterness behind, especially among Ms. Merkel's top aides, who felt as if Mr. Obama had never truly made up for more than a decade of the interceptions of Ms. Merkel's conversations. Politicians, including Ms. Merkel, began talking about creating a ''Germany-only'' segment of the Internet, to keep German emails and web searches from going across American-owned wires and networks, as if that would somehow deter the N.S.A. from gaining access. ''There is a sense we have to protect our data, and ourselves,'' Patrick Sensburg, the German lawmaker leading the inquiry, said in an interview in June. ''And there is a lack of trust that needs to be restored.'' But the latest revelations raised the question of whether the Obama administration had really changed its view of spying in Germany. Clemens Binninger, a member of Ms. Merkel's center-right party, said the move was ''a political reaction of the government to the lack of willingness of American authorities to help clear up any questions'' over American surveillance of Germany and its leaders. Mr. Binninger spoke after a session of the parliamentary control commission that oversees German intelligence activities, which he heads. The commission, whose proceedings are secret, was briefed Thursday by Gerhard Schindler, the head of the Federal Intelligence Service, on the two suspected cases of espionage. The first case, concerning a midlevel employee of Mr. Schindler's agency who was arrested last week, is far more serious than the second, in which ''very many questions'' linger, Mr. Binninger told reporters after almost three hours of talks with Mr. Schindler. No arrest has been made in the second case. On Wednesday, the police searched the Berlin office and apartment of the man in the second case, federal prosecutors said. They declined to give further information, but the German news media reported that the suspect worked for the Defense Ministry. Mr. Binninger and other members of his commission said there was still no evidence of espionage and that initial accounts suggested that the documents taken were relatively harmless. at: iran economySanctions can’t touch the economyCeren 14 – staff writer @ The Tower (Omri Ceren, 12/31/14, “Reports: Iran Breaks Out of Sanctions, Signs European Energy Deal,” http://www.thetower.org/1468oc-reports-iran-breaks-sanctions-inks-european-energy-deal/)//twemchen Iranian state media boasted on Tuesday that Tehran has successfully inked an oil and gas deal with a top Italian energy company, bragging that the deal came despite the fact that Iran has yet to reach a final agreement with the P5+1 global powers regarding the country’s atomic program. The story emerged just a few days after a Gulf outlet reported that that the Iranians will soon attend a week-long energy exhibition in Oman indicated aimed at “promot[ing] trade between the Sultanate and the Islamic Republic of Iran with the participation of more than 100 Iranian companies.” Both announcements in turn came just days after Iranian President Hassan Rouhani declared that the Iranian economy had officially exited a sanctions-driven recession. The developments have deepened long-standing worries that sanctions relief provided to the Islamic republic under the interim Joint Plan of Action (JPOA) is spiraling beyond public predictions issued months ago – and then consistently defended – by top Obama administration officials. Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) Executive Director Mark Dubowitz conveyed the Iranian braggadocio regarding the Italian deal alongside a pointed question about the robustness of the Western sanctions regime. Administration officials have been perceived as scrambling to keep up with Iranian progress in eroding the sanctions regime. Treasury Department officials announced on Tuesday that they were imposing sanctions on more than half a dozen Iranian targets that, per a Reuters description of the charges, had “supported Iran’s efforts to avoid sanctions and backed the government’s human rights abuses, including censorship.” Lawmakers have become increasingly critical of the administration’s ability to check the erosion of the sanctions regime, and have become concomitantly skeptical of the White House’s claim that Western negotiators have sufficient leverage to extract meaningful concessions from the Iranians. Sen. Lindsey Graham (R – S.C.) predicted over the weekend that there will be “a very vigorous Congress when it comes to Iran,” and that a vote regarding sanctions legislation was likely in January. at: prolif impactProlif inevitable – seawater miningVoss 12 – writer for the Harvard Belfer Center, (Susan, “Extracting Uranium from Sea Water – will it increase the proliferation risk”, August 23, 2012, http://nucleardiner.com/2012/08/23/extracting-uranium-from-sea-water-will-it-increase-the-proliferation-risk/)//twemchen Now consider a few years down the road where the technology to extract uranium from the ocean is well developed and the technology well known by several nations. It may be possible for a country like Iran to have a covert site to separate uranium from the sea and use it as a base material for either fuel for a heavy water reactor, which would require no enrichment, or for feed for a covert uranium enrichment plant outside of the IAEA purview. In effect, simplifying the extraction of uranium from the ocean could provide a pathway for a nation to obtain the base material for either plutonium production or uranium enrichment for a nuclear weapons program. No prolifKahl 12 – Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (Colin H. Kahl, March/April, “Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort”, Foreign Affairs, ProQuest)//twemchen Bad timing Kroenig argues that there is an urgent need to attack Iran's nuclear infrastructure soon, since Tehran could "produce its first nuclear weapon within six months of deciding to do so." Yet that last phrase is crucial. The International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea) has documented Iranian efforts to achieve the capacity to develop nuclear weapons at some point, but there is no hard evidence that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has yet made the final decision to develop them. In arguing for a six-month horizon, Kroenig also misleadingly conflates hypothetical timelines to produce weaponsgrade uranium with the time actually required to construct a bomb. According to 2010 Senate testimony by James Cartwright, then vice chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staa, and recent statements by the former heads of Israel's national intelligence and defense intelligence agencies, even if Iran could produce enough weapons-grade uranium for a bomb in six months, it would take it at least a year to produce a testable nuclear device and considerably longer to make a deliverable weapon. And David Albright, president of the Institute for Science and International Security (and the source of Kroenig's six-month estimate), recently told Agence France-Presse that there is a "low probability" that the Iranians would actually develop a bomb over the next year even if they had the capability to do so. Because there is no evidence that Iran has built additional covert enrichment plants since the Natanz and Qom sites were outed in 2002 and 2009, respectively, any near-term move by Tehran to produce weapons-grade uranium would have to rely on its declared facilities. The iaea would thus detect such activity with su/cient time for the international community to mount a forceful response. As a result, the Iranians are unlikely to commit to building nuclear weapons until they can do so much more quickly or out of sight, which could be years oa. Kroenig is also inconsistent about the timetable for an attack. In some places, he suggests that strikes should begin now, whereas in others, he argues that the United States should attack only if Iran takes certain actions-such as expelling iaea inspectors, beginning the enrichment of weapons-grade uranium, or installing large numbers of advanced centrifuges, any one of which would signal that it had decided to build a bomb. Kroenig is likely right that these developments-and perhaps others, such as the discovery of new covert enrichment sites-would create a decision point for the use of force. But the Iranians have not taken these steps yet, and as Kroenig acknowledges, "Washington has a very good chance" of detecting them if they do. at: ptxlink non-uniqueObama’s already committed publicly to the plan – statements proveBGN 6/26 – Bangladesh Government News (6/26/15, “US seeks to reassure France on spying, Assange urges action,” Lexis)//twemchen President Barack Obama on Wednesday moved to defuse tensions after revelations of US spying on three French presidents angered France, while WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange called for legal action over Washington's snooping and promised more disclosures to come. Obama spoke by phone with his French counterpart Francois Hollande to assure him the US was no longer spying on European leaders, a day after the WikiLeaks website published documents alleging Washington had eavesdropped on the French president and his two predecessors. "President Obama reiterated without ambiguity his firm commitment... to stop these practices that took place in the past and which were unacceptable between allies," Hollande's office said in a statement. Hollande had earlier convened his top ministers and intelligence officials to discuss the revelations, with his office stating France "will not tolerate any acts that threaten its security". France's foreign ministry also summoned the US ambassador for a formal explanation. The documents -- labelled "Top Secret" and appearing to reveal spying on Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy and Hollande between 2006 and 2012 -- were published by WikiLeaks along with French newspaper Liberation and the Mediapart website. WikiLeaks' anti-secrecy campaigner Assange told French television late Wednesday the time had come to take legal action against Washington over its foreign surveillance activities. Speaking on TF1, he urged France to go further than Germany by launching a "parliamentary inquiry" and referring "the matter to the prosecutor-general for prosecution". German prosecutors had carried out a probe into alleged US tapping of Chancellor Angela Merkel's phone, but later dropped the investigation due to a lack of hard evidence. Assange also said other important revelations were coming. "This is the beginning of a series and I believe the most important of the material is still to come," he said. The WikiLeaks revelations were embarrassingly timed for French lawmakers, who late on Wednesday voted in favour of sweeping new powers to spy on citizens. The new law will allow authorities to spy on the digital and mobile communications of anyone linked to a "terrorist" inquiry without prior authorisation from a judge, and forces Internet service providers and phone companies to give up data upon request. Addressing parliament, Prime Minister Manuel Valls said Washington's actions "constitute a very serious violation of the spirit of trust" and France would demand a new "code of conduct" on intelligence matters. The White House earlier responded that it was not targeting Hollande's communications and will not do so in the future, but it did not comment on past activities. Claims that the US National Security Agency (NSA) was spying on European leaders, revealed by whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2013, had already led to promises from Obama that the practice had stopped. - Secret meetings on Greece - The leaked documents include five from the NSA, the most recent dated May 22, 2012, just days after Hollande took office. It claims Hollande "approved holding secret meetings in Paris to discuss the eurozone crisis, particularly the consequences of a Greek exit from the eurozone". It also says the French president believed after talks with Merkel that she "had given up (on Greece) and was unwilling to budge". "This made Hollande very worried for Greece and the Greek people, who might react by voting for an extremist party," according to the document. Another document, dated 2008, was titled "Sarkozy sees himself as only one who can resolve the world financial crisis". It said the former French leader "blamed many of the current economic problems on mistakes made by the US government, but believes that Washington is now heeding some of his advice". One leak describes Sarkozy's frustration at US espionage, saying the "main sticking point" in achieving greater intelligence cooperation "is the US desire to continue spying on France". But US officials vowed there was no spying going on now. "Let me just be very, very clear ... we are not targeting President Hollande, we will not target friends like President Hollande," said US Secretary of State John Kerry. "And we don't conduct any foreign intelligence surveillance activities unless there is some very specific and validated national security purpose." Kerry told reporters he had "a terrific relationship" with his counterpart Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, adding "the French are indispensable partners in so many ways" including in the Iran nuclear talks. "The relationship between our two countries continues to get more productive and deeper," he added. at: russia deterrence dasurveillance failsSurveillance doesn’t help against Russia – no joke, they use typewritersMims 13 – staff writer at QUARTZ (Christopher Mims, 7/11/13, “Russia’s solution to NSA spying? Typewriters,” http://qz.com/103159/russian-solution-to-nsa-spying-typewriters/)//twemchen Russia’s government agencies are already big fans of typewriters, using them mostly for top-secret messages intended for the president or the minister of defense, reports The Moscow News. Now, in response to revelations of US electronic surveillance by the National Security Agency, Russia’s Federal Protection Service, which protects top state officials including president Vladimir Putin, has ordered 20 typewriters, as well as 600 ink cartridges for them. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 0.83 Mb. Share with your friends:
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