Учебное пособие может быть использовано при подготовке студентов к промежуточной и итоговой аттестации, а также в процессе их самостоятельной работы по овладению рядом общекультурных

Задание 3. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 7.) все предложения, содержащие глаголы в страдательном залоге, определите время глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The French fur traders (to carry) on a profitable trade with the Indians during the whole 15^th century.
   
2. 
   Canada (to occupy) a major northern portion of North America.
   
3. 
   Canada produced one of the most successful sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1000 (to launch) since they (to produce) initially in 1961.
   
4. 
   The English and French languages (to speak) in Canada.
   
5. 
   If you go to Canada, you (to notice) the English and French languages on maps, tourist brochures and product labels.
   

Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:

1. 
   The French influence of Quebec can be seen in architecture, music, food and religion.
   
2. 
   You should visit the Rocky Mountains with two gigantic national parks – Banff to the south and Jasper to the north.
   
3. 
   The inhabitants of the Prairies with golden fields of wheat and sunflowers might be heard to sigh “the Rocky Mountains may be nice but they get in the way of the view”.
   

Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную, обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. 
   The Canadian asked the tourist, “What sights do you know in Toronto?”
   
2. 
   He said, “The CN Tower is the world’s tallest free-standing structure.”
   
3. 
   The tourist asked, “Show me the Art Gallery of Ontario, please.”
   

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы.

2. Canada, bounded by the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Alaska, Greenland, and the USA, possesses a diverse landscape, ranging from the Arctic tundra of the north to the great wheat lands of the central area. About two per cent of the Canadian territory is covered by glacier ice. Westward are the Rocky Mountains, and in the southeast the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and Niagara Falls. Canada offers a huge range of places of interest, from large cosmopolitan cities such as Montreal and Toronto in the south to isolated Inuit (Eskimo) settlements around the frozen shores of Hudson Bay.

3. The climate of Canada is much varied. The climate in the eastern and central parts of Canada is continental with hot summers and cold winters. In the south-western and southern parts of the country the climate is mild. Canadian south is known for its changeable weather. The west of the country has a mild and humid climate thanks to a warm Pacific country.

4. Canada’s people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32% – some French ancestry. English and French are official languages in Canada. Nowadays American Indians and Eskimos make up only about 2% of the population. The population density, 3.3 inhabitants per sq. km., is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, (situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario) along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River in the southeast.

5. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products (wheat, canola, and other grains – in the Canadian Prairies). Canada is the largest producer of zinc and uranium, gold, nickel, aluminium, and lead. Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada is an industrial nation with a highly developed science and technology sector. Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.
Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What natural regions is Canada divided into?
   
2. 
   How diverse is the Canadian landscape?
   
3. 
   How does the climate vary in Canada?
   
4. 
   What is the most densely populated part of the country?
   
5. 
   What diversity in economy does Canada have?
   

Вариант 5

1. 
   At the end of the 16^th centuries in Moscow there … three walls with towers surrounding the Kremlin, the Kitay-Gorod and the White City.
   
2. 
   In 2017 Moscow will celebrate its 870^th anniversary. There … an exhibition opened dedicated to this date.
   
3. 
   There … some kremlins (“fortresses”) in old Russian cities like Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Nijniy Novgorod and others.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определив видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив:

1. 
   Iron ore deposits near Magnitogorsk in the Ural Mountains have been largely depleted.
   
2. 
   Copper and nickel ores are mined mainly in the Urals.
   
3. 
   Russia is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.
   
4. 
   By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire.
   
5. 
   St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great, who ordered to name it in honour of his patron saint in 1703.
   

1. 
   Since it was first mentioned in chronicles of 1147, Moscow (to play) a vital role in Russian history.
   
2. 
   In 1156 a small estate of Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy (to surround) with a wall of oak logs and (to become) a town with a fortress.
   
3. 
   By the 16^th century a single Russian state (to form).
   
4. 
   Nowadays Russia gradually (to grow) stronger and stronger.
   
5. 
   There is a wide program of planting greenery in Moscow, the new monuments (to erect) and a new park (to lay out) in the nearest future.
   

Задание 5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы, подчеркните данные глаголы:

1. 
   During the 8^th and 9^th centuries the question whether religious images might be painted was urgent.
   
2. 
   One of the most notable figures was Andrey Rublyov, whose works can be viewed in both the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
   
3. 
   The novelist Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy must be discussed in exactly contrary terms; he dwelt in the irrational, explored the depths of experience, and found his dramas in extremes of human behaviour.
   

Задание 6. Преобразуйте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную, обращая внимание на порядок слов в косвенной речи, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. 
   The girl asked her granny, “When will you show me the Kremlin?”
   
2. 
   She said, “I want to see the Tsar Bell. Is it big?”
   
3. 
   Granny answered, “Please, don’t ask so many questions at once.”
   

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы.

2. At 17,075,400 square kilometres, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation in the world with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is the world's largest energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

3. Due to the large territory, the climate and nature are of various types in Russia. In Siberia, for example, the climate is continental, it is very cold in winter, but summers may be very hot and dry. In the Central part of Russia the climate is rather mild: winters are seldom too cold, and summers are more often warm than cold. The climate in the south is tropical, with hot summers and warm winters; the temperature is usually above zero all the year round.

4. Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's arable land. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus and the Altai; and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europe and Asia. Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 km (22,991 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black and Caspian seas.

5. Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water providing it with one of the world's largest surface water resources. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone contains over one fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Other major lakes include Ladoga'>Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of total renewable water resources. Of the country's 100,000 rivers, the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What countries does Russia have maritime borders with?
   
2. 
   What position does Russia have among other countries according to some characteristics?
   
3. 
   How does the climate differ on the whole territory of Russia?
   
4. 
   Where are the mountain ranges of Russia situated?
   
5. 
   What are the lakes (Baikal, Ladoga and Onega) known for?
   

2 КУРС
Контрольная работа № 1

1. 
   Причастия I, II.
   
2. 
   Герундий. Формы герундия.
   
3. 
   Инфинитив. Формы инфинитива.
   
4. 
   Многозначность глаголов.
   
5. 
   Синтаксические функции причастий, герундия и инфинитива в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык.
   
6. 
   Сложные причастия. Комплексы с причастием.
   

Вариант 1

1. 
   Having passed both the Houses the bill became a law.
   
2. 
   Being divided into 11 judicial circuits the USA has a Federal Court of Appeal in each circuit.
   
3. 
   The evidence proved to be very important
   
4. 
   Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role in society.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The investigating officer supposed the discovered evidence to be linked with the suspect.
   
2. 
   Having tried this uneasy case the court passed a sentence.
   
3. 
   Being elected for a term of 4 years the President is to carry out the programme of the government.
   
4. 
   We expect our future detectives to learn how to use informants through personal experience.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Having finished the translation we gave it to the teacher.
   
2. 
   I would like you to do it.
   
3. 
   They are likely to discuss the contract terms tomorrow.
   
4. 
   They heard her talking about it loudly.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно части 3 и 4.

1. Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 89 constituent entities (republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, the autonomous regions and autonomous area, which have equal rights). The authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently from the federal government. The laws and other normative legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. The President of the Russian Federation has the right to suspend the actions of acts of executive bodies of Russian Federation members if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, or the international obligations of the Russian Federation.

2. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its separation into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Federal Assembly — the Parliament of Russia — is the supreme representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. Executive power belongs to the central and local governments. Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts of law only. Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal judicial proceedings.

3. The President is elected to office for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, direct and equal suffrage by secret ballot. One and the same person cannot serve as President for more than two terms in succession. The President stops performing his duties ahead of time if he resigns, because of impeachment, or if he cannot continue to carry out his duties due to poor health. Elections of a new President are to take place within three months and in the meantime his duties are acted upon by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation:

4.

— appoints, with the consent of the State Duma the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, chairs the meetings of the government, accepts the resignation of the government;

— nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation, and the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation for appointment by the Federation Council;

— organizes and chairs the Security Council of Russia;

— is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and appoints and dismisses the supreme commanders of the Armed Forces;

— appoints diplomatic representatives for approval by the Parliament. He confers supreme military and supreme special titles and honorary titles of the state;

— has the right to show mercy and to decide of issues of citizenship;

— has the right to introduce the state of emergency throughout the country or in a particular territory within the Russian Federation;

— dissolves the State Duma;

— announces elections ahead of time and passes the decision to conduct a referendum on federal issues, etc.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.

1. 
   What type of state is Russia?
   
2. 
   In which case does the President have the right to suspend acts passed by local executive bodies?
   
3. 
   When does the President stop performing his duties ahead of time?
   

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и переведите их.

1. 
   Our laws are known to protect interests of all the people.
   
2. 
   The witness saw that woman enter the house.
   
3. 
   There is a need for drawing a distinction between crimes and those violation of law which are not criminal.
   
4. 
   If read, this article must be discussed.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   A wise legislator will prevent crime instead of inventing punishment for it.
   
2. 
   After having been identified the offender was arrested by police.
   
3. 
   The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts collected during the investigation.
   
4. 
   The material evidence to be examined in the FBI Laboratory will be sufficient to convict the defendant.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Having received the telegram I harried to meet my friend.
   
2. 
   He is known to work at this problem.
   
3. 
   They saw the man crossing the street quickly.
   
4. 
   She is upset at her son being accused of bad conduct at school.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно части 1 и 3.

2. The Federation Council has power:

— to approve changes of borders between members of the Russian Federation;

— to approve the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;

— to approve the decree of the President on the introduction of the state of emergency;

— to decide the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation beyond its territory;

— to call the elections of the President of the Russian Federation;

— to remove the President of Russia from office by impeachment;

— to appoint the judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation;

— to appoint and remove from office the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation;

— to appoint the Deputy Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its auditors and to remove them from office.

3. The State Duma has power:

— to approve the nominee of the President of the Russian Federation to the office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

— to appoint the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and to remove him from office;

— to appoint the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its auditors and to remove them from office;

— to appoint an Office for Human Rights, who acts in accordance with a federal constitutional law, and to remove him from office;

— to declare amnesty;

— to bring charges against the President of the Russian Federation for the purpose of removing him from office by impeachment.

1. 
   What kind of a working body is the Federal Assembly?
   
2. 
   Do the Federal Council and the State Duma have the right to conduct closed sessions?
   
3. 
   Who decides the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation beyond its territory?
   

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и переведите их.

1. 
   If you hadn’t persuaded me, I wouldn’t have trusted him with my money.
   
2. 
   I would give you his address if I knew it.
   
3. 
   If you invite her, she will come.
   
4. 
   Had anyone been watching, he would have been greatly surprised.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Who is responsible for the criminals not having been arrested yet?
   
2. 
   The man was accused of having violated the traffic rules.
   
3. 
   The evidence to be found at a crime scene is very important for the investigation.
   
4. 
   Having been signed by the President the resolution came into force all over the country.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Having had breakfast she went to the Institute.
   
2. 
   She said it was time for you to get rid of this bad habit.
   
3. 
   They are said to have travelled a lot.
   
4. 
   Oleg’s refusing our help is regrettable.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

The Government (executive power) of the Russian Federation is composed of the Chairman of the Government (the Prime Minister), Deputy Chairman of the Government and the federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. The State Duma considers the candidate for the office of Chairman of the Government proposed by the President of the Russian Federation within a week of the submission of the nomination of the candidate.

After the State Duma rejects three candidates to the office of Chairman of the Government, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma, and calls new elections. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposes to the President his candidates to the offices of Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.

The Government of the Russian Federation has power:

— to prepare and submit to the State Duma the federal budget and ensure its execution; submit to the State Duma a report on the implementation of the federal budget;

— to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform financial, credit, and monetary policy;

— to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform state policy in the fields of culture, science, education, health protection, social security, and ecology;

— to manage federal property;

— to carry out measures aimed to ensure the defense and state security of the country and the pursuit of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

— to carry out measures aimed to ensure legality, protect human rights, personal freedoms and property, maintain public order, and combat crime.

1. 
   What is the head of the Government of the Russian Federation?
   
2. 
   Who appoints the chairman of the Government?
   
3. 
   Does the Government has the right to remove the President of the Russian Federation by impeachment?
   

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и переведите их.

1. 
   The students liked the lessons to be conducted in the lab.
   
2. 
   He was expected to arrive in the morning.
   
3. 
   Adequate patrol is an effective means of preventing crime.
   
4. 
   He sat watching TV, the newspaper being forgotten on his knees.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The crime to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames.
   
2. 
   Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice.
   
3. 
   The largest collection of the fingerprints in the world is maintained in the Identification Division of the FBI.
   
4. 
   This robbery is supposed to have been committed last week.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Being left alone he decided to finished his work.
   
2. 
   Having been signed by both sides the treaty came into force soon.
   
3. 
   Broken by the wind the tree was lying on the road.
   
4. 
   It’s time for you to look for another job.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts of law only. Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal judicial proceedings. Citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of twenty-five, have a higher legal education, and have a record of work in the legal profession of no less than five years, may become judges. Federal law may set additional requirements for the judges of the Russian Federation courts. Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law.

Proceedings in all courts are open. Hearings in camera are only allowed in cases provided for by federal law. No criminal charge is considered in a court in the absence of the defendant, except for the cases provided for by federal law. Judicial proceedings are conducted on the basis of adversary procedure and equality of the parties. They are conducted with the participation of a jury in cases provided for by federal law.

There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance (appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court, from the district court to the Supreme Court of the state may sit as a court of first instance. In almost all cases it is possible to appeal to higher court for reconsideration of the decision of the first instance court. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.

1. 
   What is the aim of justice in Russia?
   
2. 
   Who can become judges?
   
3. 
   What is the function of a court of first instance?
   

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и переведите их.

1. 
   One of the functions of the FBI is operating a national crime laboratory.
   
2. 
   The police suspected him of having been prosecuted before.
   
3. 
   That investigator is expected to be an experienced lawyer.
   
4. 
   The person to be identified committed a serious crime.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните неличные формы глагола. Определите их форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has.
   
2. 
   The plant having been built here will produce radio-sets.
   
3. 
   On hearing this he became very sad.
   
4. 
   It’s time the problem to be dealt with.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и подчеркните обороты с неличными формами. Определите, какие это обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The lawyer was surprised at his trainee’s having made so many mistakes.
   
2. 
   Looking through the documents he came across a very interesting photograph.
   
3. 
   The students are glad to be taught law by experiences attorneys.
   
4. 
   He saw them examining the contract terms carefully.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial authority on civil, criminal, administrative and other cases within the jurisdiction of the common pleas courts. The Supreme Court is charged with supervising subordinate courts and resolving disputes between them. The Supreme Court regularly issues instructions to inferior courts directing them in the handling of various types of cases or pointing out mistakes and shortcomings in their practice. Subordinate to the Russian Federation Supreme Court are courts of the constituent national republics, regions and territories, as well as the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial authority in settling economic and other disputes within the jurisdiction of the courts of arbitration.

The judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court are appointed by the Federation Council upon nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.

At the lowest level of the judicial hierarchy are the city and district courts (formerly known as "people's courts"), that exist in towns and rural districts, as well as in urban districts of large cities. These courts function as the courts of first instance for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту в задании 4.

1. 
   What is the main function of the Constitutional Court?
   
2. 
   What does the Supreme Court deal with?
   
3. 
   Whom are the judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court appointed by?
   

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста (Зад. 4.) юридические термины и переведите их.

1. 
   Сложное предложение: условные предложения трех типов.
   
2. 
   Наклонение: повелительное (повторение), изъявительное, сослагательное.
   

1. 
   He asked if we could help him.
   
2. 
   They wondered if that was her house.
   
3. 
   I would do it if I knew that it was important.
   
4. 
   I will call you if I learn any information about it.
   
5. 
   Take an umbrella in case it rains.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения. Укажите наклонение этих предложений:

а) изъявительное наклонение,

б) повелительное наклонение,

в) сослагательное наклонение.

1. 
   It is not necessary that the criminal act be the sole cause of death, but only that it be a recognizable causal factor.
   
2. 
   It is important that the prosecutor should not have the conviction psychology.
   
3. 
   All persons will be punished alike for the same acts.
   
4. 
   Use a variety of investigative techniques to develop confidential and other information sources.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   They will understand if you explain your problem.
   
2. 
   It will be hard to protect him if he doesn’t want it.
   
3. 
   Grant thought he might be staying at the hotel if he had more money on him.
   
4. 
   If you hadn’t persuaded me, I wouldn’t have trusted him with my money.
   

Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Increasingly, Russian attorneys are establishing their own law firms, independent of the colleges and consultation bureaus. Such private law firms began on an experimental basis in Moscow and St. Petersburg and are rapidly spreading throughout Russia.

With the collapse of the USSR, former Union of Soviet Advocates has fragmented into three organizations. The International Union of Advocates endeavors to unite all advocates of the former Soviet Union. Closely associated with it is the Russian Union of Advocates. Both associations favor preserving the existing system of colleges and consultation bureaus. A rival organization, the Association of Russian Advocates, draws on support from provincial lawyers who resist the collegiate structure and dominance of Moscow and St. Petersburg lawyers in the other organizations.

The International Union and its affiliate Union of Russian Advocates claim a membership of about 40 percent of all advocates. while the association's membership represents approximately 30 percent of the profession. The remaining advocates apparently are not affiliated with and professional organization.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4).

1. 
   Who provides representation to citizens in civil and criminal cases?
   
2. 
   What questions can citizens seek at the consultation bureaus?
   
3. 
   What does the constitution provide for people accused of criminal offences?
   
4. 
   What right did the advocates demand?
   
5. 
   What three organizations has the former Union of Soviet Advocates fragmented into?
   

Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   Phil wouldn’t have told her anything unless he had known her to be discreet.
   
2. 
   Some politicians find the absence of sharp differences in the views of Republicans and Democrats advantageous.
   
3. 
   Had they asked me first, everything would have been fine.
   
4. 
   Arresting a person is taking him into custody for the purpose of charging him with a specific offence.
   
5. 
   It should be noted that the main functions of police work are maintaining public order and enforcing laws.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения. Укажите наклонение этих предложений:

а) изъявительное наклонение,

б) повелительное наклонение,

в) сослагательное наклонение.

1. 
   It is essential that the juvenile offender be able to help the delinquent to understand his problems and correct his delinquent behavior.
   
2. 
   There can be no conviction unless the guilt of the defendant is established.
   
3. 
   It is imperative that those acts that may lead to punishment should be known.
   
4. 
   It is required that the arrested persons should be isolated from each other.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   If I had been asked to give my opinion at the moment, I would have been able to answer.
   
2. 
   Everybody would be surprised if he were charged with a crime.
   
3. 
   If some people didn’t split their vote, there would be a different winner at the election.
   
4. 
   I wish I had not made this mistake.
   

Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

The Department of Public Safety may include a building inspector and a traffic engineer. The office of the building inspector issues construction permits to contractors. It sends out employees to inspect new and old buildings. These officials check for violations of the building code, the local rules for safety. Employees of the city's traffic engineering bureau study traffic patterns and recommend places for one-way streets, traffic lights, stop signs, and so on.

The Public Works Department is responsible for the maintenance of streets and sewers (pipes that carry wastes). Its employees clean the streets and collect garbage. Most cities hire private contractors for major construction projects and repairs.

The Department of Public Utilities usually provides water, gas, and electricity, and in some places, it runs transportation lines. It also operates water purification plants. Employees of the department read the utility meters on each building to determine monthly billing.

The Department of Public Health sends inspectors out to restaurants, food-processing plants, nursing homes, and similar places. If a place has violated local health or sanitation laws, the department issues warnings and instructions. It can impose penalties if violations are not corrected.

Other divisions of the health department run clinics that provide low-income people with free health services, such as chest X-rays, lab tests, and baby care. They may also offer health education.

The Department of Social Services is concerned with the welfare of people who need help, such as young children, the disabled, the elderly, and the blind. Most of the money for these programs comes from state and federal tax funds.

The Department of Parks and Recreation maintains parks and other recreational facilities, such as community centers, swimming pools, tennis courts, and baseball fields. It may also provide recreational programs (instruction in sports, dances, classes, etc.).

Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   Do the services of local government departments differ from one city to another?
   
2. 
   What departments do volunteers run?
   
3. 
   What does the department of Public Utilities provide?
   
4. 
   What department is concerned with the welfare of people who need help?
   

Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   It is reasonable that the nature of offence importantly affect the probability of having a known suspect.
   
2. 
   Interviewing skills are chiefly learned on the job.
   
3. 
   Should the police be able to apprehend 25 per cent more suspects, the effect of this increase on the amount of work of the prosecutor and court could be very great.
   
4. 
   A society would not tolerate a situation in which all laws are enforced against all people in all circumstances.
   
5. 
   The police officer suggested that a suspect should go to the police station to be interviewed there.
   

а) изъявительное наклонение,

б) повелительное наклонение,

в) сослагательное наклонение.

1. 
   The policeman could identify the offender if he saw him.
   
2. 
   I wish I could take part in this investigation.
   
3. 
   Should the police be given the opportunity which laws to enforce and against whom they shall be enforced?
   
4. 
   It is essential to have profound knowledge of law at work of a policeman.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   If I had been asked to give my opinion at the moment, I wouldn’t have been able to answer and would have had to say I didn’t know.
   
2. 
   I wish they had come earlier.
   
3. 
   The alarm will ring if there is a fire.
   
4. 
   He would be very grateful if you helped him.
   

Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

Some of the early political parties, such as the Federalists and the Whigs, no longer exist. Since 1854 the two major parties have been the Democrats and the Republicans. Smaller parties have lasted for only a short time. "Third parties" have won in local elections, but their candidates have never won a Presidential election.

Many people say that there is not much difference between the Republican and Democratic Parties. "Liberal" politicians usually favor reform (change) and progress. "Conservative" politicians usually oppose change, but both liberal and conservative members belong to the two major political parties, and their ideas often change with the times and the issues.

The Democratic Party is the oldest party in the United States. In 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first Democratic President. Since that time, the issues of the nation and the ideas of the party have changed. Both the major parties have liberal and conservative members, but in general people consider the Democrats today more liberal than the Republicans. Democrats often want the government to establish social programs for people in need, such as the poor, the unemployed, and the elderly. They usually say they believe in equal rights for women and minorities and they oppose nuclear weapons and too much military spending. The symbol of the Democratic Party (from political cartoons) is the donkey.

The Republican Party, sometimes called the G.O.P. (the Grand Old Party), began in 1854 over the issue of slavery. Republicans oppose slavery. The first Republican candidate to become President was Abraham Lincoln. After the Civil War, Republicans got interested in farm, land, and business issues.

In general, Republicans vote more conservatively than Democrats. They want the government to support big business but not to control the lives of citizens. They often oppose government spending for social programs but support military spending. The party symbol is the elephant.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   Which party is the oldest in the USA?
   
2. 
   What party did Abraham Lincoln belong to?
   
3. 
   What party did Andrew Jackson belong to?
   
4. 
   What are the parties’ symbols?
   

Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   I will be surprised if they get married.
   
2. 
   Millions of cases come to trial every year.
   
3. 
   The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of power in America.
   
4. 
   As evidence is found, it should be marked, carefully packaged, each article separately and placed in some locality where it will not be destroyed or contaminated, until it is transported to a laboratory.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения. Укажите наклонение этих предложений:

а) изъявительное наклонение,

б) повелительное наклонение,

в) сослагательное наклонение.

1. 
   Most states require that the person employing self-defense use no force greater than that needed to protect himself reasonably.
   
2. 
   There can be no conviction unless the guilt of the defendant is established.
   
3. 
   The investigator should provide the evidence of guilt lest the defendant be acquitted.
   
4. 
   I wish they had prevented the evidence from being contaminated.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   If police work were seen mostly as a broad category of occupations which deal with people who are difficult to handle, individuals would enter police work because they wanted to help people.
   
2. 
   If the investigator had had more evidence, he would have been able to prove the case.
   
3. 
   If fingerprints are not found at the scene of the crime, the perpetrator will not be identified.
   
4. 
   One must put himself in the place of the criminal. What the investigator himself do if he were in the same situation and under the same conditions?
   

Задание 4. Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

The U.S. Constitution gave the federal government only limited powers, the powers stated in the Constitution. All other powers belong, to the individual states. The Founding Fathers established three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Each branch has different functions and powers under the principle of separation of powers. There is also a system of checks and balances so that each branch has some control over the other two branches. This way no one group can have too much power.

U.S. citizens do not vote on federal laws because the U.S. system of government is a representative democracy, but they do choose the President and Vice President of the United States. However, the system of electing these officials is an indirect one.

When voters choose candidates on election day, they are actually voting for presidential "electors". The numbers of electors in each state is equal to the number of senators and representatives from that state in Congress. Because states with large populations have more representatives than states with fewer people, they have more power in an election. The Electoral College is based on a "winner-take-all" system. The winner of the majority of votes in each state gets all of that state's electoral votes. For example, the candidate with over fifty percent of the popular (total) vote in California gets all of that state's electoral votes, even if he or she won with only a small majority.

Because of the Electoral College system, occasionally the candidate with the majority of the popular vote loses the presidential election. This is unusual, however.

In December the electors meet in their state capitals to cast their votes and send them to the U.S. Senate. On January 6 the members of Congress meet to count the votes.
Задание 5. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту (Зад. 4.).

1. 
   What do the US citizens vote for?
   
2. 
   What kind of states have more power on elections and why?
   
3. 
   When do the electors meet to cast their votes?
   
4. 
   When do they count the votes?
   

Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4.).

Вариант 5
Задание 1. Прочтите предложения. Укажите номера условных предложений. Переведите условные предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   An expert listens to the evidence for the first time when it is given at the trial.
   
2. 
   An expert would have interpreted the evidence in a different way if he had visited the scene of a crime.
   
3. 
   It is of primary importance that the greatest care should be taken to prevent any possible contamination of various samples.
   
4. 
   A practice of forcing a suspected tool to see if it fits a mark could destroy the individuality of a particular mark.
   
5. 
   If the criminals were more careful, the police could not establish their identity.
   

Задание 2. Перепишите предложения. Укажите наклонение этих предложений:

а) изъявительное наклонение,

б) повелительное наклонение,

в) сослагательное наклонение.

1. 
   On arriving at a crime scene the inspector first removed objects of possible evidential value.
   
2. 
   If articles of evidential value had been found, they would have been transported to a laboratory.
   
3. 
   Remove and photograph objects from the crime scene.
   
4. 
   Physical evidence is something that can be presented in court as a physical object.
   

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   If I knew her better, I would introduce you.
   
2. 
   If he had known you were away, he wouldn’t have come.
   
3. 
   The car wouldn’t beak so often if you had it serviced more often.
   
4. 
   If you want to do it, you will have to have a permit.
   

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и переведите его на русский язык.

4. 
   What is the principal task of our militia?
   
5. 
   What does quick and accurate solution of a crime depend on?
   
6. 
   What are the duties of the investigator?
   
7. 
   What is the detective responsible for?
   

Задание 6. Составьте тематический словарь на основе текста (Зад. 4).