Unit III grammar : revision
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Part I1. Because it is a closed system, the market at any given time can handle only so much oil. The limit is its capacity. And the market's ultimate capacity to deliver petroleum products to consumers represents the sum of the physical capacities of the industry's various functions. Thus there are production capacity, pipeline capacity, refining capacity, and storage capacity. 2. Nature and money determine the capacities. Nature determined the extent and location of Earth's reserves of crude oil. Money determines the amount of the effort to find crude and the extent of investment in production, transportation, refining, and storage equipment. Furthermore, the availability of money for operations performed by that equipment depends greatly on prices of crude and petroleum products, which in turn depend greatly, though not entirely, on demand. 3. Production capacity is a function of reserves and the capital invested in producing equipment. The term "reserves" is important. It means the amount of oil known with fair certainty to exist underground that can be produced under current economic conditions with current technology. The rate at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon a number of factors. Some have to do with the nature of the reservoir rock: how much pressure exists within it, how readily oil can pass through it, how fluid the oil is, and so forth. It is possible to ruin oil fields by producing crude oil too fast, a practice that exhausts natural pressures and renders much of the oil in place unproducible. Petroleum engineers determine optimum rates and methods of production. 4. Within those natural constraints, economics determines the rate and extent of field development, which involves the drilling of production wells and installation of production equipment. A company seldom makes all its investment in a field at once. Usually, it drills enough wells and installs enough equipment to bring the field on stream at some rate that generates an acceptable level of cash flow. Then, as initial investments are recovered, subsequent phases of development may be undertaken to increase or maintain production. The decision parameters are complicated. Crude prices, and expectations for them, are crucial.
6. Often, production capacities are reported in two subcategories. One is a maximum rate called a surge capacity. Fields cannot produce at surge capacity for extended periods for a number of reasons. Among those reasons are pressure problems with producing reservoirs and the inability of equipment to operate at maximum rates forever. The more meaningful production capacity figure is the maximum sustainable producing rate. As the name implies, it measures the highest rate of production that can be maintained without damaging the underground reservoir and with proper allowance for equipment maintenance, replacement, and operating necessities. Ex. 2Refer closely to Part I of Text A and answer the questions: What does the market’s ultimate capacity represent? What are the capacities determined by? What does the availability of money for operations depend on? What is production capacity a function of? Does a company make all its investments in a field at once? What does a company’s decision on investment depend on? How does a company increase production capacity? What happens if investments in production capacity are not made? Why cannot fields produce at a surge capacity for long periods? What does the maximum sustainable producing rate measure? Ex. 3Fill in the missing parts of the sentences from Part I of text A, The availability of money for operations performed by that equipment depends greatly on________________________________, which in turn depend greatly, though not entirely, on ____________. The ________ at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon ___________________. ___________________________ determine the capacities. Nature determined _____________________________________ of crude oil. Money determines _________________________to find crude and _____________________ in production, transportation, refining, and storage equipment. Petroleum engineers determine _____________________________production. Economics determines________________________, which involves the drilling of production wells and installation of production equipment. Part II7. The capacities of transportation and storage functions are easier to visualize than those of production. Pipelines have maximum volumes. Petroleum can pass through them at rates that depend mostly on pipe diameters, the power of pumping equipment installed, the resistance to flow (or viscosity) of the petroleum itself, and the extent of efforts to reduce friction between the fluid and pipeline walls. Tanks have obvious volume limits. Capacities in each case depend on investments. When more storage is necessary, tank owners build more tanks. When more transportation is necessary, pipeline owners install more pumps or lay new pipelines. 8. Refining capacities are more complicated. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either break down or rearrange hydrocarbon molecules. The basic process, the first main step in refining, is distillation. In it, crude oil and other inputs such as natural gas condensates are heated to the point of boiling at the bottom of a tall tower. Vapors rise through the tower, cooling along the way. Heavier, less volatile substances condense first and are collected in trays and carried out of the tower. Lighter components of crude, or fractions, condense later - higher in the tower. Some fractions never condense and leave the tower as gases. 9. Basic refining capacity thus measures the maximum amount of crude a plant's distillation towers can handle in a given period. Capacities are measured in barrels per stream day, which is the maximum processing rate during a period of operation, or barrels per calendar day, which are generally based on a year's operating averages and include normal downtime for maintenance and repairs.
11. Capacities of refining processes downstream of distillation are increasingly important to petroleum economics. The market increasingly wants more light products, such as gasoline and jet fuel, than result from the distillation process, and less of the heavy ones, such as residual oil, which doesn't evaporate during distillation. Refineries therefore have processes for turning the lower-value products of distillation into higher-value products. They are called upgrading capacities. A rough way to measure the relative refining productivity of plants, countries, or regions is to compare their ratios of distillation capacity to upgrading capacity. 12. Deciding what types of processes to install in a refinery, or how to modify existing processes, is complex. Planners have to predict demand patterns for the various petroleum products and decide how to match refining processes to their market projections. The ability to invest at all depends on current and expected refining profitability, which is a function of crude costs, product prices, and operating expenses.
Ex. 4Refer closely to Part II of Text A and answer the questions: What does the rate at which petroleum can pass through the pipelines depend on? How can storage capacity be increased? How can transportation capacity be increased? How is refining capacity measured? Which components of oil condense first: heavier or lighter ones? Why are refining capacities downstream of distillation so important for petroleum economics? What is debottlenecking? How is the relative refining productivity of plants, countries, or regions measured? Ex. 5Fill in the missing parts of the sentences from Part II of text A. Petroleum can pass through pipelines at ______ that depend mostly on pipe diameters, the _________ of pumping equipment installed, the _________ to flow (or viscosity) of the petroleum itself, and the __________ of efforts to reduce friction between the fluid and pipeline walls. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either ________ _________ or ______________ hydrocarbon molecules. Capacities are measured in ____________ per ______________, which is the maximum processing rate during a period of operation. The process of widening or eliminating physical constrictions of a product stream is called _____________________. . The market increasingly wants more light products, such as ____________ and ________ __________, than result from the distillation process, and less of the heavy ones, such as ___________ __________, which doesn't evaporate during distillation. Planners have ______________ demand patterns for the various petroleum products and decide how _____________ refining processes to their market projections. Ex. 6Word Scramble Put the letters in the correct order to form a word. tteiualm ____________________ mestatei _____________________ tasrme _____________________ eeedptl _____________________ aaiimtnn _____________________ netmiensvt _____________________ ausanlesbit _____________________ piylm _____________________ elavtilo _____________________ pautconerrt _____________________ evarega _____________________ Keys: 1. ultimate 2. estimate 3.stream 4. deplete 5.maintain 6. investment 7. sustainable 8. imply 9.volatile 10. counterpart 11. average Ex.7Form abstract nouns from the following verbs and give their Russian equivalents Example: act – activity - деятельность Arrange - __________________ - ____________________ Deplete- __________________ - ____________________
Include- __________________ - ____________________ Install- __________________ - ____________________ Invest- __________________ - ____________________ Maintain- __________________ - ____________________ Sustain- __________________ - ____________________ Produce- __________________ - ____________________ Operate- __________________ - ____________________ Profit - __________________ - ____________________ Refine- __________________ - ____________________ Replace - __________________ - ____________________
Ex. 8Odd one out a. 1. handle 2. produce 3. treat 4.refine b. 1. ultimate 2. final 3. limited 4. last c.1.extent 2. part 3. degree 4. amount d. .estimate 2.calculation 3. guess 4.truth e.1.constraint 2. limitation 3. law 4. restriction f. 1. flow 2.stream 3. river 4. series g. 1. rate 2. pace 3. speed 4. method h. deplete 2. shrink 3.surge 4. reduce i. 1.maintain 2. use 3. care 4. look after j. 1. sustainable 2. renewable 3.suitable 4. viable k.1. imply 2.suggest 3. mean 4. know l. 1.volatile 2.average 3. regular 4. standard m. 1.counterpart 2.opposite number 3. colleague 4. producer Ex. 9Match A & B
Ex. 10Match A & B
Ex. 11Translate into Russian: Specialists believe that the world's ultimate reserves of non-conventional oil such as heavy crude oil, tar sands, and oil shale are several times as large as those of conventional oil and will be highly profitable. The Atlantis oil field is the third largest oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The field was discovered in 1998 and is located in US federal waters about 130 miles (210 km) from the coast of Louisiana in 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of water. It has estimated ultimate reserves of about 600 million barrels (95 million m³). In 2006, Elm Coulee was producing about 53,000 barrels (8,400 m3) of oil per day from more than 350 wells. Ultimate production is expected to exceed 270 million barrels (45 million m³), with some estimates as high as 500 million barrels (80 million m³).[ Production at Elm Coulee has more than doubled the oil output of the state of Montana. In October 1981 OPEC reaches an agreement to unify crude price at $32 per barrel through 1982 and sets an ultimate price ceiling of $38 per barrel. Our ultimate objective is to have as many female members of parliament as there are male. Natural gas processing plants have no other ultimate purpose than to quickly, safely and profitably turn raw gas into products to be safely shipped to market. Ex. 12 The word “average” combines with the following nouns and adverbs. Write down and translate into Russian these combinations. age of geological formation cost of oil field development earnings estimate of petroleum reserves family population growth derrick height gas-cap height household income per capita gas pipe length gas price level life of a well drilling rig service life reservoir life man number of well producing months person price production rate employment rate well depth drilling speed logging speed pipeline laying speed above below Ex. 13Translate into Russian: Oil companies base their budgets on an average price of a barrel of crude. Average earnings in this state are about $2 500 a month. Households below average income is an annual publication on poverty statistics in the United Kingdom . Burma is one of the poorest nations in the world, suffering from decades of stagnation, mismanagement, and isolation. Burma’s GDP grows at an average rate of 2.9% annually – the lowest rate of economic growth in the Mekong3 region. As of the census4 of 2000 the average household size in California was 3.59 and the average family size was 3.92 It was estimated in the early 1980s that the world average recovery rate of oil in place could be increased to a maximum level of 40 per cent through the wider use of sophisticated recovery techniques. Production in 1992 averaged 51,000 boepd.(barrels of oil equivalent per day)5 Grammar: Gerund Ex. 14Read and translate the following sentences into Russian. Processing is called refining. Production involves sophisticated engineering oriented to the behavior of underground rock. Refining is a complex function that takes the generally big molecules, constituting crude oil, and turns them into little, more useful molecules that can be mixed to make gasoline and other products. The energy sector has a crucial role in driving economic growth and the World Petroleum Council encourages young people to their part in ensuring the sustainable development of the world’s petroleum industry. Characteristics of youth, such as creative thinking, being sensitive to new issues and having powerful potential for innovation, are vital for the future of our industry. Satisfying demand for oil and gas will not be easy in the coming decades. By ensuring services providers are included in operator’s project planning at an early stage the technology offering would be much better adapted to the needs of the industry. The setting of a good example from the top, training in how to be successful in every area of the business, at every level, without corruption, and in how to apply principals of good business conduct to new situations: these are essential components for building a good reputation of a company. . The processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream end. His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over. At today's rate of use there is still enough oil to last the next 42 years, according to BP oil company although those concerned about Peak Oil6 say we are closer to running out given demand is expected to rise strongly in the short-term. Russia's Gazprom has accused the Ukrainian government of not pumping gas into its underground storage facilities as required in the first half of June. France's Total says it wants to build another gas-export facility in Nigeria. But piping natural gas across the Sahara desert to supply Europe faces big problems. The Lybian National Oil Corporation (NOC) has lowered its ambitious target of raising oil production to 3.0m b/d by 2012. The company is now targeting an increase to 2.3m b/d by 2013, from present capacity of about 1.8m b/d. Supreme Petroleum Council of Kuweit is responsible for approving all government policy and expenditure related to the hydrocarbons sector. The new five-year development programme currently debated in the Parliament may extend the timeline for expanding crude production capacity and put more emphasis on developing the country's gas reserves. Present plans call for producing 4m b/d by 2020, up from around 3m b/d. But this deadline may be put back to 2030. Grammar: Absolute constructions Absolute constructions consist of a noun and some kind of modifier, the most common being a participle. Because they often come at the beginning of a sentence, they are easily confused with dangling participles7. But an absolute construction modifies the rest of the sentence, not the subject of the sentence (as a participial phrase does). You can use absolute constructions to compress two sentences into one and to vary sentence structure as a means of holding a reader’s interest. Depending on the context, these may be translated into Russian: i) with the help of conjunctions: так как (поскольку, ввиду того что), после того как (когда) Here are some examples: No other business arising, the meeting was adjourned. Поскольку не возникло новых вопросов, встреча была перенесена. The paint now dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck. Когда краска высохла, мы вынесли мебель на палубу. The truck finally loaded, they said goodbye to their neighbors and drove off. После того, как грузовик наконец загрузили, они попрощались со своими соседями и уехали. ii) by an independent sentence starting with the conjunctions причем, в то время как, а, и For example: The contract between the parties is drawn up in the Russian and English languages, both texts being equally valid. Контракт между сторонами составлен на русском и английском языках, причем оба текста имеют одинаковую силу. Business on the London Stock Exchange was very active that day, oil being trade at $105 a barrel. В тот день сделки на лондонской фондовой бирже проходили оживленно, и нефть продавали по цене 105 долларов за баррель. Constructions like these are used more often in writing than in speaking, where it is more common to use a full clause: When the paint was dry, we brought the furniture out on the deck. There are, however, many fixed absolute constructions that occur frequently in speech: The picnic is scheduled for Saturday, weather permitting. – при благоприятной погоде All things considered, it’s not a bad idea. – в конечном счете Directory: faculty -> humanities -> chairs and departments -> foreign language faculty -> Course overview faculty -> Curriculum vitae wei chen professor faculty -> Digital image warping faculty -> Samples of Elements Exam Question III contains All Prior Exam Qs III except faculty -> 【Education&Working Experience】 faculty -> References Abe, M., A. Kitoh and T. Yasunari, 2003: An evolution of the Asian summer monsoon associated with mountain uplift —Simulation with the mri atmosphere-ocean coupled gcm. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 81 faculty -> Ralph R. Ferraro Chief, Satellite Climate Studies Branch, noaa/nesdis foreign language -> Unit IV text: Types of Oil, Types of Prices Grammar: that/those of, with revision Download 326.19 Kb. Share with your friends:
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