developing world?
a.
|
a colonial heritage
|
d.
|
rapid population growth
|
b.
|
an inability to provide basic services for the population
|
e.
|
a land-use patter strongly influenced by the function of the city
|
c.
|
a small informal economic sector
|
____ 88. Asian, African, and South American cities
a.
|
display mostly modern forms of architecture as they are recently developing themselves after colonialism.
|
d.
|
contain strong manufacturing and industrial sectors within the city.
|
b.
|
usually have a church at the center of the city.
|
e.
|
contain dominant centers, usually surrounding something of religious significance.
|
c.
|
contain many structural relics from colonialism.
|
____ 89. In the United States, neighborhoods are divided into areas of approximately 5,000 people that are called
a.
|
census tracts
|
d.
|
greenbelts
|
b.
|
complementary regions
|
e.
|
basic sectors
|
c.
|
edge cities
|
____ 90. In contrast to a country with a primate city, a country whose cities follow the rank-size rule is more likely to have
a.
|
more equality between urban and rural living standards
|
d.
|
a smaller overall population
|
b.
|
fewer cultural centers
|
e.
|
unequal living standards between larger and smaller cities
|
c.
|
wealth concentrated in urban areas
|
____ 91. Which of the following is not included in a metropolitan statistical area?
a.
|
A socially homogenous population
|
d.
|
An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000
|
b.
|
The county within which the city is located
|
e.
|
all of the above are included in a metropolitan statistical area
|
c.
|
Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentange of residents working in the central city’s county
|
____ 92. Which of the following accurately compares urban transportation systems in the United States to those in western Europe and Japan?
a.
|
People in European and Japanese suburbs are much more dependent on motor vehicles than are people who live in the suburban U.S.
|
d.
|
The percentage of people who travel by bus is much higher in the U.S. than in Europe or Japan.
|
b.
|
Public transit is much more developed and funded by governments in most European countries and Japan
|
e.
|
U.S. cities are more likely to have subway lines, whereas European and Japanese cities are more likely to have busses
|
c.
|
The U.S. government provides more funding for urban transportation systems than governments in Europe and Japan do
|
____ 93. The Industrial Revolution
a.
|
caused an urban to rural migration
|
d.
|
began in the Great Lakes region.
|
b.
|
made factory workers obsolete
|
e.
|
spawned vast manufacturing centers.
|
c.
|
had little impact on urban areas.
|
____ 94. Which of the following central place functions is most likely to have the highest range of goods and highest threshold population?
a.
|
Steakhouse
|
d.
|
High school
|
b.
|
Used car lot
|
e.
|
Furniture Store
|
c.
|
Hand-surgery center
|
____ 95. Which of the following was NOT one of the main elements contributing to a city’s legibility according to Kevin Lynch?
a.
|
Links
|
d.
|
Landmarks
|
b.
|
Edges
|
e.
|
Districts
|
c.
|
Nodes
|
____ 96. Zoning:
a.
|
controls what type of buildings and functions occur where.
|
d.
|
provides adequate space for lower-income neighborhoods.
|
b.
|
controls how the city is laid out.
|
e.
|
controls the social hierarchy within the city.
|
c.
|
provides legal grounds for racial segregation.
|
____ 97. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a city in the developing world?
a.
|
contains modern centers of commerce
|
d.
|
is surrounded by high-density squatter settlements
|
b.
|
produces a large share of its country’s GDI
|
e.
|
experiences large in-migrations of rural people into the city
|
c.
|
has a well-developed infrastructure
|
____ 98. Which urban model was developed earliest to explain the patterns of American cities in the 1920s?
a.
|
Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
|
d.
|
Central Place Theory (Christaller)
|
b.
|
Urban Realms Model (Vance Jr.)
|
e.
|
Sector Model (Hoyt)
|
c.
|
Multiple-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman)
|
____ 99. Which of the following was one of the original urban hearth regions?
a.
|
the Mississippi River Valley
|
d.
|
France
|
b.
|
Indus River Valley
|
e.
|
Rome
|
c.
|
South Africa
|
____ 100. The area serviced by a central place is called a
a.
|
sphere of influence
|
d.
|
redline
|
b.
|
threshold
|
e.
|
range
|
c.
|
hinterland
|
____ 101. Which model below is based on the assumption that growth happens around several major foci, not just the CBD?
a.
|
Urban Realms Model (Vance Jr.)
|
d.
|
Sector Model (Hoyt)
|
b.
|
Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
|
e.
|
Multiple-nuclei Model (Harris and Ullman)
|
c.
|
central place model (Christaller)
|
____ 102. As a city grows, it usually experiences an increase in the size of its
a.
|
basic sector
|
d.
|
export activities
|
b.
|
nonbasic sector
|
e.
|
deglomeration
|
c.
|
manufacturing areas
|
____ 103. Los Angeles provides an excellent example of
a.
|
disagglomeration
|
d.
|
the Beaux Arts tradition
|
b.
|
the multinucleated metropolis
|
e.
|
the concentric zone model
|
c.
|
a central business district
|
____ 104. According to the central place theory,
a.
|
most people live in mid-sized cities.
|
d.
|
large cities serve as economic hubs.
|
b.
|
small communities bind regions together.
|
e.
|
there are more large cities than small cities.
|
c.
|
regions are impossible to define.
|
____ 105. The concept of exurbanization is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?
I. Thirty-three year old Marqueze and his wife move from Chicago to San Francisco to take advantage of a new job opportunity.
II. Twenty-five year old Tina decides to move to the heart of New York City to enjoy the cultural vibrancy and diversity during her youth.
III. Fifty year old Margaret and Tom pack up and move to a rural, country-style home outside Louisville, Kentucky, to escape the fast pace of city life.
IV. Nineteen year old Marcus decided to move from the city he grew up in to a peripheral farm, both to experience rural labor and to write poetry.
a.
|
I and II
|
d.
|
I, II, III, and IV
|
b.
|
I
|
e.
|
III and IV
|
c.
|
II and III
|
____ 106. Which of the following processes most influences the existence of a zone of transition in concentric urban growth patterns?
a.
|
Zoning
|
d.
|
Decentralization
|
b.
|
Exurbanization
|
e.
|
Agglomeration
|
c.
|
Successive Immigration
|
____ 107. According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in country X has 100,000 inhabitants, how many people will live in country X’s fourth-largest city?
a.
|
10,000
|
d.
|
80,000
|
b.
|
50,000
|
e.
|
75,000
|
c.
|
25,000
|
____ 108. All of the following were factors that encouraged suburban growth in the United States after World War II EXCEPT:
a.
|
construction of megastores and malls
|
d.
|
public transportation systems that were built in most cities
|
b.
|
more affordable automobiles
|
e.
|
better roads and highways
|
c.
|
the GI Bill of Rights
|
____ 109. Modernist architecture
a.
|
uses eclectic and classic forms.
|
d.
|
is characterized by skyscrapers.
|
b.
|
stressed efficiency and geometrical order.
|
e.
|
stressed the ornate.
|
c.
|
is limited to newer American cities.
|
____ 110. The alignment of ancient Chinese cities toward the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) best illustrates the importance of which of the following factors in the shaping of these early cities?
a.
|
Belief systems
|
d.
|
Topography
|
b.
|
Gender
|
e.
|
Economics
|
c.
|
Technology
|
____ 111. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe global urbanization?
a.
|
Severe environmental destruction is inevitable due to urban growth.
|
d.
|
Most of the world’s population will soon live in cities.
|
b.
|
The percentage of people living in cities is growing.
|
e.
|
Cities are growing in size.
|
c.
|
Most urban growth will occur in LDCs.
|
____ 112. The rehabilitation of old, rundown inner-city neighborhoods by middle and high income people is called:
a.
|
home improvements.
|
d.
|
urbanization.
|
b.
|
multiplier effect.
|
e.
|
suburbanization.
|
c.
|
gentrification.
|
____ 113. Eight of the ten most populous cities are now located:
a.
|
in more developed countries
|
d.
|
in South Asia
|
b.
|
in less developed countries
|
e.
|
north of the tropic of cancer
|
c.
|
south of the equator
|
____ 114. In a city, the land value is highest:
a.
|
in the suburbs.
|
d.
|
along routes of public transportation.
|
b.
|
in commercialized areas.
|
e.
|
in the central business district (CBD).
|
c.
|
in gentrified neighborhoods.
|
____ 115. Overlapping metropolitan areas, where a county or counties between two or more central cities send a large number of commuters to each was named a _____________ by geographyer Jean Gottman.
a.
|
metropolitan statistical area
|
d.
|
socially homogeonous zone
|
b.
|
boswash
|
e.
|
primate city
|
c.
|
megalopolis
|
____ 116. Which of the following settlement types is likely to use the largest percentage of land space for residences?
a.
|
town
|
d.
|
suburb
|
b.
|
physical city
|
e.
|
village
|
c.
|
hamlet
|
____ 117. Most Latin American cities are focused on a
a.
|
central plaza
|
d.
|
squatter settlement
|
b.
|
zone of heavy industry
|
e.
|
government housing project
|
c.
|
skyscraper office building
|
____ 118. Today many U.S. cities have stopped their spatial growth primarily because
a.
|
many people are moving from urban to rural areas
|
d.
|
residents in outlying areas (suburbs) organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them
|
b.
|
geographic barriers do not permit further development
|
e.
|
infrastructure expenses have overwhelmed many city governments
|
c.
|
they are responding to demands for more green belts
|
____ 119. Land in the central business district (CBD) of a city is more expensive because it:
a.
|
provides a better quality of life.
|
d.
|
has a better sense of place.
|
b.
|
encompasses a larger area.
|
e.
|
is more attractive.
|
c.
|
has maximum interaction potential.
|
____ 120. Tony and Jacob are brothers who decided to move into an old warehouse in downtown New York City and fix it up into a slick loft apartment complex. Tony and Jacob’s actions are most closely classified as
a.
|
social stratification
|
d.
|
redlining
|
b.
|
suburbanization
|
e.
|
gentrification
|
c.
|
urban morphology
|
____ 121. The first cities arose in
a.
|
near the equator
|
d.
|
the Indian subcontinent
|
b.
|
hearths of early agriculture
|
e.
|
central Mexico
|
c.
|
ancient Greece
|
____ 122. By about 1000 C.E. all of the following were major cities in the world EXCEPT:
a.
|
Constantinople
|
d.
|
Baghdad
|
b.
|
Kyoto
|
e.
|
London
|
c.
|
Chang’an
|
____ 123. Which of the following cities exemplifies an urban geography defined by railroads?
a.
|
Mexico City
|
d.
|
San Francisco
|
b.
|
Boston
|
e.
|
Los Angeles
|
c.
|
Chicago
|
____ 124. As the distance increases from the center of the city, the density of residents and houses decreases, a change called the
a.
|
base ratio
|
d.
|
multiplier effect
|
b.
|
complementary effect
|
e.
|
density gradient
|
c.
|
urban hierarchy
|
____ 125. In which of the following ways did the early southern ghetto differ from other ghetto models?
a.
|
Blacks tended to live nearby the white communities
|
d.
|
Whites strongly resisted blacks moving into their areas
|
b.
|
Blacks lived in high-density, deteriorating housing on the margins of the central business district
|
e.
|
Ghettos were overcrowded, contributing to the deterioration of the housing
|
c.
|
Spatial and social segregation was complete
|
____ 126. Today, most of the United States and Canadian population lives in which of the following?
a.
|
Farming areas
|
d.
|
Rural nonfarming areas
|
b.
|
Small towns
|
e.
|
Metropolitan areas
|
c.
|
Central cities
|
____ 127. This model is based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci, many of which were far away from the CBD and olny marginally connected to it.
a.
|
Central place theory
|
d.
|
Multiple-nuclei model
|
b.
|
Model of Urban evolution
|
e.
|
Sector model
|
c.
|
Urban realms model
|
____ 128. Which of the following is an example of a person working in the nonbasic employment sector?
a.
|
University medical researcher
|
d.
|
High School English Teacher
|
b.
|
Assembly-line worker in an iPod factory
|
e.
|
International public relations agent
|
c.
|
Video game software engineer
|
____ 129. Some prominent Native American cities later became:
a.
|
export processing zones.
|
d.
|
manufacturing hubs.
|
b.
|
gateway cities.
|
e.
|
colonial cities.
|
c.
|
agricultural distribution centers.
|
____ 130. Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities?
a.
|
Basic-nonbasic ration
|
d.
|
Urban hierarchy
|
b.
|
the sector model
|
e.
|
threshold ratio
|
c.
|
Multiplier effect
|
____ 131. Which of the following describes de facto and NOT de jure segregation?
a.
|
Apartheid in South Africa
|
d.
|
all of the above
|
b.
|
Chinatown in San Franciso
|
e.
|
none of the above
|
c.
|
Jim Crow laws in the American south.
|
____ 132. Using the rank-size rule, if Wood county’s largest city has 200,000 residents, how many people live in Wood County’s fourth largest city?
a.
|
75,000
|
d.
|
50,000
|
b.
|
100,000
|
e.
|
10,000
|
c.
|
25,000
|
____ 133. The Latin American city typically differes from the North American city in which of the following ways?
a.
|
The Latin American city typically does not show as strong a trend toward suburbanization as does the North American city
|
d.
|
The Latin American city often has higher densities in peripheral zones and less population in the central business district
|
b.
|
The North American city shows more influence of the sector model growth patters that does the Latin American city
|
e.
|
The central business district is more dominant in its influence over its related urban land in the North American city than in the Latin American city
|
c.
|
The urban realms model is more strongly explanatory and predictive of Latin American urban growth than it is of North American growth
|
____ 134. Which of the following is least likely to live close to a city center?
a.
|
unmarried young professional
|
d.
|
young married couple without children
|
b.
|
one-parent family headed by a female
|
e.
|
older married couple
|
c.
|
young family with children
|
____ 135. Three social characteristics of urban areas identified by Louis Wirth during the 1930s were
a.
|
high density, large size, and social equality
|
d.
|
large size, strong social class systems, organized governments
|
b.
|
secondary economic activities, tertiary economic activities, and primary economic activities
|
e.
|
agglomeration, transportation, and friction of distance
|
c.
|
large size, high density, and social heterogeneity
|
____ 136. Which type of transportation system created the star-shaped city pattern?
a.
|
sidewalks in the CBD
|
d.
|
highways to airports that link cities
|
b.
|
streetcar and trolley lines extending from the CBD
|
e.
|
interstate highways that link cities
|
c.
|
beltways around cities
|
____ 137. Gentrification is best defined as:
a.
|
rebuilding lower-class neighborhoods to increase their desireability.
|
d.
|
voluntary segregation.
|
b.
|
improving lower-class neighborhoods for the benefit of the current residents.
|
e.
|
publicly-funded housing projects.
|
c.
|
subsequent occupation of several immigrant groups.
|
____ 138. Chauncy Harris’s peripheral model is focused on describing a central city in relation to
a.
|
manufacturing areas
|
d.
|
residential neighborhoods
|
b.
|
surrounding edge cities
|
e.
|
zones of transition
|
c.
|
surrounding rural zones
|
____ 139. Which of the following developed an important model that explained different land uses within cities?
a.
|
W.W. Rostow
|
d.
|
Carl Sauer
|
b.
|
Walter Christaller
|
e.
|
George Perkins Marsh
|
c.
|
E.W. Burgess
|
____ 140. The basic sector of a city’s economy mainly consists of:
a.
|
functions that support the city’s infrastructure
|
d.
|
goods and services produced for residents of the city itself
|
b.
|
functions that shape the urban influence zones of a city
|
e.
|
agricultural production focused on green development.
|
c.
|
goods and services produced for areas outside the city
|
____ 141. In the United States and Canada, which areal unit best approximates a city neighborhood in size?
a.
|
a county
|
d.
|
a congressional district
|
b.
|
a census tract
|
e.
|
a metropolitan area
|
c.
|
a municipality
|
____ 142. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a factor that contributed to suburbanization in the United States?
a.
|
A shorter workweek made time for a commute possible.
|
d.
|
Fixed-route public transit routes increased in importance.
|
b.
|
Increased demands for housing occurred after World War II.
|
e.
|
Changes in the housing mortgage regulations made home ownership easier.
|
c.
|
Improved automobiles made transportation easier and less limited.
|
____ 143. Which type of land use would one most expect to find along high-volume mass transit lines?
a.
|
high-density appartment complexes
|
d.
|
a scrap yard
|
b.
|
large automobile dealerships
|
e.
|
an industrial plant
|
c.
|
big box retail stores
|
____ 144. Prior to 1850 the location of all major North American cities was related, chiefly, to the presence of
a.
|
defensive sites
|
d.
|
water power
|
b.
|
railroad junctions
|
e.
|
transcontinental highways
|
c.
|
navigable waterways
|
____ 145. Walled cities and villages are closely associated with:
a.
|
Medieval Europe.
|
d.
|
Modern Europe.
|
b.
|
the United States.
|
e.
|
the ancient near east.
|
c.
|
Ancient Greece.
|
____ 146. In which urban US setting below would one expect to find planned communities?
a.
|
ghettos
|
d.
|
CBDs
|
b.
|
transition zones
|
e.
|
suburbs
|
c.
|
barrios
|
____ 147. Which of the following was NOT one of the five original urban hearth regions
a.
|
Mexico
|
d.
|
The Indus Valley
|
b.
|
Mesopotamia
|
e.
|
France
|
c.
|
Northeast China
|
____ 148. Which of the following is a correct statement about the major cities of the world?
a.
|
The world’s fastest growing cities are found in areas with the highest standards of living
|
d.
|
Most are found in areas that are not very suitable for agriculture
|
b.
|
They are concentrated between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn
|
e.
|
Most are located on rivers or seacoasts
|
c.
|
Most primate cities are located in the United States and western Europe.
|
____ 149. Which of the following is not included in the legal definition of a city?
a.
|
an independent, self-governing unit
|
d.
|
ability to raise taxes
|
b.
|
responsibility for providing essential services
|
e.
|
all of the above are included in the legal definition of a city.
|
c.
|
locally elected officials
|
____ 150. In the United States, inner city neighborhoods:
a.
|
may experience de facto segregation.
|
d.
|
may be a “food desert.”
|
b.
|
are prone to a higher crime rate.
|
e.
|
all of the above
|
c.
|
may lack essential services.
|
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