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AT: “World Bank Development Strategy Ignores the Poor”
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AT: “World Bank Development Strategy Ignores the Poor”WORLD BANK SHIFTED FOCUS TO INCLUDE GOOD GOVERNANCE AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION BY AND ATTENTION TO THE VOICE OF THE POOR Jens Stilhoff Sorensen, Research Fellow – Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2010, Challenging the Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Alternatives, ed. J. S. Sorensen, p. 10-1 However, during the 1990s the tide shifted and new polices were worked out for “development” (in the Third World), as well as for “transition” (to post-communism). The importance of state institutions was increasingly acknowledged. By the late 1990s the World Bank had refined its earlier focus and launched the so-called Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF), which had been presented as a more holistic approach to development that emphasizes the interdependence of governance and development. Since the World Bank, according to its Articles of Agreement, is forbidden to work on political issues, this has all been cast as technical and as a strategy to promote development. Thus, the implementation of a legal framework favorable to the market is technical, not political. The good governance agenda is integral to the new approach with its focus on transparency, participation, anti-corruption, freedom of information and a well-qualified civil service. In addition the notion of country ownership has been introduced along with a number of measures to cushion social conditions for the most vulnerable parts of populations. Here, poverty reduction and poverty-reduction strategies, which are to be planned, implemented and ‘owned’ by the aid-receiving states, are a crucial component of the CDF. In Eastern Europe there was a similar trend moving from “shock therapy” towards a more gradualist approach to transition.
Generally EffectiveASIAN COUNTRIES LED BY JAPANESE EXAMPLE OF AID POLICY – EMPHASIZE LOANS FOR ECONOMIC INFRASATRUCTURE Marie Soderberg, Director European Institute for Japanese Studies-Stockholm School of Economics, 2010, Challenging the Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Alternatives, ed. J. S. Sorensen, p. 107 Japan was the largest donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in absolute terms during the 1990s and still is one of the largest donors. As the only Asian member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) it is bound by many of the rules of this committee, which consists of donors with a Western, Christian background. Still, Japan has always been somewhat of an odd man out in this community of donors. The country has a belief in development through industrialization and a concept of aid that is firmly integrated into a wider concept of economic cooperation. Japan’s aid has consisted, to a much greater extent than that of other donors, of bilateral loans and the building of economic infrastructure in the form of roads, railways, ports and power plants. Recently a number of Asian former recipients of Japanese aid have become donors themselves. China, South Korea, Thailand and other Asian states are emerging as donors (some of them with an older tradition in the field). Their ways of giving aid, or cooperating with developing countries, as they prefer to call it, have been mediated by their own experience of development. There are certain common features among the Asian donors, such as an emphasis on loan aid and infrastructure. This chapter gives an overview and analysis of Japanese, Chinese, South Korean and Thai aid policies, and explores how such “Asian alternatives” may constitute a challenge or a complement to Western mainstream international aid. “ASIAN” AID MODEL EMPHASIZES INDUSTRIALIZATION, COOPERATION AND MUTUAL BENEFIT Marie Soderberg, Director European Institute for Japanese Studies-Stockholm School of Economics, 2010, Challenging the Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Alternatives, ed. J. S. Sorensen, p. 131 Among the four Asian donors there seems to be a common belief in development through industrialization. Aid is often set within the framework of economic cooperation and is not seen separately from other economic activities such as private investment and other official flows. The three are usually seen as connected. In the Chinese case, where there are many state-owned companies operating in Africa, the borderline between private investment, official flows and aid becomes even more blurred. In general there is a heavy reliance on loan aid. This is most often justified from an ideological standpoint – that it should be “help for self-help” – but at the same time there is also an economic rationale behind it. Most of the aid loans are tied and intended to assist companies in the donor community as well. The exception is Japanese loans, which to a great extent are untied. Less PaternalisticASIAN AID DONORS LESS PATERNALISTIC – EMPHASIZE COOPERATION Marie Soderberg, Director European Institute for Japanese Studies-Stockholm School of Economics, 2010, Challenging the Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Alternatives, ed. J. S. Sorensen, p. 109 In contrast to mainstream international aid, Asian donors have their own view of the concept. In Japan aid has always been seen as part of the wider concept of economic cooperation (keizai kyo ryuku), which besides aid also encompasses two other components – other official flows (OOF) and private investment. Economic cooperation encompasses almost all activities considered helpful to economic development, without distinguishing between official and private, commercial and non-commercial funds. This conceptualization can be traced to the idea of “mutually beneficial economic assistance.” Economic cooperation is not seen as something that is extended in one direction but as the world implies is a question of working together. In the same way China does not use the language of donor and recipient when giving aid, but talks about mutual benefit and win-win relations. President Hu Jintao, in his opening speech of the 2006 Forum on China-Africa-Cooperation (FOCAC) summit, said that mutual support was the driving force behind growing China-Africa Cooperation. In Thailand’s cooperation with Laos, the term “aid” is not used either, as this is said to have bad connotations: instead one speaks of cooperation. Directory: assets assets -> Northern territory of australia assets -> Number: caveat in the [Will/Will and Codicil/Estate of] assets -> Invitation for Bid Calact/mbta for Standard Floor and Low Floor Rural Duty Vehicles ifb no. 12-03 November 14, 2012 assets -> 12 Step Retreats For Everyone in Twelve Step Recovery Ratner Fellowship assets -> 12 Step Retreats For Everyone in Twelve Step Recovery Ratner Fellowship assets -> Sigaccess annual Report assets -> Central Government is expected to ask the seventh pay commission to consider merging 50% dearness allowance assets -> List of accessible executive records assets -> Emergency telephone numbers Call toll-free from anywhere in France Download 2.51 Mb. Share with your friends:
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