Vocabulary
to handle –
to deal with or control
diverse – very different from each other and of various kinds
paradigm – a type of smth, a model
to entail – to involve sth that cannot be avoided
vernacular – the language spoken in a particular area or by a particular group, especially one that is not the official or written language
to encompass – to include a large number or range of things
reminiscent – reminding you of sb/sth
to customize – to make or change sth to suit the needs of the owner
Task 3. When you read the text to decide on a suitable title, which of the following did you do?
Did you:
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read the text slowly and try to understand every word?
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read quickly and try to understand the main theme?
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underline or mark sentences that you thought were important?
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make notes about important points?
Which of these reading strategies do you think is most appropriate for this kind of task? Which do you think is least appropriate?
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Extensible markup language is used …… that are program-independent, platform-independent and able to be used with different languages.
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Flowchart is a kind of diagram used by programmers …… in a program or by systems analysts …… in the design of a system.
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Several programming languages, particularly COBOL, PL/I, and RPG, are commonly used ……
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Debugging is the process of correcting computer programs ……
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It is important …… 3 principles when dealing specifically with programming, and programming languages.
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Libraries are often supplied by the operating system or software development environment developer ……
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Page-description language uses tags ……
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BASIC is a general purpose high-level programming language, originally designed ……
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C was originally designed …… but is now considered a general-purpose language.
Task 8. Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.
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Bill Gates has a team of bodyguards ………. him.
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I did not have enough time ………. the program today.
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I came home by taxi. I did not have the energy ………. .
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Would you like something ……….? Yes, please. A cup of coffee.
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We need a box ………. these devices in.
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There will be a meeting next week ………. the problem.
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I wish we had enough money ………. the computer.
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I saw him at the meeting but we did not have a chance ………. to each other.
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They have just passed their exam in computer science. They are having a party ………. .
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I cannot do all this work alone. I need somebody ………. me.
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Do you have much opportunity ………. your English?
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We need more time ………. a decision.
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You need a lot of experience ………. this job.
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A class is a template used ……… multiple objects with similar features.
Translation
Task 9. Translate the following text into English. You may use the dictionary if it is necessary.
В середине 80-х годов в программировании возникло новое направление, основанное на понятии
объекта.
Реальные объекты окружающего мира обладают тремя базовыми характеристиками: они имеют набор свойств, способны разными методами изменять эти свойства и реагировать на события, возникающие как в окружающем мире, так и внутри самого объекта. Именно в таком виде в языках программирования и реализовано понятие объекта, как совокупности свойств (структур данных, характерных для этого объекта), методов их обработки (подпрограмм изменения свойств) и событий, на которые данный объект может реагировать и которые приводят, как правило, к изменению свойств объекта.
Объекты могут иметь идентичную структуру и отличаться только значениями свойств. В таких случаях в программе создается новый тип, основанный на единой структуре объекта. Он называется классом, а каждый конкретный объект, имеющий структуру этого класса, называется экземпляром класса.
Важнейшая характеристика класса – возможность создания на его основе новых классов с наследованием всех его свойств и методов и добавлением собственных. Класс, не имеющий предшественника, называется базовым.
Listening
Task 10. You are going to hear a lecture about Java, an object-oriented programming language. As you listen, choose the correct answer for each question.
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What is not mentioned about Java in the recording?
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architecture neural
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robust
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meta-markup
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high-performance
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As a programmer you should
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give attention to data and methods
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take procedures into accounts
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adjust to the new paradigm
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Most things in Java are
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objects
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the primitive numeric types
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character types
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Boolean types
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If you are a C++ programmer, you’ll have
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no difficulties with Java as the syntax is similar to C++
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difficulties with Java as the behaviour is not analogous
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to study the object-oriented constructs in Java thoroughly
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Java is an interpreted language because its compiler generates
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native machine code
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byte-codes
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malicious code
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Java is a secure language because
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users cannot download code from a random site on the Internet
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users cannot run untrusted programs
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it provides several layers of security control
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Java is a robust language because
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any untrusted code cannot be loaded
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any direct access to memory is not allowed
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corrupted byte-codes cannot take advantage of implementation weakness in a Java interpreter
Task 11. Read the extract from the tapescript and fill in each gap with an appropriate word.
In an object-oriented system, a
class is a 1) __________ of data and methods that operate on that data. Taken together, the data and methods describe the state and 2) __________ of an
object. Classes are arranged in a 3) __________, so that a subclass can 4) __________ behavior from its superclass. A class hierarchy always has a 5) __________ class; this is a class with very 6) __________ behavior.
Java comes with an 7) __________ set of classes, arranged in 8) __________, that you can use in your programs. For example, Java 9) __________ classes that create graphical user interface 10) __________ (the java.awt package), classes that 11) __________ input and output (the java.io package), and classes that support networking 12) __________ (the java.net package). The Object class (in the java.lang package) serves as the root of the Java class hierarchy.
Now listen again and compare your answers.
Speaking
Task 12. Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
If you were a developer of software:
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What kind of software package would you develop? Why?
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educational software
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musical software
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multimedia application
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an integrated package
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a game
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What programming language would you choose? Justify your choice.