Unit Computer Programming Warm-up Task What do you know about programming? Answer the Internet Quiz

Vocabulary

to handle – to deal with or control

diverse – very different from each other and of various kinds

paradigm – a type of smth, a model

to entail – to involve sth that cannot be avoided

vernacular – the language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group, especially one that is not the official or written language

to encompass – to include a large number or range of things

reminiscent – reminding you of sb/sth

to customize – to make or change sth to suit the needs of the owner
Task 3. When you read the text to decide on a suitable title, which of the following did you do?
Did you:

• 
  read the text slowly and try to understand every word?
  
• 
  read quickly and try to understand the main theme?
  
• 
  underline or mark sentences that you thought were important?
  
• 
  make notes about important points?
  

Which of these reading strategies do you think is most appropriate for this kind of task? Which do you think is least appropriate?

Task 4. Look back at the text and find the answers to these questions:

1. 
   What advantages of using object-oriented programming are mentioned in the text?
   
2. 
   What are the three key features of OOP?
   
3. 
   What are called ‘methods’?
   
4. 
   What approach is adopted in OOP?
   
5. 
   What is ‘overloading’?
   
6. 
   What information does each object contain?
   
7. 
   What do you need to draw an image?
   
8. 
   Is there a difference between drawing a squire and a circle?
   
9. 
   What feature refers to restricting access to an object’s internal properties?
   
10. 
    What features are said to be encapsulated?
    

Task 5. Match the terms with the correct definition or explanation:

Attribute Class Encapsulation Entity Inheritance Library Object-oriented programming Package Polymorphism Procedure Property Statement

a facility introduced in the programming language SIMULA. It provides a form of abstract data type a key feature of object-oriented programming by which different objects can receive the same instructions but deal with them in different ways a means by which characteristics of objects can be replaced and instantiated in other objects a named value or relationship that exists for some or all instances of some entity and is directly associated with that instance a programming technique that combines data, abstraction, inheritance, and dynamic type binding a quality or characteristic that something has a restriction on access to an object’s internal properties a set of programmed functions that are made available for use by any program a way of performing a task that usually does not change each time the task is performed an application program or collection of programs that can be used in different ways in programming, any item, such as data item or statement, that can be named or denoted in a program the smallest executable part of a program

Language work

The Infinitive of Purpose

The Infinitive of purpose is often used in technical descriptions: We use to… to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of action): e.g. Programming is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. We use to… to say why something exists or why somebody has/wants/needs something:

e.g. A better approach is to accept the idea that programming languages, or processes can not “Be Object Oriented.” We use to… to say what can be done or must be done with something: e.g. In program planning, the logic to be used to solve the problem is developed. Also: money/time/opportunity/energy/courage etc. to (do something): e.g. A window manager gave the user an opportunity to do any operations with windows.

Task 6. Look through the text again and find examples of the infinitive of purpose.
Task 7. Complete these sentences. Choose from the box.

to define the layout of a document to show the logical steps (2) to be used in many different programs to solve business problems to develop programs in conversational mode

to keep in mind to accomplish tasks to obtain correct results to create files to write systems software

1. 
   Algorithms are sets of rules or instructions used ……
   

2. 
   Extensible markup language is used …… that are program-independent, platform-independent and able to be used with different languages.
   
3. 
   Flowchart is a kind of diagram used by programmers …… in a program or by systems analysts …… in the design of a system.
   
4. 
   Several programming languages, particularly COBOL, PL/I, and RPG, are commonly used ……
   
5. 
   Debugging is the process of correcting computer programs ……
   
6. 
   It is important …… 3 principles when dealing specifically with programming, and programming languages.
   
7. 
   Libraries are often supplied by the operating system or software development environment developer ……
   
8. 
   Page-description language uses tags ……
   
9. 
   BASIC is a general purpose high-level programming language, originally designed ……
   
10. 
    C was originally designed …… but is now considered a general-purpose language.
    

Task 8. Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.

1. 
   Bill Gates has a team of bodyguards ………. him.
   
2. 
   I did not have enough time ………. the program today.
   
3. 
   I came home by taxi. I did not have the energy ………. .
   
4. 
   Would you like something ……….? Yes, please. A cup of coffee.
   
5. 
   We need a box ………. these devices in.
   
6. 
   There will be a meeting next week ………. the problem.
   
7. 
   I wish we had enough money ………. the computer.
   
8. 
   I saw him at the meeting but we did not have a chance ………. to each other.
   
9. 
   They have just passed their exam in computer science. They are having a party ………. .
   
10. 
    I cannot do all this work alone. I need somebody ………. me.
    
11. 
    Do you have much opportunity ………. your English?
    
12. 
    We need more time ………. a decision.
    
13. 
    You need a lot of experience ………. this job.
    
14. 
    A class is a template used ……… multiple objects with similar features.
    

Translation
Task 9. Translate the following text into English. You may use the dictionary if it is necessary.
В середине 80-х годов в программировании возникло новое направление, основанное на понятии объекта.

Реальные объекты окружающего мира обладают тремя базовыми характеристиками: они имеют набор свойств, способны разными методами изменять эти свойства и реагировать на события, возникающие как в окружающем мире, так и внутри самого объекта. Именно в таком виде в языках программирования и реализовано понятие объекта, как совокупности свойств (структур данных, характерных для этого объекта), методов их обработки (подпрограмм изменения свойств) и событий, на которые данный объект может реагировать и которые приводят, как правило, к изменению свойств объекта.

Объекты могут иметь идентичную структуру и отличаться только значениями свойств. В таких случаях в программе создается новый тип, основанный на единой структуре объекта. Он называется классом, а каждый конкретный объект, имеющий структуру этого класса, называется экземпляром класса.

Важнейшая характеристика класса – возможность создания на его основе новых классов с наследованием всех его свойств и методов и добавлением собственных. Класс, не имеющий предшественника, называется базовым.

Listening


Task 10. You are going to hear a lecture about Java, an object-oriented programming language. As you listen, choose the correct answer for each question.

1. 
   What is not mentioned about Java in the recording?
   

1. 
   architecture neural
   
2. 
   robust
   
3. 
   meta-markup
   
4. 
   high-performance
   

2. 
   As a programmer you should
   
   1. 
      give attention to data and methods
      
   2. 
      take procedures into accounts
      
   3. 
      adjust to the new paradigm
      

3. 
   Most things in Java are
   
   1. 
      objects
      
   2. 
      the primitive numeric types
      
   3. 
      character types
      
   4. 
      Boolean types
      

4. 
   If you are a C++ programmer, you’ll have
   
   1. 
      no difficulties with Java as the syntax is similar to C++
      
   2. 
      difficulties with Java as the behaviour is not analogous
      
   3. 
      to study the object-oriented constructs in Java thoroughly
      

5. 
   Java is an interpreted language because its compiler generates
   
   1. 
      native machine code
      
   2. 
      byte-codes
      
   3. 
      malicious code
      

6. 
   Java is a secure language because
   
   1. 
      users cannot download code from a random site on the Internet
      
   2. 
      users cannot run untrusted programs
      
   3. 
      it provides several layers of security control
      

7. 
   Java is a robust language because
   
   1. 
      any untrusted code cannot be loaded
      
   2. 
      any direct access to memory is not allowed
      
   3. 
      corrupted byte-codes cannot take advantage of implementation weakness in a Java interpreter
      

Task 11. Read the extract from the tapescript and fill in each gap with an appropriate word.
In an object-oriented system, a class is a 1) __________ of data and methods that operate on that data. Taken together, the data and methods describe the state and 2) __________ of an object. Classes are arranged in a 3) __________, so that a subclass can 4) __________ behavior from its superclass. A class hierarchy always has a 5) __________ class; this is a class with very 6) __________ behavior.

Java comes with an 7) __________ set of classes, arranged in 8) __________, that you can use in your programs. For example, Java 9) __________ classes that create graphical user interface 10) __________ (the java.awt package), classes that 11) __________ input and output (the java.io package), and classes that support networking 12) __________ (the java.net package). The Object class (in the java.lang package) serves as the root of the Java class hierarchy.

Now listen again and compare your answers.
Speaking
Task 12. Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
If you were a developer of software:

1. 
   What kind of software package would you develop? Why?
   

1. 
   educational software
   
2. 
   musical software
   
3. 
   multimedia application
   
4. 
   an integrated package
   
5. 
   a game
   

2. 
   What programming language would you choose? Justify your choice.