Appendix
I
THE EMS TELEGRAM AND BISMARCK'S PRESS COMMUNIQUÉ
The Ems Telegram as sent by the King of Prussia:
"His Majesty writes to me: 'Count Benedetti spoke to me on the promenade, in order to de-mand from me, finally in a very importunate manner, that I should authorise him to telegraph at once that I bound myself for all future time never again to give my consent if the Hohenzollerns should renew their candidature. I refused at last somewhat sternly as it is neither right nor possible to undertake engagements of this kind a tout jamais. I told him that I had as yet received no news, and as he was earlier informed from Paris and Madrid than myself, he could see clearly that my Government had no more interest in the matter.' His Majesty has since received a letter from Prince Charles Anthony. His Majesty having told Count Benedetti that he was awaiting news from the Prince, has decided, with reference to the above demand, on the suggestion of Count Eulenberg and myself, not to receive Count Benedetti again, but only to let him be informed through an aide-de-camp: 'That his Majesty has now received from the Prince confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already received from Paris, and had nothing further to say to the Ambassador.' His Majesty leaves it to your Excellency to decide whether Benedetti's fresh demand and its rejection should be at once communicated both to our ambassadors abroad and to the Press."
As issued by Bismarck to the Press:
"After the news of the renunciation of the hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern had been offi-cially communicated to the Imperial Government of France by the Royal Government of Spain, the French Ambassador further demanded of his Majesty, the King, at Ems, that he would authorise him to telegraph to Paris that his Majesty, the King, bound himself
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for all time never again to give his consent should the Hohenzollerns renew their candidature. His Majesty, the King, thereupon decided not to receive the French Ambassador again, and sent the aide-de-camp on duty to tell him that his Majesty had nothing further to communicate to the Ambassador."
II
THE AUSTRIAN DEMANDS ON SERBIA IN 1914
1 Suppression of anti-Austrian publications.
2 Dissolution of a named anti-Austrian propaganda society.
3 Elimination from public instruction of anti-Austrian propaganda.
4 Removal from the Government service of all officers and functionaries guilty of such propaganda, the Austrian Government to supply the names.
5 Serbia to accept the collaboration in Serbia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government for the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the monarchy.
6 Serbia to take judicial proceedings against accessories to the plot of the 28th June (assassination) who are on Serbian territory; delegates of the Austro-Hungarian Government will take part in the investigations relating thereto.
7 To proceed at once to the arrest of two named men.
8 To prevent the illicit traffic in arms across the frontier.
9 To furnish explanations as to certain utterances of high Serbian officials who have expressed themselves in terms of hostility against the Austro-Hungarian Government.
10 To notify that Government, without delay, of the execution of the above measures.
The Serbian Government accepted all the above demands with the exception of demands 5 and
6. Demand 6 the Serbs rejected outright. Demand 5 they answered in such a manner as to imply rejection.
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III
RESOLUTION BY GERMAN EX-SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS
On the occasion of the debate on the General Convention and the European Defence Treaty, the undersigned associations having regard to the problem of "war-criminals," have passed the following resolution on the question of a German defence contribution:
The undersigned associations note with satisfaction that Theodor Blank, the Federal Chancellor's Commissioner, has adopted their view that no German can be expected to don a military uniform again until the question of "war-criminals" has been satisfactorily settled.
Article 6 of the "Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation" provides no satisfactory solution. Moreover it does not deal with the question of German soldiers detained outside the Federal Republic of Germany and of the two German soldiers detained in Spandau. Article 6, furthermore, provides for an uncertain and lengthy investigation procedure to become effective only upon the ratification of the Conventions whereby Germans become liable for military service.
The consequence of this would be that German soldiers would have to place themselves on the side of the soldiers belonging to Powers which—in violation of the spirit of the Charter on Human Rights, in particular of Articles 5 to 7— unjustly hold former German soldiers prisoner.
A German contingent formed under such circumstances within a European Army would of necessity be devoid of that soldiers' ethos which is the back-bone of every Army, and it would be exposed to the contempt of the contingents from other States. Its own nation, too, would look upon it rather as a foreign mercenary troop than as a concrete expression, arising from general conviction, of German willingness to provide a contribution to the defence of freedom.
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We therefore urge a solution to the problem of "war criminals" before the formation of German contingents. A general amnesty, as a political measure, provides, in our opinion, the best possibility for an early solution to the problem. It is emphasised that crimes committed for base motives should not be included in it. Should another method be considered more practicable, there is no objection to it in so far as the problem be solved by it as quickly and thoroughly as by a general amnesty. We are thinking e.g. of the application of release on parole for all those who were of necessity convinced of the legality of their actions, coupled with the obligation to report later to the investigating committee. In appealing to the Charter on Human Rights, we urge in particular the immediate liberation of all who were sentenced by virtue of retroactive laws and of those who even to-day have not been sentenced or accused.
The decision concerning a German defence contribution is a political decision on which the political parties have different opinions. As the undersigned associations number among their members adherents to all the parties supporting our State, they do not feel competent to take a positive or negative attitude to the defence contribution.
The undersigned associations, however, expect the Federal Government and every member of the Bundestag to make the ratification of the Conventions dependent upon a solution, in the spirit of this resolution, of the problem of "war criminals":
Passed by the following Associations—representing 2 million German soldiers—listed in alphabetical order:
Federation of Emergency Associations of Former Professional Members of the Labour Service (Bund der Notgemeinschaften ehemaliger berufsmässiger Arbeitsdienstangehöriger) Bad Godesberg, Gerhard Rohlfsstr 4.
Federation of German War Wounded and Surviving Dependents (BdKK)
(Bund Deutscher Kriegsbeschädigter und Kriegshinterbliebener (BdKK)
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Düsseldorf, Adersstr. 47.
The Association of Former Fighter Pilots (Gemeinschaft ehemaliger Jagdflieger) München, Schneckenburgerstr. 37 a
Air Force Circle (Luftwaffenring) Gutersloh/Westfalen, Ostring 10.
The Traditional Association of "Greater Germany" (Traditionsgemeinschaft Grossdeutschland) Bosingfeld 394, Krs. Lemgo.
German Association of Repatriates, Prisoners-of-War and Dependents of Missing Persons (Verband der Heimkehrer, Kriegsgefangenen und Vermissten-Angehörigen Deutschlands e.V.) Bonn, Sternstr. 63
German Association of War Wounded, Surviving Relatives and Social Insurance Pensioners (Verband der Kriegsbeschädigten, Kriegshinterbliebenen und Sozialrentner Deutschlands e.V.) Bad Godesberg, Deutschherrenstr. 62.
Association of German Soldiers/Federation of Professional Soldiers (Verband Deutscher Soldaten/Bund der Berufssoldaten) Bonn, Argelanderstr. 59
Association of Former Members of the German Afrika Corps (Verband ehemaliger Angehoriger des Deutschen Afrikakorps) Iserlohn, Gartenstr. 75
Association of Former Members of the Flying Corps (Verband ehemaliger Fliegerkorpsangehöriger) Lübeck, Am Burgfeld 6-7.
F. D. R. der Abschrift.
(Sgd) KEILIG
Bonn, 14th July, 1952.
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IV
ADDENDA
(p. a) The London Times of July 16, 1870 had this to say about Prussia:
The greatest national crime that we have had the pain of recording in these columns since the days of the First French Empire has been consummated. War is declared—an unjust, but premeditated war. The dire calamity, which overwhelms Europe with dismay, is, it is now too clear, the act of France, of one man in France. It is the ultimate result of personal rule.
There can be no doubt as to the side on which the world's sympathies will be enlisted, and, whatever may on former occasions have been the offenses of Prussia, she will in this instance have on her side all that moral support which is seldom denied to those who take up arms in self-defence. (Cited in Gustav Stolper, German Realities; New York, Reynal & Hitch-cock, 1948, p. 218).
(p. 166) The publication in 1954 of the volume of the British Official History dealing with the Dunkirk evacuation has caused doubts to be raised as to the accuracy of above-quoted statement of General Blumentritt. The present author immediately got in touch with the General, who replied to the following effect: He would not, he said, guarantee that Hitler did actually make that explanation of his motives in stopping the German armour going in to the attack on Dunkirk at the time he stopped it. There were, indeed, other reasons current at that time for Hitler's action. But General Blumentritt was positive of two things. One was that it was Hitler's personal order alone, strongly challenged by von Runstedt, von Brauchitsch, Halder, and Guderian, which kept the German armour off. The other was that a few days earlier. Hitler had talked for over an hour to the top-ranking officers of his hope for an early settlement with England. And Blumentritt added that he and many others are still convinced that this hope played a definite part in causing Hitler to give the order he did, an order which to the high officers most concerned seemed utterly inconceivable and against which they protested bitterly.
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INDEX
Abadan, 152
Abyssinia, 213
Adenauer, Herr, 184
Admiralty, British, 7, l0, 11, 14, 20
Agadir Crisis, 8, 14, 15, 59, 60
Aggression, 94
Air bombing—'The Splendid Decision,' 126, 127
Alsace-Lorraine, 53, 68, 74, 81, 85, 181, 208
Altrincham, Lord, 161
American Independence, War of, 30
Amiens, Peace of, 128, 204
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 30
ANZUS, 224
'Armed Neutrality,' 121
Asquith, Mr. (Lord), 8
Atlantic Charter, 95, 96, 97, 98,
Augustenburg, Prince of, 40
Austerlitz, 19, 89, 202
Babel, Tower of, 217
Baldwin, Hanson W., 249, 250
Baldwin, Stanley, 206
Baltic, 9, 10, 11, 14, 43
Barnes, Dr. Harry Elmer, 78
Belgium, 11, 163, 242
Bevan, Aneurin, 158
Bismarck, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 169, 207, 209, 209
'Black and Tans,' 66
Blücher, Marshal, 28, 30, 31
Blumentritt, General, 165, 166
Boers, Boer War, 120, 143, 187, 204, 205, 206
Books mentioned:
Barnes, H. E., Genesis of World War, 78
Bryce, Lord, Holy Roman Empire, 53
Cecil, A., Queen Victoria & her Prime Ministers, 255
Churchill, Sir W., The Second World War, 105, 159, 172
Fisher, H. A. L., History of Europe, 57, 101
Fisher, Lord, Memories, 7, 8, 9
Gooch and Temperley, "British Documents," 73
Grey, Lord, Twenty-Five Years, 16, 17, 18, 20
Grigg, Sir E., Britain looks at Germany, 161
Haldane, Lord, Before the War, 6, 16
Richard Burdon Haldane, 6
Harington, General, Tim Harington looks back, 226, 227
Hastings, Sir P., Autobiography, 68
Hinsley, F. H., Hitler's Strategy, 87, 114
Huddleston, S., Pétain, Patriot or traitor?, 105, 123, 190
Liddell Hart, B. S., The other Side of the Hill, 114, 165
Lowes Dickinson, The International Anarchy, 70, 71, 74, 77, 243
Maclean, Fitzroy, Eastern Approaches, 103
Morhardt, M., Les Preuves, 78, 79
Roosevelt, Elliott, As He Saw It, 233
Tansill, C. C., Back Door to War, 137,138
Thompson, R., Cry Korea, 189
Trevelyan, G. M., History of England, 169
Vansittart, Sir R., Black Record, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35
Veale, F. J. P., Advance to Barbarism, 193
Bosnia, 64, 65
Bradley, General Omar, 133, 250
Brest, 13
Bretagne, French Battleship, 122
British Investments, 167
Buckmaster, Lord, 84
Bullitt, Ambassador, 138
Burgess, Mr. W. R., 153
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H., 4
Casablanca, 57
Castlereagh, Lord, 176, 178, 180, 209, 211
Cavour, 43, 45
Chamberlain, Neville, 136, 137, 172
Channel Ports, 12, 243
Charlemagne, 27, 37
Charlton, Mr. Warwick, 149,
Chiang Kai-shek, 161
Chichester, Bishop of, 99, 201
Churchill, Mr. (Sir W.), 14, 15, 24, 59 n, 91 et seq:
Clausewitz, 106, 108, 118, 122
Clemenceau, 182, 184
Committee of Imperial Defence, 8, 9, 14
Congo, the, 59
Constantinople, 62, 64, 68
Courseulles, 123
Crimea and Crimean War, 45, 152, 183
Dakar, 144
Danzig, 86, 206
Dardanelles, 109, 253, 254
de Gaulle, General, 159
Delcasse, 58
Denmark, 33, 35, 47, 169, 242
Disarmament Conference, 82
Dresden, bombing of, 193
Drummond murders, 149
Dulles, Mr. F., 219
Dunkirk evacuation, 165
Dutch-English Wars, 166, 167, 247
Eden, Mr. A., 99
Egypt, 4, 59
Eisenhower, President, 133, 219
Elba, 180
Empress Eugenic, 51
Ems, 52
Épuration (French), 190, 191
Fashoda incident, 55
Field Service Regulations, 131,
154, 171
Finland, 163
Fisher, H. A. L., 5
Fisher, Sir John (Lord), 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 58, 109
Formosa, 248
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Fourteen Points, the, 83, 84
Francis I, Emperor, 38
Franco, General, 136
Frankfort, 39
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 64,
French, Field-Marshal, 131
Galileo, 186, 187
Gamelin, General, 137
General Staff,
British 3, 9, 10
French 3, 7, 11, 74, 87
German 70, 76, 77
Russian 71
German Colonies, 21, 144
Gibraltar, 209
Giono, M. Jean, 149, 221
Gladstone, Mr., 255
Gramont, 51, 52
Grey, Lady, 259
Grey, Sir E. (Lord), 3, 4, 5, 8, 12ff, 60, 71, 78, 131ff, 157, 169, 242, 243, 252
Grigg, Sir E. (see Altrincham, Lord)
Haffner, Mr. S., 114
Haldane, Mr. (Lord), 3, 5ff, 20, 21, 81
Halifax, Lord, 136, 137, 138
Hanoverians, 30
Harington, General, 226, 227
Harris, Air Chief Marshal, 173
Hastings, Sir P., 68, 143
Hessians, 30
Himmler, 191
Hinsley, Mr. F. H., 87, 114
Hiroshima, 229
Hitler, 19, 22, 27, 48, 54, 83, 84, 85, 86, 99, 102, 105, 141, 165, 166, 198, 201, 206, 233, 246
Holland, 120, 123
Hollis, General, 103, 104
Holy Alliance, the, 213
Holy Roman Empire, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 47, 220
Hopkins, Mr. H., 105, 246
House of Commons, 17, 99,
192, 152, 172
Howe, Lord, 30
Huddleston, Sisley, 104, 123,
Hundred Days, the, 30, 180
Huntingdon, Lord, 111
Hyderabad, 93
Indian Mutiny, 187
Indonesia, 93, 215
Ireland, 65
Jacobins, 13, 136
Jena, 19, 89
Joffre, General, 132
Jews, 154, 238
Kaiser William II, 27, 60, 70
Katyn murders, 188
Kennedy, Mr. J., 138
Kiel, 41, 43, 199
King, Admiral, 133, 139
Korea, 23, 93, 184, 189, 214, 249, 251, 258
Lanrezac, General, 132
Lansdowne, Lord, 200
League of Nations, 21, 213, 231
Leo III., Pope, 37
Liddell Hart, Captain, 114, 165
Listener, the, 189
Lloyd George, Mr., 14, 15, 59, 60, 66, 82, 134, 157
Louis XIV., 13, 28, 172, 198
Louis XV, 13, 28
Louis XVI., 13, 28
Lowes Dickinson, 70, 77, 243
MacArthur, General, 248
Mackesy, General, 172, 173
Maclean, Brigadier Fitzroy, 103, 104
Maginot Line, 87
Malan, Dr., 206
Manchuria, 148
Marne, 11
Maximilian, Emperor, 50
Metternich, 178, 180, 181, 209
Mexico, 50, 247
Moltke, von, 46
Monck, General, 166
Morgenthau Plan, the, 207
Morhardt, M., 78
Morocco, 4, 14, 15, 56, 57, 58, 59
Morton, Major (Sir D.), 159
Nagasaki, 229
Napoleon I, 13, 19, 29, 30, 31, 49, 88, 89, 100, 120, 141, 169, 172, 176, 180, 198, 202, 209, 222
Napoleon III., 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 213, 218, 219, 220, 231
Nelson, 29, 176, 227, 228, 242
Normandy landing, 10
Norway, 102, 144, 172, 256
Nuremberg trials, 77, 94, 135, 188, 199, 221, 229, 241, 256
Oran, 122
Otto I., 37, 220
Paleologue, M., 79
Palmerston, Lord, 41, 157, 253
Panama, 43
Pearl Harbor, 139
Peninsular War, 89
Phipps, Sir E., 137
Picture Post, 149
Pitt, the Elder, 30, 101, 172
Poincare, M., 68, 74, 75, 78, 79
Polish Corridor, 22, 85, 86, 201
Potsdam Conference, 150
Prince of Wales, 41
Queen Elizabeth I, 236
Queen Elizabeth II, 237
Queen Victoria, 156, 253
Raeder, Admiral, 256
Regulation 18B, 150, 195
Rhineland, the, 84, 181, 182
Richmond, Admiral, 248, 249
Roberts, Lord, 131
Roden, Judge E. L. Van, 191
Rommel, 133
Roon, von, 46
Roosevelt, Elliott, 233
Roosevelt, President, 92, 93, 98, 104, 105, 10, 113, 138, 139, 151, 155, 159, 171, 185, 186, 207, 233, 240, 242, 246, 247
Saar, the, 81, 93, 206, 229
Salisbury, Lord, 255
Sarajevo, 64
Schleswig-Holstein, 35-47, 123
Schwartzhoff, General, 8
Senior Officers' School, 20
Seven Years' War, 30
Shanghai, 148
Silesia, 181, 206
Singapore, 155, 156
Smuts, Field-Marshal, 205
Spaight, J. M., 126, 127
Spaniards, 120
Stalin, Marshal, 110, 118, 152
Statute of Westminster, 205
Stettinius, Mr., 155
Suez Canal, 254
Sunday Pictorial, 191
Sydney Smith, 259
Talleyrand, 179
Tangier, 57
Tansill, C. C., 138
Teheran Conference, 97, 98
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Tibet, 93
Tito, Marshal, 241, 252, 253, 254
Trafalgar, 202
Trevelyan, G. M., 169
Triple Alliance, 4, 56
Triple Entente, 5
Truman, President, 219
Tsar Nicholas II., 71
United Nations, 213, 214, 217, 231, 238, 239, 248
United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 174, 249
Vansittart, Sir R. (Lord), 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 42, 46, 52, 53, 88, 116, 159, 205, 206, 209
Versailles, Treaty of, 22, 42, 82, 83, 84, 85, 119, 182, 183, 205, 206, 241
Vienna, Congress of, 178
Waterloo, 28, 32, 101, 169, 180, 183
Wellington, Duke of, 28, 30, 80, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 199, 209,
White, H. D., 207
William I (of Prussia), 40, 51
Wilson, Admiral Sir A., 9
Wilson, Henry (Sir H.), 7, 20
Wilson, President, 83, 107
Yalta Conference, 112, 113, 116, 150, 152, 155, 185
Yarmouth, Lord, 202, 204
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