Transportation and the market revolution

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  I. America after the Civil War
  
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    A. Effects of the war on the nation
    

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  1. Questions facing the nation after the war
  
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  2. Development in the North
  

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  a. Morrill Tariff
  
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  b. National Banking Act
  
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  c. Subsidies for transcontinental railroad
  
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  d. Homestead Act of 1862
  
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  e. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
  
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  3. Impact on the South
  
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    a. Property destroyed
    
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    b. Confederate currency and bonds worthless
    
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    c. Loss of $4 billion that had been invested in labor—the slaves
    
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    d. Problems of postwar agriculture
    
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    e. Transformation of southern society
    
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  B. Special problems of the freedmen
  
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    1. Freedmen and the confusion over citizenship
    
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    2. Hardships
    
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    3. The Freedmen’s Bureau
    
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  II. Lincoln and Reconstruction
  
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    A. Lincoln’s lenient 10 percent plan
    
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    B. Loyal governments not recognized by Congress
    
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    C. Arguments over Reconstruction
    
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    D. The Wade-Davis Bill
    
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    E. Lincoln’s philosophy of Reconstruction
    
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    F. Lincoln’s assassination
    
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  III. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
  
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    A. Johnson’s background and personality
    
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    B. Johnson’s philosophy of Reconstruction
    
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    C. Johnson’s plan
    
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      1. Comparable to Lincoln’s
      
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      2. The wealthy excluded from Johnson’s amnesty proclamation
      
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      3. Additional requirements for southern states
      
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    D. Southern states’ response to Johnson’s requirements
    
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  IV. Southern intransigence
  
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    A. Southern states had elected many ex-Confederates
    
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    B. Southern states had passed “black codes“
    
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    C. In reaction, Radical Republican strength grows in North
    
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  V. Radical Republican ascendance
  
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    A. Partisan interests of Radical Republican Reconstruction
    
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      1. Support of African American suffrage
      
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      2. Disenfranchisement of former Confederates
      
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      3. Forfeited rights of southern states
      
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    B. Johnson’s battle with Congress
    
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      1. Johnson’s waning power and influence
      
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      2. Johnson’s first veto of Freedmen’s Bureau bill upheld
      
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      3. Johnson’s veto of Civil Rights Acts of 1866 overridden
      
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      4. Johnson’s veto of revised Freedmen’s Bureau bill overridden
      
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      5. The Fourteenth Amendment
      
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        a. Citizenship rights for all Americans, including African Americans
        
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        b. Guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law
        
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        c. Tennessee ratifies first
        
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        d. Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans
        
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  VI. Congressional Reconstruction
  
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    A. Johnson’s loss of public support
    
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      1. Midwest speaking tour
      
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      2. Huge veto-proof Republican gains in 1866 election
      
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    B. Congress moves to limit Johnson’s power
    
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      1. Command of the Army Act
      
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      2. Tenure of Office Act
      
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    C. Other measures of Congressional Reconstruction
    
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      1. Military Reconstruction Act
      
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      2. Second Reconstruction Act
      
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      3. Congress protects its program from Supreme Court
      
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  VII. Impeachment and trial of Johnson
  
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    A. Johnson’s removal of secretary of war Edwin Stanton
    
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      1. Violation of Tenure of Office Act
      
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    B. House of Representatives impeaches Johnson
    
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    C. Senate trial fails to convict
    
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    D. Effects on Radicals and Johnson
    
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  VIII. Republican rule in the South
  
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    A. New governments established in southern states
    
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    B. Georgia’s readmission rescinded
    
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    C. Fifteenth Amendment protects right to vote
    
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    D. The Union League
    
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    E. Blacks in the Reconstructed South
    
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      1. Faced animosity from white southerners as well as northerners
      
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      2. Effects of military service
      
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      3. Separate churches
      
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      4. Black families
      
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      5. Black schools
      
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      6. African Americans in southern politics
      
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        a. Blacks in high positions
        
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        b. Extent of black influence in Reconstruction governments
        
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    F. White Republicans in the South
    
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      1. Carpetbaggers
      
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      2. Scalawags
      
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    G. The Republican record
    
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      1. Achievements
      
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      2. Corruption
      
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  IX. Religion and Reconstruction
  
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    A. Christians for racial justice
    
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    B. “Apostles of forgiveness“
    
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    C. Differing religious perspectives
    
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  X. Grant administration
  
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    A. Positions of parties in the 1868 election
    
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    B. Grant’s unwise cabinet appointments
    
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    C. The government’s debt
    
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      1. Debate over monetary expansion versus monetary restriction
      
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      2. Public Credit Act (1869)
      
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        a. Greenbacks withdrawn from circulation
        
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        b. Debt to be paid with gold
        
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    D. Scandals in Grant’s administration
    
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      1. Jay Gould and Jim Fisk and the gold market
      
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      2. The Crédit Mobilier scandal
      
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      3. Other scandals
      
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  XI. Further challenges to the Grant administration
  
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    A. Southern resistance to “Radical rule“
    
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    B. Formation of Ku Klux Klan
    
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    B. Terrorist activities of Klan and similar groups
    
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    C. Prosecution of such groups under new federal laws
    
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    D. Republican reformers and the election of 1872
    
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    E. Conservative resurgence
    
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      1. Ku Klux Klan weakened black and Republican morale
      
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      2. Diminished northern commitment to ideals of Reconstruction
      
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      3. Collapse of Republican control and Radical Republican regimes
      
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    F. The beginning of the panic of 1873
    
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    G. The Specie Resumption Act of 1875
    
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  XII. The election of 1876
  
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    A. Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes
    
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    B. Democrats nominate Samuel J. Tilden
    
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    C. Tone of the campaigns
    
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    D. Disputed electoral vote count
    
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      1. Congress forms special Electoral Commission to resolve
      
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    E. The Compromise of 1877
    
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      1. Election goes to Hayes
      
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      2. Reconstruction ends with last federal troops withdrawn from South
      
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    F. The legacy of Reconstruction
    

1. What were the different approaches to the Reconstruction of the Confederate states?

2. How did white southerners respond to the end of the old order in the South?

3. To what extent did blacks function as citizens in the reconstructed South?

4. What were the main issues in national politics in the 1870s?

5. Why did Reconstruction end in 1877?

WILLIAM A DUNNING EXPLAINS THE FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION IN TERMS OF CORRUPTION AND FAILURE OF GOVERNMENTS (1901)

Please read this document and answer the following questions.

The leading motive of the reconstruction had been, at the inception of the process, to insure to the freedmen an effective protection of their civil rights,—of life, liberty, and property. In the course of the process, the chief stress came to be laid on the endowment of the blacks with full political rights,—with the electoral franchise and eligibility to office. And by the time the process was complete, a very important, if not the most important part had been played by the desire and the purpose to secure to the Republican party the permanent control of several Southern states in which hitherto such a political organization had been unknown. This last motive had a plausible and widely accepted justification in the view that the rights of the negro and the "results of the war" in general would be secure only if the national government should remain indefinitely in Republican hands, and that therefore the strengthening of the party was a primary dictate of patriotism.

Through the operation of these various motives successive and simultaneous, the completion of the reconstruction showed the following situation: (1) the negroes were in the enjoyment of the equal political rights with the whites; (2) the Republican party was in vigorous life in all the Southern states, and in firm control of many of them; and (3) the negroes exercised an influence in political affairs out of all relation to their intelligence or property, and, since so many of the whites were defranchised, excessive even in proportion to their numbers. At the present day, in the same states, the negroes enjoy practically no political rights; the Republican party is but the shadow of a name; and the influence of the negroes in political affairs is nil. This contrast suggests what has been involved in the undoing of reconstruction.

Before the last state was restored to the Union the process was well under way through which the resumption of control by the whites was to be effected. The tendency in this direction was greatly promoted by conditions within the Republican party itself. Two years of supremacy in those states which had been restored in 1868 had revealed unmistakable evidences of moral and political weakness in the governments. The personnel of the party was declining in character through the return to the North of the more substantial of the carpet-baggers, who found Southern conditions, both social and industrial, far from what they had anticipated, and through the very frequent instances in which the "scalawags" ran to open disgrace. Along with this deterioration in the white element of the party, the negroes who rose to prominence and leadership were very frequently of a type which acquired and practiced the tricks and knavery rather than the useful arts of politics, and the vicious courses of these negroes strongly confirmed the prejudices of the whites. But at the same time that the incapacity of the party in power to administer any government was becoming demonstrable the problems with which it was required to cope were made by its adversaries such as would have taxed the capacity of the most efficient statesmen the world could produce. . . . No attention was paid to the claim that the manifest inefficiency and viciousness of the Republican governments afforded a partial, if not wholly adequate explanation of their overthrow. Not even the relative quiet and order that followed the triumph of the whites in these states were recognized as justifying the new regime.

[From William A. Dunning, "The Undoing of Reconstruction," Atlantic Monthly, October 1901, pp. 437–38.]

PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

OBSERVATION

1. What type of document is this? (Ex. Newspaper, telegram, map, letter, memorandum, congressional record)

2. For what audience was the document written?

EXPRESSION

1. What do you find interesting or important about this document?

2. Is there a particular phrase or section that you find particularly meaningful or surprising?

CONNECTION

1. 
   What does this document tell you about life in this culture at the time it was written?
   

Grand Review of the Union Troops

Observation

1. Which individual items within the picture are drawn to your attention?

2. List the characters, objects, and / or action in the photograph.

Expression

3. What is your overall impression of this photograph?

4. What is this photograph attempting to convey to the viewer?